فهرست مطالب علیرضا صادقی

The purpose of this article is to identify the discontinuities in the discourse formulations of the teacher training system between the establishment of Dar al-Funun and the establishment of Farhangian University. For this purpose, according to the genealogical method and breaking analysis assumptions into three steps, descent analysis, zero analysis and coincidence analysis of this system have been done. Accordingly, according to descent analysis and zero analysis, the creation of a teacher training system is dependent on the formation of a new education system and has been modified or changed during this period. Coincidence analysis shows the existence of scattered events, each of which has affected the country's teacher training system, such as Iran's defeats against Russia, the victory of the constitutional movement, or global events such as World War II, which have affected this system. In the analysis of power, by examining the statutes and instructions of the teacher training system in this period time, it was determined that from Foucault's point of view, power is trying to control, normalize and shape governed subjects through various techniques with this method. create people's behavior.

The expansion of construction and industrial activities in the city has caused increased waste, problems, and numerous environmental effects. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out environmental impact assessments before implementing any urban project. In this research, the evaluation of the environmental effects of urban footpaths has been done with the rapid impact assessment matrix method. In the mentioned method, after identifying the activities of the proposed plan, their impact on each of the four dimensions, "physical-chemical," "biological-ecological," "social-cultural," and "economic-technical," is identified in two phases of construction and operation. However in the current research, to clarify and limit the dimensions, the activities of the proposed plan are examined in two dimensions "social-cultural" and "ecological-biological." For this purpose, after library studies and field observations, some urban experts selected the most important "social-cultural" and "biological-ecological" environmental factors in the Shiraz Health footpath and scored the footpath in two phases of construction and operation using the criteria of rapid impact assessment method. Finally, it was found that this project did not have any negative effects in both phases. However, the evaluation of this project in the construction and operation phase has negative scores in some of the sub-groups of the mentioned environmental factors and low scores in some of the sub-groups. Considering that the physical development of the city is a dynamic and continuous process; This urban project can bring constructions again in the future and be considered as a model for other urban footpaths. For this purpose, strategies and policies have been presented to improve the environmental quality of the footpath

The use of controlled fermented legumes along with the aqueous extract of aromatic plants is important in terms of improving the quality characteristics of wheat bread. In the present study, after spontaneous fermentation of mung bean sourdough containing saffron petal extract, the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolate was used as a starter culture in controlled fermented sourdough, and then the characteristics of the produced wheat breads in terms of texture, surface expansion of fungi and overall acceptability were investigated. Sequencing results of PCR products led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis as the predominant LAB isolated from sourdough. Processing of wheat bread with mung bean sourdough containing mentioned bacteria and saffron petal extract not only improved the textural features and overall acceptability of the produced bread, but also increased their resistance towards the surface expansion of Aspergillus niger. Based on the results, wheat bread containing fermented mung bean and saffron petal extract showed the best textural features compared to other samples with crumb hardness of 10.21 N and porosity of 16.16%. Furthermore, the mentioned sample with 44.33% inhibition had the highest ability to inhibit the growth of the indicator fungus compared to other samples. Although the use of mung bean and saffron petal extract alone in the formulation of wheat bread did not show a great effect on reducing the surface expansion of fungi, but their combined application was significantly (P<0.05) effective in reducing the surface growth of fungus. Due to the appropriate techno-functional capabilities of controlled fermented mung bean sourdough containing saffron petal extract, it can be used as a natural improver in the bakery industries.

Measuring urban resilience can help develop appropriate strategies and policies for cities facing unexpected shocks and their consequences. Since urban resilience is a complex concept and difficult to operationalize, developing a technique or method to actualize this concept is a major milestone in understanding the factors and interactions that help create and maintain resilience. Tehran's metropolis has a high concentration of industries, government organizations, services, and facilities, which makes its management very complicated when a natural disaster occurs. Previous conditions or inherent socio-economic characteristics show that Tehran is not immune from flood forces. In fact, it is important to measure resilience against urban disasters for areas located on rivers in Tehran due to its inherent characteristics and spatial-temporal changes of floods in the region. This research focuses on measuring the resilience of the areas located on the rivers of Tehran. The measurement approach is based on creating a composite index based on six dimensions of social, economic, institutional, infrastructure, social capital, and environmental resilience against floods. This research has been done by developing a mixed multi-criteria decision-making method. The AHP model has been used for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS model has been used to rank the areas located on the rivers of Tehran city based on their resilience levels. The results show that region 22 is the most resilient region, while regions 4, 5, and 14 have the lowest resilience levels. The findings of this research can help urban planning organizations such as Tehran Research Planning Center to integrate disaster resilience in urban planning and change from reactive plans to preventive urban adaptive strategies such as risk-sensitive urban land use planning.

