علی حسین خانی

Full fat soybean is commonly used in the diet of ruminant‏ ‏nutrition to meet energy ‎and protein requirements. To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass ‎protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing ‎soybeans. Due to the heating of soybeans, unsaturated fatty acids produced by high oxidation, ‎which ultimately bind to amine groups of amino acids, are affected by their release in the rumen. ‎As a result, in addition to not having a negative effect on rumen fermentation, the entry of ‎unsaturated fatty acids into the small intestine can save it in the tissues, thus increasing the ‎amount of fatty acids that are useful for human nutrition. The main objectives of this research ‎were the estimate the effect of dietary replacement of crud, extruded and rousted full-fat ‎soybean with soybean meal on Blood metabolites, Carcass characteristic and Pattern of Carcass ‎fatty acids in Afshari male lambs. ‎

Diets were randomly‎‏ ‏assigned to 7 groups of 6 lambs each in a ‎completely‏ ‏randomized design. Animals received the diets,‎‏ ‏as a total mixed ration, twice daily (at ‎‎08:00 and 16:00‎‏ ‏h) to ensure 10% orts and had free access to fresh water. Fifty-two male Afshari ‎lambs with average BW of 30 ± 2 kg and 3-4 Mo of age were used for this study. Animals were ‎housed in individual pens (1.8 by 1 m) and allowed an adaptation period of 14 d and a data ‎collection period of 60 d. Experimental diets with equal ME and CP concentrations and a forage ‎to-concentrate ratio of 30 to 70 were formulated: Treatment 1: contains 15 percent of soybean ‎meal, treatment 2: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, Treatment 3: ‎Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 4: Replace of 7.5 ‎percent of soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 5: Replace of 15 percent ‎soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 6: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal ‎with roasted full fat soybean, Treatment 7: Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with roasted full ‎fat soybean. Blood samples were collected from all animals on d 20, 40 and 60 of the data ‎collection period. Approximately 10 mL of blood was collected by evacuated heparinized tubes ‎and centrifuged (3000 rpm for 15 min), and plasma was stored at –20°C until analysis. The ‎concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea N, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT ‎and CK were measured by a spectrophotometer. Muscle thickness, loin muscle area and back fat ‎thickness, between 12th and 13th ribs were measured on d 20, 40 and 60 by ultrasound. At the ‎end of the experiment, three animals per treatment were slaughtered according to Halal method. ‎Hot-carcass weight and non-carcass components were weighed at slaughter day. After 24 h of ‎cooling at 4◦C, cold carcass weight was determined and carcass components were weighed. ‎About 50 g of the LD muscle between 12th to 13th ribs were taken for determination of fatty ‎acid profiles. ‎‎

The dietary substitution of soybean Meal with crud, extruded and roasted full-fat ‎soybean had no effects on glucose, triglyceride, protein, albumin and globulin concentration but ‎cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were effected by experimental diets (P ‎‎<0.01). Feeding lambs on diets containing crud, extruded and roasted full-fat soybean instead of ‎soybean Meal had no effects on Ultrasound measurements of back fat thickness, muscle ‎thickness and loin muscle area. Carcass and non-carcass components were not affected by the ‎dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were not effected on short chain and long chain fatty acids. ‎The use of soybean meal significantly increased palmitic acid in comparison with the15% ‎extruded and rousted full fat soybean (P<0.05). Stearic acid concentration was higher for lambs ‎fed the 15% crude full fat soybean compared to the soybean meal‏ ‏‎(P<0.05). Replacing extruded ‎and roasted full-fat soybean increased poly on saturated fatty acids (p<0.01) and conjugated ‎linoleic acid‏ ‏‎(p<0.1). ‎

It is concluded that extruded and roasted full-fat soybean can‏ ‏be fed to fattening ‎Afshari lambs as a total replacement‏ ‏‎(15 percent of diet DM) for soybean meal without negative‏ ‏effects on carcass components, improved blood parameters, reduced saturated fatty acids and ‎increased conjugated linoleic acid, poly unsaturated fatty acids and useful fatty acids of meat in ‎Afshari lambs. ‎

The crisis of access to adequate and hygienic water resources, alongside unhealthy lifestyles, plays a significant role in the prevalence of various urinary stone-related diseases. The daily water intake and the compounds present in water sources can impact urinary elements and kidney stone formation. However, discrepancies have been noted in various studies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the concentration of microelements in urinary stones and the blood of residents of Ardabil province and its correlation with different water sources.

This case-control study involved 40 cases and 40 controls, comprising individuals with urinary stones who consumed water from various sources in Ardabil city. The study analyzed various water sources, including mineral water, tap water, river water, dam water, well water, spring water, and filtered water, in terms of trace element concentrations (Strontium, Vanadium, Sodium, and Potassium) and their association with urinary stone formation. Additionally, the physicochemical characteristics of water sources such as pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) were examined. Minor elements were measured using an ICP-MS device. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 22 software and ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests.

