علی رحمتی

Background and Goal: 

Crimes against Security could be considered as one of must important Realms of Challenge and Confrontation between Rights of Sovereignty and Citizen Rights. Due to High Important of Harmful effects of Crimes against Security on public order and Security, Independency and national Sovereignty, they are very important in all legal Systems and special and different Provisions approved for these Crimes.

In terms of objective, this Paper is an applied Research and in terms of Methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical study.

In reaction to these crimes, governments have a relative tendency to guarantee the rights of the sovereign and sometimes they abandon the general and established principles of criminal law.

in respect of Crimes against Security, penal Justice frequently through approval of Special Provisions provide wide context for interventions of Police as first Actor of Criminal Justice System in preliminary stages of crime Commission and in the area of the challenge of sovereignty and Citizen rights, it usually seeks to ensure relative rights of the sovereignty.

To report the role of Shadloo tribe chiefs and clans residing in Aladagh region in the military and political developments in Afsharid era.

archival documents and library materials are the resources data for analysis was collected from.

Aladagh was the center of the Shadloo tribe and dozens of clans who were moved by the Safavids Kurdistan to the north of Khorasan during the Safavids (1501- 1736). Apparently, their chiefs enjoyed a serious influence in the Afsharid government. The tribe and the clans were powerful rulers throughout Khorasan territory. They became close allies of Nader Shah and his successors after some years of enmity. In addition to the protection of borders, they participated in battles against Ottomans, Afghans and Turkmens.

In this research, a hydrothermal method has been employed for synthesis of nanostructured MoS2 particles via the synthesis of MoO3. The structure of MoS2 samples was investigated by using a different precursors, such as DisodiumThiourea and Thioacetamide. Several investigation tools including FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman and UV-Vis specteroscopy were used in order to characterize MoS2 nanostructures. XRD studies confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of samples. The FTIR spectra indicated the well-bonded MoS2 nanostructures. The size and the nearly uniform distribution of particles was detected by SEM and TEM. Photocatalytic activity of the MoS2 particles was checked by degration of Metylen Blue. Results showed the enhanced photocatalytic activity for the synthesized MoS2 with the molar ratio of 1:3 under UV irradiation.

Nurses as a powerful arm of the health care system play an important role in the evolution and progress of care, treatment, improvement, and promotion of the system. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-compassion-based therapy on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety sensitivity in female nurses.

In a quasi-experimental design, with pre-test-post-test with a control group, 30 female nurses working in the psychiatric ward working in hospitals (Imam Hossein (AS) and Bouali Hospital) in Tehran in 2019 to Targeted forms were selected and randomly assigned to two equal groups of 15 individuals. The experimental group then underwent compassion-focused treatment for 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention. Participants completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire in three baseline stages, after a two-month test and follow-up. Data were analyzed using univariate one-way analysis of variance and repeated measures with SPSS21 software.

The results of the analysis showed that the scores of the experimental group decreased compared to the control group in the anxiety sensitivity variable (the greatest decrease in the fear component of physical anxiety). There was also a significant difference in improving emotional regulation the follow-up stage of this difference is maintained (P <0.01).

It can be concluded that self-compassionate therapy due to its high efficiency, especially when it is held in groups, cheapness, and acceptance by nurses is an effective strategy to help people exposed to anxiety sensitivity and improved emotion regulation strategies.

In the present work, two- component heterostructure of ZnOnanorods array (ZnO NRs) and CuO nanostructure has been grown. Well-aligned ZnO NRs have been synthesized using seed layer by low temperature wet chemical method. Then, CuOthin film has been form by thermal oxidation ofCu thin film deposited by magnetron sputtering on ZnO NRs to increase and expand optical absorption to visible region. The structure, morphology and chemical, optical, photocatalytic properties of ZnO NRs/CuOheterostructures have been studied by, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission- scanning electron microscope/ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM /EDX), UV-Vis- near IR optical absorption spectroscopy, and current – voltage measurement, respectively.Thermal oxidation of Cu thin film on ZnO NRs in the temperature range 200- 600 °C Cause ZnO NRs/CuO TF heterostructure to form. The ZnO NRs/CuOheterostructures increase and expand optical absorbtion to visible range in comparision to bare ZnO NRs.Photocatalytic activity of ZnO NRs/CuOheterostructure was investigated through Rhodamine B (RhB) photodegrdation under UV- Vis irradiation.Photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO NRs/CuOheterostructure is considerably increased in comparison to bare ZnO NRs

