علیرضا سالارزاده

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary ethanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves on the growth performance, survival, and biochemical composition of Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment was conducted using 600 shrimp juveniles (2 g) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates, with 50 shrimp per replicate for a duration of 60 days. The experimental treatments included: 1- Basal diet (control), 2- Basal diet + 1 mg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves, 3- Basal diet + 2.5 mg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves, and 4- Basal diet + 5 mg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves. At the end of the experimental period, various growth, biochemical, and survival parameters were measured. The results showed that body weight gain, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest carapace length was mesured in 2.5 mg/kg compared to the other experimental groups (P<0.05). Besides, the survival rate was significantly increased in all extract treatments compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest crude protein content of the carcass and the lowest moisture content were observed in 2.5 mg/kg (P<0.05). The control group showed the lowest lysozyme activity, while the 5 mg treatment exhibited the highest lysozyme activity, followed by the 1 mg and 2.5 mg treatments (P<0.05). The 1 mg treatment showed the highest phenoloxidase activity (P<0.05). Based on the results, the 2.5 mg and 5 mg treatments were associated with the highest protein and albumin contents, while the control and 1 mg treatments had the lowest contents (P<0.05). Overall, it can be concluded that the inclusion of 2.5 mg/kg of mangrove leaf extract in the diet had positive effects on the growth, biochemical composition, and survival of whiteleg shrimp.

The nutritional value and special properties of Artemia have led to its use as a food and biological model in aquaculture. L-Carnitine supplementation stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids, increases nitrogen retention and resistance to environmental stress, and L-Arginine nutritional supplementation is effective in protein synthesis, nitric acid and growth hormone growth and survival. In this study, the effect of Nanochloropsis oculata micro algae enriched with L-carnitine and L-arginine supplements on growth, environmental stress, absolute fecundity and saturated fatty acid profile in Artemia feransiscana was investigated. L-carnitine and L-arginine were applied separately at concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/l. Artemia cysts under special hatching conditions and Napolius were fed with N. oculata microalgae with two states, enriched conditions and without enrichment (control treatment) separately in 30 days. The results were compared and it was shown that the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) with nutritional treatment L-carnitine 10 mg/l and the lowest was in the control treatment. The highest mortality percentage of ammonia shock was related to rich treatment with 1 and 100 mg/l L-carnitine which showed a significant difference with the control treatment (p<0.05) and the lowest was related to 1 mg/l L-arginine treatment and control treatment. In hypoxia shock, the highest mortality percentage was observed in the diet with L-carnitine 1 and L-arginine 1 and 100 mg/l and the lowest in the diet with L-carnitine 10 mg/l, all of which showed a significant difference with the control treatment (p<0.05). In  adult Artemia breeders,  the lowest quality indicators  were related to L-carnitine treatment at all doses except 1000 mg/l and the highest were related to L-arginine treatment except 100 mg/l plus 1000 mg/l. L- carnitine that showed a significant difference with the control treatment (p<0.05) .The highest amount of absolute fecundity is related to the nutritional treatment rich in L-arginine 1000 mg/l and the lowest is the control treatment, which shows the positive effect of both supplements on increasing the absolute fecundity. Overall, the results showed that the use of the mentioned nutritional supplements with N. oculata microalgae in A. franciscana nutrition in specific doses can be effective in increasing production and quality in the aquaculture industry. Therefore, according to the environmental stress conditions, improving the fecundity performance and achieving a higher quality index, the optimal doses of each supplement can be used.