The study findings revealed a significant difference in the concentration of sodium in the blood based on the types of water sources consumed (p<0.05). Individuals who used filtered water exhibited higher sodium levels in their blood compared to those using tap water. No notable differences were observed in the concentration of other minor elements. According to the Tukey test results, the sodium content in filtered water exceeded that in tap water.

This study observed significant differences in the concentrations of Sodium, Strontium, and Vanadium in urinary stones and blood based on the types of water consumed. The sodium levels in the blood of individuals using purified water were higher than those using tap water. Additionally, filtered water had higher sodium content compared to tap water. These findings suggest that the type of water consumed can influence the sodium concentration and other body compounds, aiding individuals in selecting water sources or obtaining water purification devices based on their health conditions.

During the transition period, defined in dairy cows and ewes as the three-week period before and three-week weeks after parturition, animals are more susceptible to metabolic disease. Negative energy balance in pregnant ewes during last of gestation could result in fatal pregnancy toxemia and affects ewe and lamb health (Reynolds et al., 2006). Fat supplementation of the diet is an efficient mean to increase energy concentration of diet and modify body weight, body condition score, milk yield, fat content and fatty acid composition in lactating ruminants (Chilliard et al. 2003). The number of studies on sheep milk as responded to added fat is rather limited compared to studies on cows and goats. Supplementing fat in dairy rations to increase energy density has been extensively evaluated in numerous studies over the last a few decades. However, it was evident that production responses to the supplemental fat varied considerably. Many factors might contribute to the various responses, with one of them being the different fat sources (Reynolds et al. 2006, Hervas et al. 2008). Rumen protected fat production is mainly in order to deal with negative effect of fat on fiber digestion, prohibiting biohydrogenation and increasing long chained fatty acids to small intestine. This method was provided some years ago and the major advantage of it is the neutral fatty calcium soap consumed in rumen and improves the level of essential fatty acids (Hess et al., 2008). In some studies, supplementing dairy ewes with a ruminally protected source of trans-10, cis-12 CLA has been associated with increases in milk and milk protein yields (Lock et al., 2006; Husveth et al., 2010; Sinclair et al., 2010). Much of the research attempted to obtain milk fat with healthier properties by increasing milk concentration of specific human health promoting fatty acids. Although mechanisms of action are unclear and its use in humans is controversial, CLA is still of particular interest because of its speculated role in preventing human health problems and increasing the nutritive and therapeutic value of milk (Sinclair et al., 2010). So, this study has also tried to investigate effects of different fat sources and CLA during late-pregnancy and early lactation on performance of Afshari ewes.

Fifty Afshari ewes were assigned randomly to one of the five experimental diets with ten replicates in a completely randomized design. Treatments include: 1- control (without fat supplement), 2- 3% Protected fat powder of saturated fatty acids (palm oil), 3- 3% Ca salt of omega-6 fatty acids (soybean oil), 4- 3% Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil), 5- 2% Protected fat powder of saturated fatty acids (palm oil) and 1% CLA. Animals were in experiment 14 days before to 45 days after the parturition and keep individually. Ewes were fed ad libitum and had free access to fresh water. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) recorded and ewes were weighed and BCS was measured weekly. Milk yield were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from the ewes on d -14, 1 (lambing) and 14.

There was no difference on ewe Initial weight, body weight changes in lambing, body weight after lambing, body weight 35 days post lambing and body weight changes during 35 days post lambing between ewes supplemented with different fat sources. There were no differences between diets for body condition score and body condition score changes. DMI before parturition significantly decreased by feeding Ca salt of different fat sources (P<0.01), but DMI after parturition increase in ewes fed Ca salt of fatty acids (P<0.01). Supplementation with Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) and CLA increased milk yield (P<0.01). Protected fat powder of saturated fatty acids increased fat content of milk (P<0.05), but unsaturated fatty acids not affected milk fat concentration. Other composition of the milk and colostrum were not affected by the treatments. One week before lambing, plasma concentration of cholesterol was greater for Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) ewes as compared with the control ewes (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of glucose, protein, albumin and globulin not affected by treatments. Plasma concentration of cholesterol, 24 h after lambing, increased in Ca salt of omega-6 fatty acids diet and decreased in Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids diet (P<0.05). Two week post lambing, plasma concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, protein, albumin and globulin not affected by feeding different fat sources.

supplementing Ca salts of fatty acids to the peripartum diets increased DMI after parturition and Ca salts of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) and CLA increased milk yield and improved Afshari ewes performance.