The aim of this study was to identify and explain the aesthetic components of the curriculum based on the spiritual Masnavi, to introduce the coordinates of the Islamic-Iranian aesthetic curriculum. This research is a qualitative research and in terms of method is qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach. The field of this research is the book of Masnavi Manavi, in the amount of twenty five thousand six hundred and fifty five verses. Which has identified the explicit and aesthetic meanings and concepts of the curriculum in the verses of Masnavi Manavi through coding. After analyzing the content of the poems in the book Masnavi Manavi, finally 10 main components of the aesthetics of the curriculum were identified and discovered. Accordingly, the aesthetic components of the curriculum derived from the spiritual Masnavi include: self-knowledge, insight, appropriateness, love, freedom, criticism, respect for differences, perfectionism, holism and initiative. The components of aesthetics extracted from the spiritual Masnavi as a valuable source of Islamic-Iranian education, is able to provide a complete global model in the direction of using the valuable dimensions of the aesthetics curriculum in all areas of education. A species that, with its indigenous characteristics, is more relevant and acceptable to philosophical, Islamic-Iranian concerns.

With the increase in population and urbanization, the cities expanded with an uneven trend and without paying attention to the quality of urban design. This has caused many problems, including social dissociation among citizens and a decrease in presence in urban spaces, including historical structures (buildings and surrounding spaces). One of the ways to promote presence in urban spaces, including pedestrian streets located in historical structures, is to use various events. Shiraz's Hafeziye walkway, with its proximity to the historical element "Hafeziye Tomb", can be one of the suitable event-oriented spaces.For this purpose, in this research, the measurement of quality of eventfulness in urban pedestrian streets with the application of urban design audit was done. After library studies to compile and field observations to verify the factors of event orientation in urban pedestrian streets, using the snowball sampling method, a focal group consisting of a group of city experts was identified. By attending in the Hafeziye walkway, they scored the mentioned criteria.The results indicated that although the Hafeziye walkway has some deficiency in reaching the event-oriented space, but due to the existing potentials has a unique and memorable character that allows the establishment of various events. These existing potentials include having a great cultural and historical background, numerous event halls, event-oriented open space, safety movement of pedestrians in the area, maintenance and conservation of the Hafeziye facade, air quality, width, length and suitable slope of the walkway. In addition, at the end of the research, the authors noted strategies and policies to promote eventfulness in the Hafeziye walkway.