In this study, the impact of marigold and spirulina, both in isolation and in conjunction with one another, was analyzed on several indicators relating to growth, immunity, survival, and levels of astaxanthin present in zebrafish tissue. 120 zebrafish were randomly allocated to 10 litre aquariums across four different treatment groups (with three replications in each group, each containing 30 fish). The control diet is based on the basic diet, the second treatment diet contains 25 g/kg of spirulina powder (SP) on the basic diet, the third treatment diet contains 25 g/kg of marigold powder (MG) on the basic diet, and the fourth treatment diet It also contains 25 grams of marigold powder (MG) and 25 grams of spirulina (SP+MG)/kg of the basic feed. At the end of the experiment, some immune indicators and astaxanthin were checked in the tissue. The results of this study show the significant effect of spirulina (SP), marigold powder (MG), and the combination of spirulina and marigold powder (SP+MG) on immunity, and astaxanthin. Especially the marigold and the combined treatment of spirulina and marigold showed better performance (P<0.05). respectively, SP+MG and MG treatment significantly increased total protein, lysozyme, and astaxanthin in fish tissue, and the highest amount of IgM was observed in MG treatment (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in relation to growth and survival.

In this study, the biochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana fed with Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica microalgae cultured with different carbohydrate sources were investigated. Glucose, sucrose and fructose were used as different carbon sources. Artemia was cultured under standard conditions in 24 circular polyethylene tanks (8 treatments and three replications) with a volume of 300 liters and a density of 1000 nauplii per liter of water. The breeding period was 30 days. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different treatments of cultured microalgae with different carbohydrate sources in terms of biochemical parameters (p<0.05), and between treatments of tetraslimas microalgae cultured with sucrose in terms of protein, fat, Ash and carbohydrates showed significant differences with other treatments (p<0.05). In Isochrysis microalgae, sources of sucrose and fructose caused the highest amount of protein (p<0.05). Analysis of biochemical values in Artemia fed with two groups of microalgae showed that there is a significant difference between different treatments (p<0.05); Among the treatments, Artemia fed with Tetraselmis microalgae and Isochrysis cultured with sucrose showed a better condition than other treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the values of biochemical parameters of Artemia fed are related in the first place to the type of algae and in the second stage to the nutritional source of algae. Therefore, the use of both studied algae species grown in different carbohydrate sources can increase the nutritional value of Artemia; But in general, the treatment of Tetraselmis containing sucrose has the highest nutritional value compared to other treatments in Artemia.

In this study, the effects of different levels of Bacillus subtilis probiotic in the diet of Asian sea bass (Late calcarifer) on carcass composition, serum biochemical parameters and liver enzymes over a period of 8 weeks were investigated. This study in one control treatment (zero) and three experimental treatments were 106 × 1 (treatment 1), 106 × 1.5 (treatment 2) and 106 × 2 (treatment 3) colony unit (CFU) per gram of diet, respectively. , And was performed with 3 replications for each treatment. Juveniles with an average weight of 12.50 ± 0.14 g were raised in 12 fiberglass tanks with a density of 25 pieces per tank. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments in terms of carcass composition except ash between other carcass parameters (p <0.05), and between treatments treatment 2 showed a significant difference in terms of crude protein and dry matter with other treatments. (P <0.05). In terms of serum biochemical parameters, there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride (p> 0.05), but in terms of hematocrit, hemoglobin and red and white blood cells, there was a significant difference between treatments. (P <0.05) and between treatments, treatment 2 showed a better condition than other treatments. Regarding liver enzymes, although there was a significant difference between treatments and control (p <0.05), but there was no significant difference between treatments containing different levels of probiotics (p> 0.05). The results of the present study showed the positive effect of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis in most of the studied indices that among the treatments, treatment 2 had the best and most favorable conditions in Asian sea bass.