This study aimed to determine the effects of adding molasses on the physicochemical and silage fermentation characteristics, and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of fresh and ensiled lime pulps. This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with four treatments including fresh lime pulp without additives (FLP), fresh lime pulp mixed with molasses; (FLPM), fresh lime pulp silage (LPS), and fresh lime pulp silage mixed with molasses (LPMS). Three replications were performed in each treatment Digestibility and gas production were determined using rumen liquid taken from two male Ghezel sheep. The results revealed that the application of molasses had no significant impact on the amount of dry matter. However, a marked distinction (P<0.05) was observed between the treatments regarding neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, pH, and water holding capacity (WHC). The potential of gas production for FLPM was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. The addition of molasses to fresh lime pulp enhanced (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter in the rumen and total digestive tract. However, the presence of molasses in lime pulp silage reduced (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter in the rumen and total digestive tract. The results of this study suggested that the use of molasses would enhance fermentation and digestion by altering the composition of pectin in fresh lime pulp. While the lime pulp can be ensiled without molasses, the addition of molasses boosts the nutritive value and digestibility of silage.

In this paper, my aim is to clarify McDowell’s chief objections to Kripke’s reading of Wittgenstein presented in his well-known book, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982) and then to introduce and explain McDowell’s own interpretation of Wittgenstein’s main remarks on meaning and rule-following. Finally, I argue that McDowell’s construal of Wittgenstein, contrary to what he claims, does not significantly depart from Kripke’s. For McDowell, Kripke has only focused on the first part of section 201 of the Philosophical Investigations, where Wittgenstein states that “This was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule. The answer was: if everything can be made out to accord with the rule, then it can also be made out to conflict with it. And so there would be neither accord nor conflict here” (Wittgenstein 1953, §201). McDowell’s main objection to Kripke, among other objections, is that Kripke has failed to successfully capture the main point of Wittgenstein’s remark presented in the second part of section 201, according to which “It can be seen that there is a misunderstanding here from the mere fact that in the course of our argument we give one interpretation after another; as if each one contented us at least for a moment, until we thought of yet another standing behind it. What this shews is that there is a way of grasping a rule which is not an interpretation, but which is exhibited in what we call ‘obeying the rule’ and ‘going against it’ in actual cases” (Wittgenstein 1953, §201). Wittgenstein’s suggestion seems to be that there is a way in which a grasp of meaning is not an interpretation at all.McDowell then proposes his own take on these remarks and argues that once we see the practice of rule-following as an activity which is already rule-governed in a community, we can with no harm take it to form a (normative) fact about what the speaker means by her words. This means that Kripke has gone wrong in arguing, on behalf of Wittgenstein, that there is no such fact. More particularly, “shared command of a language equips us to know one another’s meaning without needing to arrive at that knowledge by interpretation, because it equips us to hear someone else’s meaning in his words” (McDowell 1984, 350-351). Within such a linguistic community, there is a capacity for “a meeting of minds” (1984, 351) so that each member can hear what the other means by a word directly. For, the members of such a community have been trained similarly in a community of speakers, whose responses are already meaningful, whose world is already conceptualized, and whose rules are already determined. However, once we carefully read McDowell’s own interpretation of Wittgenstein, we can see that Kripke’s reading is not in any serious conflict with it. Not only this, but Kripke seems to have been aware of the issues McDowell raises and attempted to deal with them. McDowell takes the meaning facts to be constituted by certain communal facts but does not want to subscribe to a reductionist view of meaning. For that reason, he then treats such facts as primitive, irreducible to any other fact about the speaker. But, in Kripke’s remarks, we can find no conflict with this. For Kripke too, Wittgenstein does not deny the legitimacy of ordinary uses of terms like “truth”, “fact”, and the like. On the contrary, Kripke emphasizes, like McDowell, that once we are free of the regress of interpretations, we are fully entitled to use these terms in relevant language games. Moreover, Kripke’s Wittgenstein too sees membership in a community as an essential aspect of the rule-following practice. In the present paper, I discuss these claims in some detail and show that McDowell does not dramatically depart from Kripke in his interpretation of Wittgenstein.

In this paper, I will argue against certain criticisms of Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s sceptical argument and sceptical solution, made especially by Baker and Hacker, McGinn, and McDowell. I will show that their interpretation of Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s view is misplaced. According to Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s sceptical argument, there is no fact as to what someone means by her words. For Kripke, this conclusion, combined with Classical Realist view of meaning, leads to the Wittgensteinian paradox, according to which there is no such thing as meaning anything by any word. Wittgenstein presents this paradox in paragraph 201 of the Philosophical Investigations. As Kripke reads Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein is in agreement with his sceptic on the sceptical conclusion of the sceptical argument, that is, that there is no fact about meaning, and builds his sceptical solution on an endorsement of that. McDowell, McGinn, and others have objected that Kripke has failed to properly understand Wittgenstein’s main remarks in 201, that is, that the paradox is the result of a misunderstanding of the ordinary notion of meaning. Wittgenstein does not accept such a sceptical conclusion. I will use the distinction George Wilson draws between two different conclusions of the sceptical argument and show that Kripke has respected all of the remarks that Wittgenstein has put in section 201.

Recent studies have shown that consuming different sources of omega-3 fatty acids can play an important role in improving sperm quality in different species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using different sources of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet of Qezel ram, on volume and concentration of semen, fatty acid profile and characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm.