During the Nader Shah Afshar’s reign, despite the all the military and political successes in the foreign arenas,  Iran was full of actions and reactions of different tribes and clans in the form of military conflicts and political challenges. One of the tribes that seems to have had a serious and effective presence in the conflicts and challenges of the Nader Shah era was Qarachurlu tribe. Investigating the role and position of this tribe in Iran’s military and political developments and the results of it is the main issue of this research. Despite the bold role of this tribe in the Nader’s era, no proper research has been done in this field so far. The present study attempts to analyze this role by using the descriptive-analytical method and by searching through historical texts and various documents. The results of various studies show that different clans of this tribe have been active especially in the fight against the Afghans and the Ottomans, and other foreign struggles, as the vanguards of the soldiers of Nader. Besides, Qarachurlu Kurds have always been in favor of Nader Shah in repressing internal insurgencies.

The formation of the Afsharid government, following the anarchy caused by the fall of the Safavid dynasty, is considered one of the most important developments in the history of Iran. As a result of Nader Shah Afshar’s rise to power, Iran regained its unity and was able to maintain its cohesion and integrity. Different tribes[1], especially the tribes living in Khorasan, were Nader Shah’s main partisans to achieving various internal and external successes.
One of these tribes which played a significant role in the political and military developments of the Nader’s era was Qarachurlu tribe and its various related clans[2]. This tribe was settled in the foothills of the Aladagh Mountains of Khorasan. Following the developments of the last years of the Safavid rule and in the early years of Nader’s movement, they first opposed him but due to the provisions that Nader had considered in dealing with the tribes and clans, they soon became one of his main allies. The main issue of this research was to analyze the role of this tribe and the efforts of its leaders in the developments of the Nader’s era.

There has been no independent and comprehensive research done on the role of Qarachurlu tribe in the developments of this period of Iran’s history. Sources of the Nader Shah’s era, including Aalam Araye Naderi written by Mohammad Kazem Marvi, Jahangushaye Nader by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, as well as new studies, including the first volume of the book Harekate Tarikhi Kurd Be Khorasan (the Historical Movements of Kurds to Khorasan) by Kalimollah Tavahodi, and Ilhaa Va Tayefehaye Ashayeri Khorasan (Khorasan nomadic tribes and clans) by Sayyid Ali Mirnia have generally considered the role of Kurds of Khorasan in the military-political developments of the Naderi’s era. However, no research has been done specifically on the political and military efforts of this tribe in the military and political conflicts of the period. The present study aimed to analyze this role by examining the main sources and new research, especially the use of various documents, including orders, deeds, and historical correspondence.

 An examination of the collection of sources, studies, and historical documents of the Afsharid era showed that numerous tribes and clans of Khorasan have played an essential role in the formation and then consolidation of the Afsharid government. Among these tribes and clans, Qarachurlu tribe, as one of the five Kurdish tribes of Khorasan, was one of the main allies of Nader Shah. They have always been in the vanguard of his wars and campaigns with the Ottomans, India, and the Caucasus. The Kurds of Qarachurlu have been active in defeating Malek Mahmood Sistani in Mashhad, Abdali Afghans in Herat, Nader’s quadruple battles with Ashraf Afghan, the triple wars with the Ottomans, as well as in Nader’s campaign to India and Dagestan with thousands of their troops. Additionally, Qarachurlu tribe played a key role in the suppression of Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi in Fars, the Lezgins in Dagestan, and Pir Mohammad Khan in Baluchistan. Najaf Sultan, Mohammad Khan, Mohammad Reza Khan, Aghasi Beyg, Shahbaz Beyg, Ahmad Khan, Salim Beyg, Pahlevan Beyg, Ali Reza Beyg, Ali-Qoli Beyg, and Imam-Qoli Beyg were among the most important Nader officials and allies of Qarachurlu tribe. Nader, in response to the cooperation of Qarachurlu tribe, gave the government of areas such as Darband in Caucasus to Najaf Sultan Qarachurlu, the authorization of Arabia to Mohammad Khan Qarachurlu, the solicitor of the tribe to Hassan Beyg Qarachurlu, Esik-aqasi of Divan to Ali Reza Beyg Sarvarlo,Beylerbey of Shirvan to Ali-Qoli Khan Sarvarloo, and the Fars rule to Ahmad Sultan Kargarlu, one of the elders of this tribe. Today, groups of Kurds from Qarachurlu tribe are present in areas such as Georgia and Azerbaijan that have been settled as a result of Nader’s policies.[1]. Tribe:The tribe in the Iranian nomadic society is a political union consisting of several Tireh-Ashayer (Several families with kinship affiliations) and nomadic clans that, based on kinship affiliations or at a specific time, they unite according to political and social interests, and necessities and form a tribe.The tribes usually had their own territory and tribal territory and were run under the leadership and personal management of either the Ilkhan or the Il-Bagi (Aashti, 1987, p. 14-13).[2]. Clan:  The clan in the Iranian nomadic community is a social-political unit consisting of several Tireh-Ashayer and in the hierarchy of tribal categories, it is the most important and distinct category. In the social hierarchy of Iranian nomads, most of the clans are located between the tribe and the Tireh-Ashayer, but there are also clans that are not affiliated with any tribe and are called independent clans. The clan is a social-political organization with a classification structure. They may be sedentary, complete nomadic, or semi-nomadic and a clan. It doesn't matter if the clan is nomadic or sedentary, it is still considered a clan. The clan is the smaller subset of a tribe, which is often closely related to each other and has a common ancestor for several generations (Takmil Homayoun & Bloukbashi, 2009, p. 15-8).