This study was performed to investigate the possibility of replacing earthworm powder (Eisenia foetida) with fish powder in the diet of western white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its effect on factors related to growth performance, survival and feed conversion ratio for 50 days. In each tank, 150 pieces, 15-day-post larvae weighing 0.05 g and a length of 9 mm were stored in sea water with a salinity of 40 ppm and a temperature of 29 ° C. Diets included 5 treatments with zero replacement (control ), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of earthworm powder were prepared instead of fish powder. Comparison of growth performance results showed that there was a significant difference between different nutritional treatments (p <0.05); Among the treatments, 75% had the highest final weight, specific weight gain and growth rate, and 50% had the highest final length and height increase. The results also show that there is a significant difference between different nutritional treatments in terms of survival (p <0.05); Among treatments, 50, 25 and control treatments had the highest survival rates, respectively. Regarding the feed conversion ratio, the results indicate that there is a significant difference between different nutritional treatments (P <0.05). ); And 50% and 25% treatments had the best values.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Estonian and aqueous extracts of Persian walnut leaves on the performance of growth indices in western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Materials and methods included 6 treatments of shrimp with different concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg aqueous and Estonian extracts of Persian walnut leaves in the diet and 2 negative control treatments and 2 positive control treatments were randomly tested over a period of 40 days. They got Biometrics of stored shrimp were measured for the performance of growth indices.The results showed that the addition of extracts significantly increased protein efficiency in the treatment groups compared to the positive control group (p≥0.05). Addition of aqueous and Estonian extracts of Persian walnut leaves to the diet showed that the extracts had a positive effect on food conversion index on days 20 and 40 of the study (p≥0.05); And this effect is more in Estonian extract than aqueous extract (p ≥ 0.05). The results showed that in the two indices of weight and length in aqueous and Estonian extracts compared to the control groups showed a significant increase (p ≥ 0.05) but no significant difference was observed in the carapace length index among all treatments (p ≥). In the survival index, studies show that at the end of day 11, aqueous and Estonian extracts of 100 mg / kg had a significant positive control compared to the other groups, which shows that these extracts caused more survival of shrimp (p≥0.05).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate different levels of substitution of poultry slaughter waste powder for fish meal in fingerlings shirbut diets. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (30.22±0.02% CP and 19.75±0.015 MJ kg-1 diet) were formulated. Treatments included control (no poultry slaughter waste powder) and diets 1, 2 and 3 with 50, 75 and 100% replacement of poultry slaughter waste powder, respectively, with fish meal. Each treatment consisted of three replicates with 50 shirbut (1.5±0.05 g) in 400 liter fiberglass tanks and 3% biomass fed 2 times (8 am and 16) ad libitum. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance between different diets (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between treatments in apparent digestibility coefficient , blood biochemical composition and carcass composition (p>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that replacement of fish meal with poultry slaughter waste powder in the diets of fingerlings shirbut can be done without any negative effect.