Probiotic bacteria are Gram-positive and negative-catalase with various characteristics including resistance to acid and bile salt conditions, antimicrobial characteristics, bacitracin production, and lack of capability for transferring genes resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria are a part of selected and useful bacteria in the digestive system, which leads to reinforcement of the body's immune system if they are adequately consumed (106-107 CFU/g). This research aimed to identify molecular identification and assessment of probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates separated from the digestive and reproduction system of  Ross 308 broiler breeders.
Twenty Ross 308 broiler breeders were selected and samples of the vagina and ileum of them, and the cecum and feces of roosters were taken to separate LAB. The Gram and catalase test was used to approve the biochemical characteristics of LAB. The suspension containing each LAB isolate was harvested at 4  for five min (10,000×g) to assess the survival of the selected LAB isolated under conditions simulating the GI tract. Then, remained sediment in the buffer solution containing HCL (1N) reached to pH equal to two by eliminating the supernatant. After adding 0.1 % (w/v) pepsin to bacterial suspension, it was stored at 37  for three hours. After incubation, the pH of suspension with NaCl (1N) was reached to six. Then, tolerance to small intestine condition was evaluated in PBS solution (pH=7), containing Oxgall (0.3% w/v) and pancreatin (0.1% w/v) of washed suspensions of the LAB was mixed and incubated at 37 . Finally, the LAB isolate population was determined by consecutive dilution in sterile PBS and plate media on MRS agar compared to a blank sample (untreated). For molecular identification of dominant lactic acid bacteria, the DNA of the dominant lactic acid isolate was extracted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit. Then, it was amplified using primers (44F; 1542 R) in temperature conditions. Afterward, for initial approval, PCR products were transferred to 1.5 % agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed in TBE buffer in the presence of positive control and negative control samples. The good diffusion method was used to determine the anti-bacterial effect of the selected LAB isolated against pathogenic factors. To assess auto-aggregation of the selected isolate, the cells obtained from its 24-hour culture were separated by refrigerated centrifugation (10 min, 4 , 6000×g) and was dissolved in phosphate buffer during two phases (pH=7.2) so that the obtained suspension had absorption equal to . Then, the suspension was put at the temperature of 37  for four hours. Then, the absorption of LAB isolate suspension in 600 nm was read. A combination of an equal volume of LAB isolates suspension and pathogenic bacteria were vortexed and incubated at 37℃ for four hours to assess auto-aggregation of isolate. The surface part of the suspensions was read at 600 nm and calculated. About 200 µl of 24 h culture of selected LAB was added to four mL of 1 % MRS agar medium to evaluate the selected LAB isolated antibiotic susceptibility. This combination was overlaid on plates containing 1.5 mL of 1.5% MRS agar, and then, discs of antibiotics including Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Penicillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Novobiocin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, and Nalidixic acid was placed on each plate. After 24 h of incubation at 37℃, the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was measured and reported as resistant, relatively sensitive, and sensitive. To consider the capability of hemolysis of blood, LAB isolate was streaked on the surface of a blood agar plate supplemented with 5% sheep blood. After 48 h of incubation at 37℃, the plates were considered in terms of diameter inhibition zone creation and color change in the medium.
The results of the sequencing test led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis. The predominant LAB isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reproductive tracts of Ross 308 broiler breeders and L. brevis isolated from the ileum (82.00%) (P<0.05) in the simulated conditions of the GIT compared to the L. brevis isolated from other parts GIT and the reproductive system had more survival than acid and bile. Examining the anti-bacterial effect of the aforementioned isolate showed that the L. brevis bacterium had an inhibitor influence on Shigella dysentery bacteria (87.00%) and Staphylococcus aureus (81.25%). In addition, the highest and the lowest characteristics of co-aggregation of this isolate were observed against Listeria monocytogenes (46.00%) and Salmonella typhimurium (38.00%). This isolate had 43% auto-aggregation characteristics and no hemolytic activity. Assessing antibiotic resistance of LAB isolate showed that the biggest diameter of inhibition zone of bacterium (23.5 mm) was related to Imipenem that had no significant difference with Ampicillin (22.5 mm) and Vancomycin (22.5 mm) and its lowest value (12 mm) was related to Ceftriaxone that had no significant difference with Gentamicin and Cephalotin. The results of this study showed that L. brevis bacterium can be used in the nutrition of broiler breeders as a probiotic bacterium.
The use of probiotics in the feeding of Ross 308 broiler breeders may eliminate the public health concerns of antimicrobial resistance development to some extent, as this could replace the use of antibiotics. According to antimicrobial characteristics, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic activity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation of predominant LAB isolate, it can be concluded that L. brevis can be useful and applicable as a probiotic supplement in producing food and pharmaceutical products for broiler breeders.

Natural honey is a proper substrate to isolate probiotic bacteria. Characterization of probiotic and antifungal properties of microorganisms isolated from food ecosystems such as natural honey that have been less studied is an interesting task. In the present study, after molecular identification of a predominant lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolated from the natural honey, its probiotic properties and antifungal effect were investigated. Then, the antibacterial (spot method) and antifungal (overlay method) activities of the LAB isolate were evaluated against some foodborne microorganisms. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Enterococcus faecium. Survival rate of the isolate in simulated gastrointestinal conditions was equal to 20.68%, and its antibacterial and antifungal effects on Salmonella enterica and Aspergillus niger were also 31.06 and 32.35% inhibition, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other foodborne indicators studied. Furthermore, the isolate had a proper antibiotic resistance profile, and it had no hemolytic activity. Auto-aggregation ability of the isolate was also equal to 32.34%, and its co-aggregation with Escherichia coli, S. enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus was 34.29, 21.35, 15.58 and 14.98%, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the E. faecium isolated from honey can be used as probiotic and/or protective culture in food industry.

In recent years, resilience has become a fixed concept in the analysis of dynamic systems. Also, this concept is widely used in dynamic spatial systems such as cities. Due to the fact that the urban areas located along the rivers have always been under the threat of flooding; Therefore, this article aims to investigate the resilience of districts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality located on the river course against floods. The current article is of an exploratory type, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, to collect information from the library and survey method using a questionnaire, and to measure the resilience of selected localities, the factor analysis technique and the T-Test statistical test were performed using the SPSS software. The research findings show that the highest average value of 3.59 is related to the economic dimension and the lowest average value of 3.20 is related to the physical dimension. At the same time, the overall average level of resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality is 3.39, a number lower than the theoretical average (4); Also, the findings of the research indicate that from the combination of 46 variables, ten factors have been identified, which explains 70.15% of the variance of the effective factors in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality. Among these ten extracted factors, the economic and financial factor is the most important, and the first factor, with a specific value of 8.65 has been able to explain 18.81% of the research variance alone. Finally, the result of the present article shows that the physical dimension is very important in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality; Because six of the ten factors: planning and preparation, recovery and self-organization, compliance with principles and laws, critical infrastructure, fortifications and vulnerability, and access to open and safe spaces and centers related to crisis management, are physical. These six factors together explain and interpret nearly half (49.60%) of all the effective factors in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality.