In this study, which was carried out for three months, 16 adult rams of Qezel breed were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, and each group received one of the diets, all of which were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The first group: diet without oil (control), the second group: diet with palm oil, the third group: diet with flax oil and the fourth group: diet with fish oil. After habituation of the rams, sperm collection was done weekly with an artificial vagina for 13 weeks. After evaluating the appearance and measuring the sperm volume, sperm concentration and motility in the fresh sperm samples, the sperm samples were frozen packing in straws. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of sperms after freezing-thawing, including sperm motility parameters (CASA), viability percentage, HOST and Hancock test and fatty acid profile were evaluated.

The results showed that the concentration, viability and integrity of sperm plasma membrane in the third and fourth groups were significantly increased compared to the control and second groups (P<0.01). Also, the abnormal morphology in the third and fourth groups was significantly reduced compared to the control and palm oil receiving groups (P<0.01). Motility parameters such as total motility, straight line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) and average path velocity (VAP) in the third and fourth groups showed a significant increase compared to the control and the second group (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in progressive motility in the fourth group compared to the first and second groups, and in the third group compared to the second group (P<0.05). Diet containing palm oil caused a significant increase in sperm palmitic acid in week 12 (P<0.05). Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids increased significantly in the groups receiving fish oil and flax compared to the group receiving palm oil and control (without oil) (P<0.01). The rest of the measured fatty acids did not show any significant changes.

The results showed that adding fish and flax oil to the diet of Qezel rams for 3 months improves the quality of physico-chemical characteristics and improves the freezing ability of sperm.

Kripke in his famous book on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy argues, on behalf of Wittgenstein, that there can be no fact of the matter as to what a speaker means by her words, that is, no fact that can meet the Constitution Demand and the Normativity Demand. He particularly argues against the dispositional view, according to which meaning facts are constituted by facts about the speaker’s dispositions to respond in a certain way on certain occasions. He argues that facts about dispositions are finite and are incapable of constituting facts about what speakers mean by their words; they are also essentially descriptive, not prescriptive and, thus, cannot meet the Normativity Demand. Hannah Ginsborg has recently attempted to resist Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s arguments against dispositionalism by defending a new sort of reductive dispositionalism which can meet both demands at the same time. In this paper, I will argue that she would not be successful in her project.

Heat treatment of a wide variety of feeds has been traditionally used to improve the utilization of their protein by ruminants. Heat treatment of legume seeds can inactivate anti-nutritional factors, it is also effective in increasing the digestibility (Seifdavati 2012). Chemical composition and heat processing can affects fermentability of Vicia Ervilia grain. Particle size and moisture during processing also influence the possible effects of processing. Digestibility may be directly determined in vitro or estimated by using in vitro procedures, which are cheaper and more convenient. In vitro gas production technique was widely used to evaluate the nutritive value of legume forages (Evitayani et al 2004) and tannin containing tree leaves (Rubanza et al 2003). This experiment was conducted to investigate of the nutritive value of Vicia Ervilia using the in vitro disappearance and gas production techniques.

The experimental treatments were grinding Vicia Ervilia grain, steam flak, roasting and microwave. Processing steam flak, treated steam at 100°C for 30 min and then immediately passed through rollers were allowed to air for 48 h and then sealed in plastic bags. Roasting treatments at 120°C for 10 min and microwave irradiation (Nasional at a power of 800w) for 3 min. The treatments were milled through a 2.0 mm screen. Samples of treatments were dried in oven at 65°C for 24h. The gas production of treatment were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation time using a water displacement apparatus. For this purpose two ruminal fistulated sheep were used. Rumen liquor samples were obtained from the two weathers that were fed a diet content 60% roughage: 40% concentrate. Rumen fluid was pumped with a manually operated vacuum pump and transferred into prewarmed thermos flask, combined, filtered through four layers of cheesecloth and flushed with CO2. McDougall (1948) buffer solution was prepared and placed in a water bath at 39°C. Samples (300 mg) were weighed into 50 ml serum vial. Each feed sample was incubated in triplicate with 20 ml of rumen liquor and buffer solution (1:2). The vials were sealed immediately after loading and were affixed to a rotary shaker platform set as (120 rpm) housed on a incubator. Vials for each time point, as well as blanks, were prepared in quadruplicate. The metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation content of feeds, short chain fatty acid and digestible organic matter were calculated using equations of Menke & Steingass (1988) and Getachew et al. (2002). For in vitro disappearance method, the incubation time were 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. The rumen liquor was obtained from the same sheep used in the gas production technique and receiving the same diet to similar conditions for both techniques. Mc Dougall (1948) buffer prewarmed to 39 ºC. The inoculum was dispensed 20 ml per vial into 50 ml serum vial (containing of 300 mg sample per vial) which had been warmed to 39 ºC and flushed with oxygen free CO2. The vials were sealed immediately after loading and were affixed to a rotary shaker platform set as (120 rpm) housed in incubator. Vials for each time point, as well as blank (containing no substrate), were prepared in triplicate. Triplicate vials were removed after 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48h of incubation. The residues were washed three times in phosphate buffer followed by centrifugation (2500 rpm, 10 min) and dried at 105 ºC and determined DM disappearance. The data was analyzed by completely randomized design.