With the development of aquaculture in the marine fish sector, the identification of the nutrient composition required by larvae in the early stages of life has more considered. Despite the obvious importance of nutrition in the development of larvae of Sparidentex hasta, which is an economic species in aquaculture at; the south of the country, due to the small size and sensitivity to manipulation of marine fish larvae, little information is available about nutritional needs. Embryo and yolk sac compounds are affected by reproductive nutrition and according to the vital role of fatty acids in membrane permeability in the larval stage; it is possible to increase the survival rate of larvae by proper management of the fatty acid compounds required at the beginning of initial feeding (dry food or live food enrichment). In this study, samples were taken in three stages of gastrula, at the time of yolk sac uptake and three days after complete yolk sac uptake (beginning of active feeding). It was then stored in liquid nitrogen and -80 ° C freezer until laboratory work was performed using GC gas chromatography. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic and palmitic and there was a statistically significant difference in different stages of fatty acids (P<0.05). According to the results in SFA and PUFA up to larval stage, the trend was increasing, and in MUFA, oleic, it was a decreasing trend. The reduction of some fatty acids is because of energy consumption and further increase is for the role of storage, especially in membrane tissue. Therefore, the amount and ratio of fatty acids in the early stages of the life of the Sparidentex hasta determines the minimum larval requirement in the initial diet.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of selenium and zinc nanoparticles on growth performance, survival and chemical composition of Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). For this purpose, shrimp with an average weight of 5.1±0.2 g were distributed in 12 fiberglass tanks with 25 shrimp density and were fed for 56 days with different concentrations of selenium and zinc nanoparticles in four groups with three replicate including 0 (control), T1 (0.3 mg/kg of selenium nanoparticl), T2 (0.15 mg/kg of selenium nanoparticle+ 15 mg/kg of zinc nanoparticl) and T3 ( 30 mg/kg of zinc nanoparticl). Based on these results, weight gain increasing, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio in T2 treatment compare to T1, T3 and control treatments (p<0.05). Also, there is significant differences in survival rate between T1 and T2 treatments compared to T3 and control (p<0.05). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in protein and lipid carcass percentage between shrimp-fed diets containing different levels of selenium and zinc nanoparticles compared to control treatment. In general, the effect of different concentrations of selenium and zinc nanoparticles, especially in the T2 on growth performance, survival and chemical composition was positively and significantly evaluated.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the commercial probiotic BetaPlus® Ultra (BP Ultra) in combination with the galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) or the isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO) prebiotics in Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) parr. S. caspius (8.5±0.07 g) was randomly distributed in three dietary treatments including: control group, synbiotic treatment I (0.1% BP Ultra + 0.2% GOS) and synbiotic treatment II (0.1% BP Ultra + 0.2% IMO) and in nine 300 L circular polyethylene tanks with three replications per treatment and, then, fed for seven weeks. At the end of this experiment, growth performance and hepatosomatic index improved significantly in both synbiotic treatments compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, the trend of this improvement was more noticeable in the synbiotic treatment I compared to the synbiotic treatment II without any significant difference (p>0.05). The counts of red and white blood cells in the both synbiotic treatments were significantly decreased and increased compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.05). The values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in the synbiotic treatment I showed significant increases compared to the synbiotic treatment II (P<0.05). The highest significant levels of crude protein and lipid in carcass were observed in the synbiotic treatment II and the synbiotic treatment I, respectively (P<0.05). Dry matter of carcass was increased significantly in the synbiotic treatment I compared to the synbiotic treatment II (P<0.05). The lowest ash content of carcass was observed in the synbiotic treatment I with a significant difference compared to the synbiotic treatment II and the control group (P<0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated the remarkable efficiency of the synbiotic treatment II on the protein increase and lipid reduction in carcass, although the synbiotic treatment I had a better effect on growth performance and hematological parameters in S. caspius.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation as an antioxidant source. In this experiment, rainbow trout with average weight of 22.16 ± 0.02 g were studied in four treatments with three replications for eight weeks. Experimental diets included control (non-supplemented commercial diet), 500 mg/ kg ALA, 1000mg/ kg ALA and diets containing 1500 mg/ kg ALA. After eight weeks, growth parameters, fish muscle composition, levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured in muscle, liver and intestine. The results of growth factors showed that percentage of weight gain, length increase and specific growth rate were significantly (p<0.05) different between treatments and highest in 500 and 1000 mg/ kg ALA. Results of rainbow trout carcass fed with ALA showed a significant difference in protein and dry matter (p<0.05), and treatment containing 1500 ALA concentration showed the highest carcass protein and dry matter. In addition, the effect of different concentrations of alpha lipoic acid on the activity of GST, GSH and CAT enzymes in muscle, liver and intestinal tissues was significant (p<0.05). In muscle, CAT increased with increasing ALA concentration. Also, the highest and lowest amounts of GSH and GST were observed at 1000 and control concentrations, respectively. In the intestinal and liver tissues, the activity of GSH, GST and CAT enzymes was higher in treatments containing ALA. Considering the results of growth, increase of carcass protein and improvement of antioxidant enzymes activity by ALA, it is recommended to use this supplement at a concentration of 1000 mg/ kg.