The present research aimed at the research synthesis of multicultural education studies in Iran. The research had a qualitative research synthesis method, and its statistical population consisted of domestic multicultural articles from 2002-2022. A total of 35 articles were selected as research samples using purposive sampling until theoretical data saturation. The scientific sources were analyzed through six steps adapted from Gough, Oliver, and Thomas (2012). Further, the results were coded and categorized based on Klein's nine curriculum levels, and then the model was designed. Based on the results, the objective element comprised justice orientation, revival and development of culture, and unity and solidarity. The content element comprised content flexibility and multicultural content. The learning activity element included multicultural activities and tasks. The teaching-learning strategy element comprised diverse teaching, recognition of ethnic groups, and teaching multicultural teachers. The grouping element included group strengthening and multicultural grouping. The educational content element included the diversity of sources and multicultural knowledge. The time element comprised time diversity, and scheduling. The place element included spatial diversity and multicultural diversity. Finally, the evaluation element comprised diversity in evaluation, and multicultural evaluation. Based on the results, the model had the necessary validity.

Schizophrenia is the most devastating psychiatric disease characterized by psychotic symptoms and individual dysfunction in different dimensions. Considering the burden of the disease on the family, society and healthcare system, proper planning to provide mental health services requires basic information and knowing the volume and characteristics of the problem in any population is an important issue. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the demographic and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia patients.

In this descriptive study, all the available files (216 files) of patients with schizophrenia hospitalized in the Panj-Azar Medical Education Center in Gorgan in the period from 2019 to 2021 as the total number of cases  were investigated. Demographic information and clinical characteristics collection form was used to collect data. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 16 software and descriptive statisticsand analytical .

The findings showed that the majority of affected people were women (69.2%). Also, the demographic status of the patients includes single (53.4%) with an age range of 31-40 years 35.1%), Fars ethnicity (59.1%), unemployed (55.3%), with a intermediate Education (25.5%), with birth rank 1 (20.7%), paranoid form (32.7%), with an average of 25.31 days of hospitalization and an average number of hospitalizations of 4.38 times.

Considering that most of the patients are female, young and unmarried, these findings can be used for health planning such as screening, identification, referral of patients, preventive measures according to the above variables and identification of high-risk people.

Urban planning in developing countries is limited to providing strategies and policies which are seldom efficient. The lack of preparation in facing crises will lead to an increase of material and moral damages, and the process of recovery from the crisis will take time. Since one of the basic human needs affected by the crisis is having access to a shelter and receiving services in the first hours of the crisis, crisis management support shelters become very effective in providing relief to the survivors. Accordingly, this study investigates the role of urban planning in post-disaster recovery and the site selection of crisis management support shelters in District 3 of Shiraz Municipality. This research is of descriptive-analytical type done through library method to collect the required data. Use of theoretical foundations and research literature as well as the majority of experiences in site selection of crisis management support shelters or temporary settlements would lead to 11 components including population density, land value, type of land use, building quality, neighborhood, building density, multipurpose usage, distance from dangerous activities, access to open spaces, site accessibility and efficiency of infrastructure related to urban transportation in three main criteria, including demographic and economic characteristics, physical and functional characteristics, as well as transportation, accessibility, and urban infrastructures, with the study being evaluated based on these components. In this process, experts' opinions about the components have been obtained by a researcher-made questionnaire and the components have been valued using the ANP method. Then, in the ARC GIS software, base maps have been prepared and integrated. The final output was presented with eight susceptible areas. These areas can be presented in three prioritizations. The priority is allocated to the plannable lands of the Shiraz University of Technology, the plannable lands of the Natural History Museum, and the plannable lands located in the middle of the site. The second priority is Jahannam Garden, Shiraz Central Library, and National Park, and the third priority is Hafiziyah Stadium and the University of Science and Literature.

The purpose of the current research is to extract the components of teachers' cultural knowledge. The research method is the synthesis of related research works in the period from 2000 to 2020 taken from internal and international databases. A number of 533 scientific researches were identified and after the necessary checks, 34 researches were included in the first stage of synthesis. Using the evaluator to recode the findings, clearly state what has been done, and the presence of definite and defensible indicators to select the input studies was used to improve the credibility of the research. According to the findings, 11 components were identified in the field of teachers' cultural knowledge; component of intercultural issues; students' culture; general culture; indigenous culture; culture and social issues; multiculturalism; culture and education; cultural values; cultural identity; Organizational culture and culture and teacher education.