Dry matter disappearance and gas product increased with increasing incubation time. Heat processing of steam flak increasing of DM disappearance and gas produced at 48 h and higher than the other treatments (P<0.05). The gas production volume at 48 h incubation for treatments of control, microwave, roasting and steam flaking were 141, 140, 134.57 and 147 (ml/gDM), respectively. The gas production for sum of soluble and insoluble (a+b) fractions (ml/gDM) and gas production rate (ml/h) in control treatment were 142.9 and 0.106, respectively. Dry matter disappearance from in vitro increased with increasing incubation time. The disappearance percentage of DM in control treatment for 2 and 48 h of incubation were 39.88 and 83.48 and degradabilities coefficients (a, b and c) were 31.08, 48.03 and 0.088, respectively. For roasting treatments DM disappearance and gas produced at 48 h were lower than the other treatments. Barley grain treated by the steam flak, flame rusting and exploring can be decreased ruminal crude protein (McNiven 1994). Ljokjel et al (2003) reported that heat treatment decreased ruminal degradation of starch in both barley grain and pea grain. Parnian et al (2010) showed that, cumulative gas production of sorghum grain was linearly increased by altering period of microwave irradiation. Parand et al (2010) reported that the gas production of barley grain for steam flak, microwave and roasting at 48 h were obtained 239.4, 275.9 and 239.7 (ml/gDM), respectively, these values does not match with the results of this study. Similar to the latter, previous in vitro and in vivo studies (Hironaka et al 1992; Huntington 1997) have shown that steam flaking increased ruminal starch digestibility of barley in feedlot cattle. Seifdavati et al (2012) showed the gas production of Vicia Ervilia at 24 h was obtained about 246.29 ml/gDM and rate of gas product was achieved 0.063 (%h) that decreased with autoclave processing. Hadji Panayioton and Economids (2001), reported degradability characteristics of lupin (a, b and c) about 12.45%, 84.41% and 0.1 h-1, respectively. There was strong positive correlation between gas production, in vitro and in situ dry matter disappearance so that the gas production technique can be suitable replacement for in situ and in vitro DM disappearances. The steam flaking treatment showed high potential for producing of gas and high degradability of DM compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). Regarding to high gas production and in vitro degradability in steam flaking treatment, this treatment can be used to improve of digestion process in animal nutrition.

The ability of an animal to survive in the breeding period is called the survival trait. One of the most important features of survival analysis is unfinished (censored) observations. In other words, the event under study does not necessarily occur at the time of recording the observations. Thus, survival observations and data are generally incomplete, and events occur for some people but for others there is no observation for that event. In general, nonparametric regression methods (Kaplan-Meier estimator, Cox hazard ratio model) and parametric methods are used for this type of analysis more than other methods. Survival and longevity analysis is performed by linear, threshold and hazard ratio functions methods. Linear models are easier to use, but due to the nonlinearity of the survival trait, they are skewed, and the estimates of heritability with this method are low and close to zero. Threshold models are more accurate and obtain higher genetic estimates. In the analysis of hazard ratio method, the accuracy is higher than previous models due using the more information (use of censored data), but it is time consuming and its computational load is higher. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic parameters and the effect of fixed factors on the survival of Makuie sheep lambs up to one and two years of age using the proportional hazard function under Weibull distribution.

In this study, 2332 records of Makuie lambs that collected between 1986 to 2010 in Makuie sheep breeding station, were used. In the first step, fixed factors affecting longevity (gender, type of birth, year of birth, month of birth, birth weight, weaning weight, weaning age and age of dam) Was investigated by LIFEREG procedure of SAS statistical software version 9.4 under Weibull distribution. Then significant effects were used in the survival analysis with the proportional hazard model. Survival up to one and two years of age were analyzed using the Weibull hazard model by SURVIVAL KIT software, version 6.12. SURVIVAL KIT software is able to provide components of genetic variance and can estimates breeding values for animals using mixed models. Survival from post-weaning to one year (for analysis up to one year of age) and two years (for analysis up to two years of age) were assessed by day.