 One of the most important causes of nosocomial infections in patients with skin infections is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance with various mechanisms is one of the problems in treating these patients. The main role in the development of multiple resistance to antimicrobial drugs is played by the MexAB efflux pumps. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the MexAB efflux pumps in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from skin samples.

In this study 200 swab specimens from patients with skin infections were collected in Qom hospitals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa specimens were confirmed by biochemical tests. The drug susceptibility pattern was compared to ciprofloxacin by disk diffusion method and the phenotypic study of the effects of efflux pumps was done using cartwheel method .

In this study, 89 (45%) samples were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 19 cases (21%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and more than 54% of the presence of the pump in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa more than 54% of the presence of the pump in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

the presence of more than 54% of the presence of the pump in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is important in order to suggest a suitable therapeutic model for the infected patients. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, skin infections, efflux pump

According to reports from international institutions and organizations, including Human Rights Watch, High Commissioner for Human Rights and Amnesty International, Myanmar Muslims, and in particular the ethnic and religious minority of Rohingya Muslims, have been pursuing discriminatory policies and the criminal acts of the Myanmar government and its Buddhist residents since decades. Meanwhile, the recent human tragedy and the terrible crimes committed against the Rohingya Muslims, which have been accompanied by the government of Myanmar and the military regime of the country, have more and more been faced with the response of the international community. Given the correspondence of these crimes with actus reus and mens rea of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity, prosecution of those perpetrators at both national and international levels is debatable. At the national level, the Myanmar Courts, based on two principles of territorial jurisdiction and nationality jurisdiction and third countries courts based on the universality principle (Subject to the identification of such a principle in their internal laws) may interfere. More importantly, the mechanisms available at the international level include the referral of the status to the International Criminal Court or the formation of the Particular International Criminal Court by the United Nations Security Council. In addition, there is also an intermediary mechanism, which is a hybrid or internationalized court that can be formed on the basis of an agreement between the Government of Myanmar and the Security Council. In this paper, the pros and cons of each of these courts is reviewed in order to handling of recent crimes committed in Myanmar.

The key issues surrounding hybrid courts are the reasons and the legal bases of their establishment. The reasons for the establishment of hybrid courts are debatable on both national and international levels.From the national perspective,it can be due to reasons such as the inability or unwillingness of the local legal system to deal effectively and fairly with international crimes,the immunity of the heads of state in national courts,the increase of differences and political tensions in the event of the intervention of the local judicial system and existence of legal barriers for international crimes have been addressed by national courts.From an international perspective, constraints on the jurisdiction of the ICC and the unwillingness of the SC to establish a dedicated international criminal tribunal are among the most important reasons for the establishment of hybrid courts.In terms of legal bases, these courts are divided into several categories.Some of them are established on the basis of a treaty between the relevant state and the UN or other international and regional institutions.Some others are freely formed by the UN and without a treaty.In some cases,the establishment of these types of courts is based on the national law of the State where crime is committed.