Psychological factors might play a role in the onset and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Alexithymia and Emotional Maturity with the mediation of Attachment Styles among cardiovascular patients in Zanjan, Iran. The present study has a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of this study encompassed a range of 670 patients with cardiovascular diseases who were referred to the Cardiology Clinic of Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan from March and August 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 244 people using Cochran formula. Data collection tools included Hazen and Shaver’s standard adult attachment style questionnaire, Toronto’s ataxia, and Singh and Bhargava questionnaires. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses were done using SPSS 24 software. There was a positive correlation between alexithymia with emotional instability (r=0.14, P<0.01), personality decay (r=0.36, P<0.01), and emotional maturity (r=0.38, P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that emotional instability (P=0.009), personality decay (P=0.016), and emotional immaturity (P=0.009) significantly predicted secure style. Additionally, difficulty in describing emotions significantly predicted avoidant style (P=0.034). Emotional maturity (P=0.006) and difficulty recognizing emotions (P=0.009) also significantly predicted ambivalent style. Personality traits and emotional alexithymia can be used as indicators for predicting attachment styles and social behaviors, and specifically, lack of emotional stability, personality disintegration, and emotional alexithymia can predict secure and ambivalent styles to some extent. Also, difficulty in describing emotions and emotional immaturity have the ability to predict the avoidant style. These results can help to better understand individual behaviors and design solutions to improve behavior.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the largest countries that accommodates Afghan immigrants. However, the Iranian government lacks a unified and national policy towards accommodating immigrants.  Initially, the government pursued an open-door policy towards immigration, but after a decade it shifted its stance towards limitations, repatriation, and even deportation of immigrants. It appeared as if the government was identifying individuals who should be removed from Iran. It would be beneficial to integrate ideas and resources from a variety of academic disciplines and fields of study to gain a deeper insight into the broader dynamics of how immigrant groups are perceived as others in Iran. By concentrating on this level of analysis, policymakers can better comprehend how the overarching social structures and phenomena impact individual attitudes and identities. Likewise, this approach allows for an understanding of how people’s attitudes and identities, in turn, affect social structures. In this respect, the primary question of the present study is: What mechanisms are at play in the process of labeling immigrants as others, according to the Iranian political science experts and political sociologists?

Literature Review:

In general, when discussing the dynamics between immigrants (referred to as newcomers) and the host population (the dominant group), the concept of other is commonly employed, specifically in reference to newcomers. The presence of a national identity implies the existence of other groups, nations, or individuals that are not part of the host group, prompting group members to emphasize their distinctiveness.The specific concept of nation–state leads to the formulation of specific immigration policies and strategies for integrating minority groups within host societies. Based on this assumption, several major integration models have been proposed. First, the model of assimilation, which does not grant special rights to minorities, primarily intends to fully integrate all immigrants into the society and foster the development of a homogeneous society.The second is a pluralistic model known as multiculturalism, which operates on the premise that successful integration is ensured if the public tolerates the plural identities of minorities and immigrants and recognizes their unique needs.This model manifests itself in two primary forms. In the United States, cultural diversity and ethnic communities are officially recognized, but the government does not actively play a role in enforcing social justice or supporting the preservation of ethnic cultures.The second variant of multiculturalism is a matter of public policy, in which efforts are made to promote integration and eliminate the barriers that immigrants might encounter in the host societies, thereby erasing the otherness they may experience. The third model is the differentiation approach, which is distinct from integration and instead emphasizes the differences between the native population and immigrants. The primary objective of this model is not to facilitate the integration of future immigrants into the host society but rather to isolate them. The differentiation model perceives immigrants as foreign and temporary components of society, rather than as a permanent and inseparable part.According to this model, minorities may face poor employment conditions, low income, and high poverty rates. Such conditions can result in densely populated, low-income areas and increased residential segregation. In this context, the presence of isolated and marginalized communities is seen as evidence of a lack of integration that poses a threat to the target society.

The study used a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. The  target population of the study comprised professors of sociology and political science at four universities in Tehran, namely the University of Tehran, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Kharazmi University, and the Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. The purposive sampling was used to select the participants who had authored a book, article, or research project. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, involving ten professors to address the research question. The interviews continued until data saturation was reached. After conducting seven interviews, data repletion became apparent, but an additional three participants were interviewed to ensure data saturation. The collected interview data was manually analyzed following Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method in three key steps: 1) Generating and categorizing similar codes, 2) identifying sub-themes, and 3) Identifying main themes. Feedback from the respondents was sought to validate the research quality. Furthermore, to avoid misinterpretation, an independent reviewer was asked to evaluate the codes derived from the data.

The data gathered from the interviews revealed various othering mechanisms. These encompassed the main themes of economic, cultural, and legal mechanisms. The economic mechanisms included the sub-theme of the exploitation of migrant labor force. The cultural mechanisms included social stigma, cultural stigma, and the neglect of immigrants' cultural capital as sub-themes. Finally, the legal mechanisms were comprised of three sub-themes: the deprivation of bank card access, the denial of health insurance services, and the restriction of access to driving licenses.