During this study, frozen, lipid-enriched adult Artemia were fed to Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock to investigate the suitability of Artemia as maturation diet for the species and elucidate the role of essential fatty acids in the reproductive performance of the shrimp. Four lipid enrichment levels: PUFA (P group), MUFA (M group), HUFA (H1 and H2 groups), un-enriched (NE group), No-Artemia fed (NA group), were fed to L. vannamei over 45 days. Significant differences in weight gain and specific growth rate were observed. Greatest mean SGR was recorded for shrimp of diet P-group as well as greatest mean final weight on day 45, while the lowest mean SGR was found for shrimp fed Diet NA. The fecundity of the broodstock shrimp fed diets either H1, H2 increased compared with diet NA (P<0.05). Changes in gonado-somatic index (GSI) of broodstock during ovarian maturation was very pronounced, but hepato-somatic index (HSI) changes was no significant differences between the broodstock groups (P>0.05). According to the results, Artemia biomass enriched with oils containing high levels of PUFA can improve growth and HUFA can improve in reproductive efficiency in white shrimp broodstock.

Pretty-blocked Venus ( Circenita

callipyga ) belong to Veneridae family is native species in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This study was conducted from January to May 2014 in Molluscs Research Station in Bandar Lengeh. Filtration rate of ( Isochrysis aff galbana )with Pretty-blocked Venus was studied in 6 temperature include 15, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36 0C and 6 salinity treatment include 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 ppt . For each treatment 3 replications were consider ed and each replication include 10 venus with 24±2 mm DVM maintained in 15 liter seawater. 24 hours before starting, venus clam were not fed and for estimating increase or decrease in microalgae for each treatment a replication without venus clam was considered. Results show that maximum and minimum filtration relate to 28 0C with 3588695±300141 and 20 0C 1451848±300141 µl/hour/shell, respectively. Comparison of filtration rate shows that there was no signification difference between 28 with 32 and 20 with 15 0C treatment (P>0.05). In treatment 20 and 25 ppt no filtration was observed and venus clam did not open its shells during study. But maximum filtration was obtained in 40 ppt treatment which 2374067±997049 µl/hour/shell. No significant difference was observed between 35 and 40 ppt (P>0.05) but these treatments have significant difference with 30 and 45 ppt salinity (P<0.05). Result Show that optimum temperature and salinity for filtration in Pretty-blocked Venus ( C.callipyga ) were 28 0C and 40 ppt respectively

The research in the spring of 1392 in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research was carried out for 15 days. In this case the density of the white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the 300 larvae Plper 15 litres of water was considered.Physical and chemical factors of water temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH were measured and recorded daily. 10% of the tank water was replaced daily. Aerated with a core aerator during the day was done. Western white leg shrimp larvae was 4 times daily feeding who concentrate twice a day and twice was used for enrichment of Artemia. The five treatments were used in this experiment. Order: 1 - control treatment (without zeolite) 2-1 g of zeolite L 3-2 grams of zeolite L 4-3 grams of zeolite L and 54 g of zeolite per litre will be three replications for each treatment considered. The results of the statistical analysis of the data showed that with increasing zeolite treatments, growth parameters such as mean weight gain and relative growth rate and survival rate, show a significant difference (P <0.05).

Effects of Gillard media and 4 salinities (15, 20, 25 akd 30ppt) on growth parameter of chlorella vulgaris were surveyed using a completely randomized design. Expriments lasted 12 days. All treatments had three replication. Acording to the results the highest density of chlorella vulgaris with 125.30 × 106 cells/ml ± 0.41 × 106 cells/ml was observed in the treatment with salinity of 20ppt which was significantly different from the others ( P<0.05). the minimum density of chlorella vulgaris with 101.62 × 106 cells/ml ± 1.54× 106 cells/ml was observed in salinity of 30 ppt. The maximum specific growth rate of 1.92 ± 0.08 was observed in salinity of 20ppt on day2 and the minimum growth rate of 0.08 ± 0.02 was observed in salinity of 15ppt during days 6-8 . Acording to the results, Gilard medium under salinity of 20 of ppt is suitable for cultivating of chlorella vulgaris in laboratory.