Well-aligned ZnO nanorods array have been synthesized through chemical bath deposition at law temperature (less than 120oC) using seed layer under different condition such as bath concentration and temperature, growth time, thickness of seed layer and it’s annealing. Structural, morphological, chemical and optical properties of ZnO nanorods array were studied by X-ray diffractometry, field emission-scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDX) and UV-Vis-near IR optical absorption spectroscopy, respectively.The post-synthesized thermal treatment results in increased crystalline quality of nanorods as vertical c preffered orientation. The height, mean diameter and density of strongly well-oriented ZnO nanorods array are 190nm, 31-52 nm and 290-413 rods/μm2 on ZnO seed layer, respectively. The annealing of nanorods at 400oC causes to decrease in bandgap energy from 3.29eV for the as-grown nanorods to 3.19 eV. The increase in bath temperature to 110oC results in random direction of nanorods and decreasing in bandgap energy. The annealing of seed layer at temperature range of 200-600oC causes to increase in mean diameter and decrease in nanorods height and concentration and bandgap energy. The decrease in seed layer thickness causes to decrease in nanorods concentration.

one of the most important issues surrounding courts, which are established as a result of the international community's participation with the legal and judicial system of country where the international crimes are committed and in order to be more effective against impunity of international offenders, is their relationship and co-existence with the International Criminal Court, on the one hand, and the national courts of the countries where crimes are committed. Undoubtedly, the systematic co-existence of these institutions and their mutual influence on each other leads to the development of the local and international judicial system. In this co-existence, the hybrid mechanism of criminal procedure can be achieved by removing the gaps in international and domestic criminal justice, not as an alternative, but as an appropriate complement to the International Criminal Court and national courts to countering impunity for international crimes and serious human rights violations. uch a mechanism moves towards balancing the two fundamental principles of international law: the international commitment to ending the impunity of international crime and the need to respect the sovereignty of states.

Various property offenses include intervening in people’s financial rights and interests; so it is always necessary to determine whether the people have such rights and interests in connection with those properties or not. The response will be found in the area of the role of established concepts of civil law, such as rules of property, contract or sub-contract law. So, on the whole, in relation to this matter that whether civil law issues are able to have any role in explanation of property offences, three main opinions (theories) have been provided; According to the first, in determining the financial crimes like theft (larceny or robbery), judges are inevitable to use such established concepts as they are well known in civil law. The second opinion believes that judges use the well-known concepts of civil law in criminal law and property offenses, by creating new definition and interpretation of them. And according to third opinion, judges and jury, not on the basis of established concepts of civil law as they are defined by its own rules and not pursuant to their new definition and interpretation of these concepts, but on the basis of an “independent and common sense” have answered this question and determined the limits and range of property offences.

Existing obstacles in the physical world prompted criminal participation of contract parties in organizing their resources and making attempts in a coherent and fixed structures with a specified chain of commands, so that they can achieve criminal ends and gain more profits. Using "hierarchical structures" in real space was an effective action to apply power mechanism. The emergence of cyberspace removed real world's constraints and new structural models of organizing criminal coalition between participants in this space appeared which were different from their traditional counterparts in various aspects. The lack of research in this context sparked the need to analyze the nature and methods of organizing crime in cyberspace. This was the initial idea that struck the authors and present article is the outcome of their analysis. It is obvious that an academic scrutiny on this phenomenon provides effective theoretical-practical opportunities for law enforcement agents to prevent the development of organized criminal industry in cyberspace.

It is possible to be determined some of the fundamental principles of the criminal law by considering the established (accepted) concepts of the civil code. Among this, with regarding this issue that the common aspect of every “crimes against property” is that all of them lead to the violation of the property rights and benefits of persons, these crimes has a close relationship with the concepts of the civil code (specially contract rights or property and possessive rights). Therefore, for convicting someone who commits one of these crimes, firstly, with using the concepts of the civil law, it should be proved that someone else has a financial right and this right has been violated by the accused. There are three main opinions about this issue if the accepted concepts of the civil code in determining the criminal subjects has role or not. Meanwhile analyzing these three opinions, this paper has tried to examine the most important instances of the relationship between the financial crimes with the concepts of the civil code.