In the analysis of survival from weaning to the one year of age, 38.12% of observations and in the study of survival up to the two years of age, 13.68% of the observations were censored. According to the study, the year of birth had a significant effect on the survival of lambs. The year of birth affects the amount of rainfall and ultimately the availability of food resources by affecting the pasture, and thus changes the quality and amount of nutrition. survival up to one year of age Lambs born in 2004 and for survival up to two years of age lambs born in 1994 had the lowest risk of elimination. Lambs born in 2010 had the highest risk of elimination. Scrutiny the effect of birth month on the survival of lambs, it was found that for survival up to one year of age, lambs born in April had a higher risk of elimination. However, for survival up to two years of age, lambs born in May had the highest risk of elimination and the amount of risk for May compared to March was 1.96. Lambs born in May reach autumn at a young age and during a period of rapid growth. Because the studied flock is kept semi-densely, access to feed for these lambs is reduced and they are removed from the flock due to their low weight and insufficient growth rate. Birth weight is one of the most important components affecting the survival rate and directly affects the elimination rate. Threshold weights have the highest elimination risk ratio and the weight of 3.5-4.7 kg has the lowest elimination risk ratio for survival up to one and two years of age. There is a curved relationship between elimination risk and birth weight, so with increasing birth weight to medium weight (3.5-4.5 kg), the risk ratio decreases and then increases. Mortality at low weights is due to the inability to control body temperature and high mortality at high birth weights is due to infertility. Weaning weight is an important factor influencing survival after weaning. Similar to birth weight, weaning weight has a curved relationship with survival. So that with increasing the weaning weight from 10 kg to 19 kg, the risk of elimination for survival to one and two years of age decreases from 1.8 to 0.97 and 0.93, respectively, and then with increasing the weaning weight, risk ratio reaches to 2.53 and 2.38, respectively. Lack of growth-induced production encourages the elimination of low-weight weaned lambs. So the elimination risk ratio is high at low weights. But as the weaning weight increases, the desire to keep it for later periods will be greater, and thus the removal pressure will be lower. The average weight of weaning in the herd is equal to 19.01 kg, the results also show that the lowest elimination risk ratio and consequently the highest survival for weaning weight is 18-20 kg. Therefore, in order to increase the survival and reduce the elimination risk ratio, management and corrective programs can be designed to select the optimal weaning weight. For survival up to one and two years of age, the risk of elimination for male lambs was higher than females. In the period between weaning until the age of one year, the elimination risk ratio for male lambs was 2.17 relation to females and for survival to the age of two years, the elimination risk ratio of males was 2.61 Compared to females. This difference in elimination rate can be attributed to sex-related factors, sex characteristics that may not have yet been discovered, systemic diseases, different management practices for males and females, and high elimination rate for males due to surplus fattening. There are three types of births in Makuie sheep (singles, twins and triplets). Lambs born with twins and triplets have lower birth weight and weaning weight than single lambs. Due to the above topics, low birth weight and low weaning weight, reduces the survival and, increase the risk of elimination. Another reason for the reduced survival of multiple births is the limitation in dam milk production, which can be due to poor maternal genetics or inadequate nutritional intake. Heritability of survival to one and two years of age for Makuie sheep lambs according to the censorship ratio of 38.12% and 13.68% (respectively) was 0.062 and 0.079, respectively.

Since heritability was estimated at a low level, control of environmental factors and management will play an important role in improving the survival of Makuie lambs.

The social well-being of the students as an influential group, who face different experiences in society, university, and family, is affected by various factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of psychological hardiness components and emotions (positive and negative) in predicting the students' social well-being.

This study was conducted based on a descriptive-correlational research method. The statistical population included all students at the School of Nursing and Midwifery in Ghaen, Iran, during the academic year 2020-21. The samples (n=180) were selected using the convenience sampling method, as well as Gajresi and Morgan table. They were then asked to answer the questionnaires online. The data were collected using the Psychological Hardiness Scale (Kiamarsi et al., 1998), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), as well as the Social Well-being Subscale (Keyes and Magyar-Moe, 2003). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 25) through the Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions simultaneously.

The results showed a direct correlation between positive emotion and psychological hardiness with social well-being; however, there was an inverse and significant association between negative emotion and social well-being (P<0.01). Moreover, the results of the regression revealed that emotions and psychological hardiness explained 40% of the variance in social well-being.

The results emphasize the development of psychological hardiness and the promotion of positive emotion in order to increase the social well-being of students during Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic.

Selenium is one these trace mineral elements which is essential for health, immunity and maximum production performance of animals. Selenium is an essential trace element, and its importance for animal health and productivity has been well confirmed. Selenium has known to be involved in enzyme activity and preventing oxidative damage to body tissue. Selenium plays important roles in antioxidant defence systems, prevents cell damage and is necessary for growth, fertility, and immune system in farm animals. Recently, nano -elemental Se has attracted wide spread attention due to its high bioavailability and low toxicity, because nanometer particulates exhibit novel characteristics, such as great specific surface area, high surface activity, a lot of surface active centres, high catalytic efficiency and strong adsorbing ability and over and above the character of low toxicity of Se0. Dietary selenium is an essential trace element for animals and humans with a variety of biological functions. It plays important roles in the regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism, cell growth and antioxidant defence systems thus, together with alpha-tocopherol prevents cells against oxidative stress damage, also these compounds are necessary for growth, fertility, and immune system health in animals and humans. The in situ and in vitro usually use for determining of effect of additives on digestibilities of t feeds. Regarding to the importance of TMR feeding on dairy cattle nutrition, determining of its digestibilities with additive and without additive is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different forms of selenium sources on digestibility of high production lactating dairy cows TMR in vitro and in situ Techniques.