According to the findings, one of the primary mechanisms for categorizing immigrants as others is the exploitation of migrant labor force, which is a component of the economic mechanisms. It appears that the vulnerability of the migrant labor force is deeply rooted in the long-term changes in Iran’s political economy. These changes have gradually resulted in the weakening of government support for the immigrant working class on one hand, and the normalization of using cheap labor to meet the needs of employers as a legitimate goal of neoliberal capitalist development, on the other hand.The cultural mechanisms of othering involved criminalizing immigrants through the use of social stigmas. Immigrants are frequently portrayed and blamed as the cause of increased crime and order-related challenges in the cities. Furthermore, immigrants are sometimes perceived as threats to national security.Another mechanism used to label immigrants as others is portraying them as inferior through the cultural stigma often referred to as Hazareh. Given the fact the residents of Hazareh have endured centuries of persecution by various Afghan groups due to their ethnicity and religion, this kind of labeling further subjects them to the double otherness. Neglecting immigrants’ cultural capital constitutes another mechanism for cultural alienation. Neglecting the cultural capital leads to the disregard of other forms of capital, such as economic and symbolic capital, ultimately hindering the integration of immigrants into the host society.The interviewees expressed the belief that various aspects of the law contribute to the alienation of immigrants. Since most Afghan immigrants are seeking better economic opportunities in Iran, financial services play a significant role in achieving their goal during their stay in Iran. However, their legal status has led to the exclusion of many immigrants from the formal, mainstream financial sector. Consequently, they are compelled to turn to alternative services offered in the informal sector. Moreover, due to their restricted legal status, most immigrants are unable to access any insurance services. In general, the prevailing cultural climate in Iran, coupled with legal constraints and the shortcomings in policy formulation, has contributed to the immigrant other and hindered the integration of immigrants into Iranian society.

The aim of this study was to identify the components of social capital from domestic and foreign validity and evaluate its position in upstream documents and social studies books of elementary school. The studied samples included three categories of external and internal resources related to social capital, upstream documents (document of fundamental transformation of education, document of national curriculum and approved goals of elementary school) and textbooks of social studies textbooks for third to sixth grades. The research method used was meta-combined, during which quantitative content analysis was used to evaluate upstream documents and social studies books in elementary school. Findings from meta-composition indicated that social capital can be evaluated in the form of 10 major components: evaluation and selection of information resources, social communication, social trust, social participation, social cohesion, social responsibility, social justice, acceptance of cultural, linguistic and religious diversity. Social support, social norms and 49 sub-components. Analysis of the content of upstream documents also showed that the conceptual framework mentioned in the Transformation Document and the National Curriculum has been considered to the desired extent, but the approved goals of the elementary school have not been able to move towards them and have been neglected in social studies textbooks. The main negligence has been in the components of evaluating and selecting information sources (using the media, knowing the environment, trying to discover the truth of information) and social cohesion (solidarity with others over the interests of the country and commitment to society).

The relationship between religion and political power is one of the important issues regarding the intellectual system and political action. The current research with analytical-comparative method is the relationship between religion and politics in the works and writings of Tensor and Machiavelli. Therefore, with a comparative method and also with the application of Skinner's method in understanding the internal logic of the texts, Tensor's writings have been examined by focusing on his religious-political ideas in accordance with Machiavelli's opinions in his books. Therefore, the main research question is what is the relationship between religion and politics from the perspective of Machiavelli and Tensor? The findings of the research show that Machiavelli believed that religion and politics are two separate elements, and in cases where they intersect, politics has special precedence over religion. In general, it can be said that the main essence of Tensor's and Machiavelli's works is that there should be a serious difference and distinction between religion and the necessities of politics. Although in Tensar's works, the alignment of religion and politics is quite tangible, but in the relationship between religion and politics, religion has always been left aside in favor of politics and power, under the guise of expediency and heresy.