In this research zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanostructures were grown using Carbothermal Reduction method on Si substrate with magnetron sputter deposited Nano sheet .The structural and morphology of ZnO nanostructures were studied by x- ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) . Photoluminescence and optical absorption were measured by UV excitation and UV-Vis-Near IR spectrophotometer.With the help of X-ray energy loss spectroscopy density was determined. Visible Luminescence was observed. Substrate temperature, deposition time and Cu Nano-sheet thickness affect nanostructure dimension and optical properties. The presence of copper increases the band gap of ZnO occurs as well as the spectrum would shift toward the red (Red Shift).x -Ray diffraction pattern show Vrtzayt hexagonal structure for zinc oxid structures

One of the key issues in the legal topics is confrontation between "sovereignty’ rights" and "citizenship rights" in various fields. On the one hand, national sovereignty and political authority is the most important value to governments and statesmen will not spare any effort to ensure the sovereign rights. On the other hand, today the concept of “citizenship rights” as the opposite of "sovereignty’ rights" has found special position in the field of international law and the internal law of many countries, particularly issues related to human rights. According to current thoughts, a dynamic and ideal legal system on the one hand, should be advocate and defender of citizenship rights and its implementation and on the other hand, it must insists on strengthening the foundations of sovereignty in the country, which advocates citizens’ rights and the values of human dignity. In the meantime, without any doubt "crimes against security" is one of the most critical challenges and confrontations between sovereignty rights and citizenship rights. Because of the great importance of crimes against security and pernicious and detrimental consequences that such crimes have for public order and security, independence and national sovereignty, governments in the response to these crimes usually take steps to ensure sovereignty rights and sometimes deviate from of the general principles of criminal law. Criminalization of criminal thought and preliminary conducts, expanding the scope of crimes, depriving the perpetrators from leniency mechanisms and the rights of the defense, deviation from the territorial principle of the criminal law, applying Strict approach in response are the most important examples of deviation from the general and established principles of criminal law in the field crimes against security.

To evaluate the effects of rows of maize-pintobean, maize-soybean planted in strip intercropping and their sole croppings, an experiment using randomized complete block design with three replication, was conducted for two consecutive years at the Agricultural Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. Treatments were: A (intercropping of maize-pintobean, one row of each, B (intercropping of maize-pintobean, two rows of each), C (intercropping of maize-pintobean, three rows of each), D (intercropping of maize-soybean, two rows of each), E (intercropping of maize-soybean, two rows of each), F (intercropping of maize-soybean, three rows of each), G(sole cropping of maize), H (sole cropping of pintobean) and I (sole cropping of soybean). Experimental results showed that maize produced, in both years, highest (17818 kg/ha) using treatment D and lowest (15509 kg/ha) yields in treatment G. This indicates that maize produced higher yield in intercropping than sole cropping. Maize, also, produced highest yield in treatment D and lowest in treatment F. Pintobean had highest yield (2498 kg/ha) in treatment H and lowest (2073 kg/ha) in treatment A. Soybean, on the other hand, produced highest yield (4794 kg/ha) in treatment I and also lowest (3257 kg/ha) in treatment D. A a whole, it may be concluded that pintobean and soybean produce higher yield in sole cropping as compared to intercroppings.

Skillful and effective human resources are the main basis of development and countering the complex conditions. The resources to be updated with hi tech and science needs different educations. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps is among organizations to guard the achievements needs to have impressive forces. Basij’s one of these forces, to elevate desired level of preparations developed vertical and horizontal special courses. Moghavemat guild’s one of these courses which cadets learn to get familiar with vision and mission.

Study of sink-source relation has a high value on phloem loading by sucrose and show that which of the source production capacity or sink acceptance capacity has the higher effect on yield. Then a RCBD base on factorial experiment with two sunflower hybrids (Azargol and Alstar) and four seed elimination (without elimination, one third of anthodium lateral seeds, one third of anthodium middle seeds, and one third of anthodium central seeds) were conducted with three replications during 2004 in Tabriz. Seed elimination was done after full pollination. Results showed that there were significant differences between two hybrids in all characters, except 1000 kernel weight and seed thickness. 1000 kernel weight and seed dimensions increased by seed elimination but kernel/grain ratio decreased. Azargol and Alstar shoved 3.9 % and 6.9 % increasing in 1000 kernel weight respectively. 1000 kernel weight in control was 75.43 grams and in one third of anthodium lateral seeds, one third of anthodium middle seeds and one third of anthodium central seed were 81.37, 78.83 and 78.21 gr, respectively. Increasing 1000 kernel weight in elimination levels in related to control showed the source limitation of these hybrids and there was higher source limitation in Alstar than Azargol.