3 male ruminally cannulated sheep, average 43±4.8 kg of BW, were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square experiment. Sheep were fed twice daily (08:00 and 18:00 h) at maintenance nutrition requirements with a basal diet consisting of 400 g/kg (dry matter) DM of basal concentrates and 600 g/kg DM of forage. Sheep were placed in metabolic cages individually and fresh water was freely available during the experimental period. This experiment was conducted in three periods of 28 days with 21 d adaptation period and 7 d for data tacking. Treatments were: 1. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm nano selenium, 2. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm organic selenium, 3. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium. In gas production method, 300 mg of each treatment weighted and incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hours. The Nylon bag method used to estimate ruminal disappearance of dry matter. Ruminal degradability was measured using nylon bag technique on day 22–28 of the experimental period. The samples 5 g of feed were weighed in 6 cm×12cm nylon bags made of monofilament Pecap polyester . Samples were incubated separately in duplicate bags and suspended in the rumen of each sheep and removed after 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours. All removed bags were rinsed in cold water until the bags were clean; the bags immediately were dried in an oven at 65◦C for 12 h, then 105 ◦C for 24 h in order to determine DM disappearance. in three steps digestion method, about 5 g of feed stuffs weighted in 6 cm×10cm nylon bags made of monofilament Pecap polyester . Samples were incubated separately in duplicate bags and suspended in the rumen of each sheep and removed after 12 hours. All removed bags were rinsed in cold water until the bags were clean; the bags immediately were dried in an oven to determine DM disappearance.

During most of incubation hours, the volume of produced gas was higher in nano selenium, organic selenium, inorganic selenium and control treatments, respectively. However, significant differences between treatments were occurred after 36 h of incubation. The most gas production potential (A) was measured in nano selenium, organic selenium and inorganic selenium compared with control treatments. There were not any significant differences between nano selenium and organic selenium in gas production potential. there wasn’t any significate differences between treatments in degradability of TMR dry matter. In three steps digestion experiment, nano treatment was higher than inorganic treatment in post ruminal digestion of TMR dry matter.

The results showed that the addition of various sources of selenium to the diet may improve rumen function.

Foodstuffs that derived from animal products could transfer microbial pathogens and antibiotic drug residuesin, consequently it caused to disrupting in immune and gastrointestinal system and microbial resistance in the human body. This study was to investigate the effect of different levels of probiotic and lactoferrin (bLF) on the health status and infection rate of Escherichia coli in suckling Ghezel lambs. Thirty six suckling male lambs in a completely randomized design employing a 2×3 factorial arrangement were assigned to six exprimental groups. Experimental treatments were includes of two levels of probiotic (0 and 1 g/day/head) and three levels of bLF (0, 0.25 and 0.50 g/day/head) that used individually for 56 days of experiment. The results showed that despite no significant difference between fecal score and body temperature between the experimental groups, the simultaneous use of probiotics and bLF reduced days medicated in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, interaction between different levels of probiotic and bLF reduced the excretion of Escherichia coli in the feces (p < 0.05). Bovine lactoferrin led to a linear increase in plasma iron concentration compared to the control group, therewith the highest level of bLF having the highest increase in iron concentration (p < 0.05). According to results of present experiment, it seems that bLF plus probiotic can have synergisc effect on performance and heath status of Ghezel lamb breed in preweaning phase.

Processing have an impact on nano-molecular basis, which increase digestion of starch. Heat processing destroys the crystalline nature of a starch granule making the surface of the starch more available to digestive solvents and enzymes as well as to the rumen microbes (Bdour et al. 2014). The in situ nylon bag technique is widely used to characterize the disappearance of feeds from rumen (woods et al. 2002). In situ incubation is a principle method for the estimation of ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein, because it is simple, does not require specific equipment and could be applied in every research laboratory (Alexandrow 1998). In many protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the nylon bag technique is the standard method used for calculating the amount of protein escaping rumen fermentation (Cone et al. 2002). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the sampleʼs surface topography and composition. Accordingly, scanning electron microscope (SEM) can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer (Stokes 2008). This experiment was conducted to investigate the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of sorghum grain in the rumen and therefore, investigate changes in nano-molecular basis.