The purpose of this study is to Designing an Intercultural Curriculum Framework for Teacher- Students at Farhangian University. The present study was based on a qualitative approach and phenomenological method with the presence of 18 participants among curriculum and sociology specialists using purposive sampling method and semi-structured interviews. The analyzes were based on open, axial and selective coding. In-depth analysis of the interviews resulted in identifying and categorizing the features of intercultural education curriculum. It can be argued that Intercultural training curriculum framework consists of 4 elements of purpose, content, teaching-learning methods and methods of evaluation. Themes oversee the objectives of the Intercultural education curriculum in three basic dimensions (cognitive, emotional / attitudinal, and skill). Promoting respect for values and differences in the educational content section; Emphasis on the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage; Emphasis on social interaction; The disadvantage of emphasizing the avoidance of racism; Adaptation to the local historical identity of different ethnic groups; Paying attention to the role of Iranian ethnic groups in maintaining national independence; Attention to national and ethnic cohesion; Attention to cultural diversity; Attention to teaching indigenous and local languages; Attention to cultivating cultural self-awareness; Promoting justice and equality; Attention to different heavenly religions; Accept differences. In the section of teaching-learning methods, role-playing; Demonstration method; Project method; Collaborative teaching method; Scientific teaching method; Reliance method; Brain Enhancement Method; Problem solving method; The method of the courts; Group discussion method. The element of evaluation, as the last element in the intercultural curriculum from the perspective of the study groups in the form of: functional test; Observational evaluation; Oral evaluation; Paper pencil test; Skill-based tasks; Self-assessment; Peer assessment were identified.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the lived experiences of students from the culture of virtual education in higher education. This qualitative research was carried out using the phenomenological method. The method of collecting information was using semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, using criteria-based and chain method, data was collected by interviewing 17 students who were familiar with the phenomenon in question and were analyzed through content analysis. Lincoln and Guba’s evaluation criteria were used to ensure the credibility of the research. The analysis of the interviews indicated 1 global theme, 3 organizing themes at the first level, 11 organizing themes at the second level, and 27 basic themes. The results of the research indicated that the influential items in the culture of virtual education in higher education include: the loss of student identity, the loss of student associations, the loss of student scientific circles, the loss of professors' identity, lack of effective communication and networking. between professors, the loss of collaborative scientific projects, an angled view of virtual education, unfamiliarity with virtual education, the loss of the physical structure of the university, dry and one-sided communication, the increase in superficial learning, the increase in the amount of scientific fraud, the promotion of academic freedom, the loss Scientific dictatorship, the disappearance of academic exploitation, the disappearance of the covert power of some professors, the increase of cooperative learning, the opening of technical language, the improvement of student satisfaction, the lack of familiarity with technology, the perception of virtual education as a trivial matter, the sameness of learning in face-to-face education and virtual, the fruitlessness of the war between virtual and face-to-face education, delegating authority to students in choosing the type of education, lack of structures for both virtual and face-to-face education, planning based on conditions, emphasizing the principle of learning.

Neoliberal policies have changed the urban realities in the informal settlements of the impoverished in Iran, affecting the struggles of the lower classes to provide and improve housing. However, scholars in the great majority of urban studies, without considering the broader context of political economy, use conventional conceptual tools that are insufficient for comprehending the dynamic and complicated lives of the poor in these settlements.  These studies are largely silent on how the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programs via new urban policies such as privatization of public properties, price liberalization, and deregulation may result in significant changes in informal settlements and, as a result, in the housing practices of subaltern residents in these areas. This study, which focuses on one of the post-liberalization periods (2011-2013), addresses the central question of how the informal housing politics of Iran's urban poor have changed following the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment. This research’s theoretical starting point is the quiet encroachment of the ordinary, which has been rethought in light of its findingsUsing a qualitative research design, the poor communities of the cities of Golestan and Nasim Shahr in the suburbs of Tehran are the primary focus of this study. Observation, personal interviews (with ordinary people, officials of urban organizations, and local informants), and document review (people’s letters to authorities, archives of local and national newspapers, administrative correspondence, official reports, and journals and books) were used to generate and collect data.The findings of this research indicate that the increasing marketization of the informal realms has significantly prevented the impoverished from illegally acquiring the resources, facilities, and opportunities necessary for constructing shelter or has made achieving this objective costly and difficult. The substantial shift in the disenfranchised’s strategy from horizontal encroachment on lands to vertical encroachment on homes, as well as the expansion of tenancy in the deprived and marginalized settlements, are indicative of this reality. Even in remote areas, the pervasive presence of market forces throughout the socio-spatial configuration may aid state surveillance apparatuses and prevent the occupation of uncontrolled holes by impoverished people. According to the evidence, there is a significant population of poor tenants in deprived villages, where it is easier to violate the law to seize land and construct housing.Under neoliberal policies, “informal” or marginal areas, which Bayat views as a potential alternative to enduring the hardships of the modern world, have increasingly become a battleground for the incursion of disempowering market forces.