In this study sorghum grain was processed using methods of steam flaking, roasting and microwaving. Feed samples were dried in an oven at 90°C for 48 h and the dry matter (DM) content was calculated. Then, ground samples were analyzed for ash (AOAC, 2005). Determinations of N were conducted using the Kjeldahl method in an automated Kjelfoss apparatus (Foss Electric, Copenhagen, Denmark). Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by the detergent procedures of Van Soest et al. (1991). Acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) was determined as nitrogen in acid-detergent residue. Ether extract (EE) was determined by extracting the sample with ether (AOAC 2005). Degradation characteristics of feeds were calculated after the incubation of 5 g samples of row, steam flaked, roasted, and microwaved sorghum grains (ground at 2 mm) in nylon bags. The bag size was 6×12 cm. The bags were incubated in the rumen of two cannulated sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Retrieved bags were washed under running water until the water was clear. Immediately after removal from the rumen, the bags frozen at −18 °C. At the end of the collections, they were unfrozen and washed together with the zero time bags (not incubated in the rumen) for 20 min and then dried at 80°C for 48 h. The residues were weighted and submitted for analysis. For each bag, the residue was analyzed for DM and nitrogen. Feed residues were recovered from each bag and stored for Kjeldahl nitrogen. The model of p=a+b(1-e-ct) was used for the determination of degradation characteristics, in which p is the actual degradation of CP and DM after t, a is the intercept of the degradation curve at time zero, b is the potential degradability of the component of the slowly soluble CP and DM, which will in time be degraded, c represents the constant degradability rate of b at time t, and t is the incubation time. In order to provide SEM images, scanning electron microscopy (Field Emission Tescan mirca 3) was used in the central laboratory of University of Tabriz. The values of a (% solubility) and b (potentially degradable fraction) and deviation of error were determined.  Data obtained from in situ study was subjected to analysis of variance as a completely randomized design by the GLM procedure of SAS software and treatment means were compared by the Duncan test.

In situ results showed that steam flaking of sorghum grain have the most digestibility compared with other treatments, but it was not significant. Steam flaking of sorghum grain reduced nutritional restriction (Teurer et al. 1999) and in many studies has been showed decreases in tannin and phenolic compounds. Microwave processing reduced digestibility; however, it was not significant. Lewandowicz et al. (2002) reported that microwaving reduced starch solubility, because high heat treatment in microwaved starch can create resistance and continual basis in granular structures. Processing significantly decreased crude protein digestibility in all three treatments (P<0.05) that previous studies have confirmed these results (Parnian 2008, Nickhah et al. 2003, Hamaker 1987).
Thermal process reduces protein digestibility in the rumen via denaturing the protein and formation of protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate bonds (Anonymous 2001). Dandy et al. (1995) also concluded wet sorghum baking reduced digestibility. Preston (1998) reported that processing and steaming of corn and sorghum grains reduced solubility of proteins. Also, access to lysine amino acids reduced by flakes density reduces. Scanning electron micrographs in all three treatments showed that processing destructed protein matrix and increased enzymes access to starch granules and increased their digestibility. In steam flaking treatment, granule surfaces were attacked by microorganisms and protein matrix destructed more than other treatments. Also, terminal processing in all three treatments gelatinated the starch and increased average of scale of granules. In addition to the importance of starch digestion, the increase in viscosity during gelatinization may also positively affect physical quality of processed feeds through increasing in binding between feed particles. Svihus et al. (2004) reported that pelleting can improve feed integrity by increasing binding between particles. Gelatinization of starch greatly increases α-amylase accessibility to amylose and amylopectin glucose chains and so, increases the rate of starch digestion. The number of created orifices is explanatory for degradability values. Benmoussa et al. (2006) concluded that number and scale of granules have positive effects on digestive properties. In this study, despite of smaller number and smaller size of orifices in steam flaking treatment than other treatments (against further degradability of steam flaking than others treatments), SEM images of incubated steam flaking showed that granules were processed completely. Therefore, lots of uniformity and meltingcan be justified as its high degradability.

Electron microscopy images showed that the number and size of holes (nano-sized) per unit area of ​​treatments were highly correlated with the degree of degradability. Steam flaked treatment has caused more gelatinization in starch granules as the size of the granules has increased more than the control treatment and other treatments. Steam flake processing shows better degradability properties than other treatments and provides higher amounts of nutrients to microorganisms.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of soybean meal with canola meal and corn processing on productive performance of Holstein dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows (milk yield= 46±3 kg/d) were assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factor 1 was corn processing method, ground corn or steam flaked corn, and factor 2 was two ratio canola meal to soybean meal (50:50 or 100:0). No significant interactions of main treatment effects occurred for lactation performance data. Dry matter intake and milk production was not affected by replacement of soybean meal with canola meal. Milk compounds concentration was not affected by this replacement. Substitution of hundred percent of soybean meal with canola meal in the diet decreased the apparent digestibility of the dry matter. Feed intake was decrease when the cows received steam flaked corn compared with those receiving ground corn. Milk fat content decreased but milk protein content increased in cows fed steam flaked compared with those fed ground corn. Although these results showed no interaction effects of replacement of soybean meal with canola meal and corn processing method on performance, higher canola meal ratio and steam flaked corn improved feed efficiency and has a positive effect on the metabolism of nitrogen and energy, so recommended to fed in high-yielding cows under the conditions of this experiment.