The aim of this study was to identify the priority educational needs of nomadic preschool students in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province using exploratory mixed method type of tool development model. In the qualitative section, 12 specialists and experts with experience in teaching in the nomadic field were selected as potential participants by purposive sampling, and initial qualitative data were obtained through interviews. The data alignment criterion was used to measure the initial validity of the data. Also, with the content analysis method, the initial framework of the model of nomadic preschool educational needs was formed. In the second part, in the form of a descriptive-quantitative research method through a questionnaire created from the qualitative part, the opinions of 150 nomadic preschool teachers and educators of the province who were selected by available sampling method by Friedman formula, 58 educational needs were prioritized in three areas of cognition, skill and attitude. The results showed that the highest educational needs in the field of cognition related to (teaching the alphabet to recognize words both beginning and end), environmental education and creativity education; In the field of skills related to formal (spoken) language teaching, personal and public hygiene education and family communication and life skills training; In the field of attitude related to the training of individual independence and choice, training tends to discipline and of training self-esteem.

The biophilic design approach aims to create favorable conditions for humans in different types of human environments and at the same time restore the broken relationship between humans and nature. Biophilic design guidelines and principles are general and flexible. In order to better understand the possibilities of architectural expression provided by the biophilic design approach, the existing classifications of biophilic architecture and examples of biophilic design have been analyzed with the aim of developing a classification that reflects the link between building architecture and biophilic qualities. "Descriptive" research method - Analytical" and "physical content analysis" is architecture, and distinct categories were shown with specific building examples, and evaluation of biophilic qualities and the potential of cooperation between man and nature of these sample buildings was done using a comprehensive system of criteria. Research findings have shown that three categories of biophilic architecture were distinguished in the developed classification: 1. imitative type, 2. functional type and 3. Organic type. Also, the results have shown that all three categories of imitative, functional, and organic species have the possibility of creating biophilic environments and the potential of human-nature cooperation, although organic biophilic design is currently less considered by architects in design.

The present study is qualitative research aimed at identifying and understanding the lived experiences of Afghan students from interactions and communication within the school in high school, which has been done using phenomenological method. Sampling method in this research is purposeful sampling method which is mostly used in phenomenological studies. For this purpose, the data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 12 Afghan students who were studying in junior high schools in District 7 of Tehran in the academic year 1399-1499. In this way, 10 people were interviewed and nothing new was found in the tenth interview, but to be sure, the researcher continued the interview until the twelfth person to ensure saturation. Other tools such as journalism, field observation and note-taking were also used and the findings were analyzed by Van Manen method analysis. Research questions were designed about the relationship and interaction of Afghan students with their classmates and teachers, and the researcher sought to identify and understand what is going on in the interactions between Afghan students with their peers and teachers. After analyzing the interviews, facts such as humiliation of Afghan students, discriminatory behavior of some teachers towards Afghan students, self-censorship, existence of divisions among students, being marginalized, being considered secondary, not being seen and forced silence in Achieved among Afghan students. To examine the validity and reliability of the research, the method of expert review, data consensus means the use of multiple data sources and methodological consensus means the use of two or more methods in this research has been used.

Probiotic and antifungal properties of the yeasts isolated from fermented pseudo cereals have been rarely studied, yet. In the present study, after isolation of predominant yeasts isolated from fermented black rice, the yeast with the highest survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions was selected for further studies. Then, the selected isolate was identified by PCR, and subsequently, its probiotic properties including antibacterial effects, antibiotic and antimycotic susceptibilities, aggregation, hydrophobicity and hemolytic potentials were also studied. Antifungal activity of the selected yeast was investigated against some of the foodborne fungi. Sequencing of the PCR products led to the identification of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa as the selected yeast isolate. The isolate maintained 84.39% of its survival in continues acid and bile treatment. Also, the inhibitory effect of the yeast isolate on Salmonella enterica was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other foodborne bacteria. Yeast isolate had proper aggregation and hydrophobicity capabilities, and it was resistant to the antibiotics tested. Furthermore, the most inhibition of the yeast growth was observed in the presence of ketoconazole, while the selected yeast was resistant to propionate, sorbate, itroconazole and fluconazole. The studied yeast isolate had no hemolytic activity. The antifungal effect of the yeast isolate against Aspergillus flavus was also verified. In accordance with these results, the selected yeast isolate has a proper potential to use as a probiotic or protective culture in production of fermented foods.

Determining the appropriate strategy for buying or selling in the foreign exchange market is very important for companies to cover exchange rate fluctuations against the national currency. This study proposes a new approach based on genetic algorithms and support vector machines for trading in the foreign exchange market.In this research, a new algorithm with the ability to generate technical rules for investment based on forecast certainty is presented. For prediction, a combination of the Combined Support Vector Machine (HSVM) algorithm for classifying the market into three different classes (uptrend, downtrend, sideway) and a dynamic genetic algorithm for optimizing trading rules based on several technical indicators Different has been used. Rials-dollar pair data is used as training and test data for the period between 1392 and 1398. The proposed architecture for machine learning, as well as the implementation and study of the proposed trading system are fully described. The research shows promising results during the test period in which the return on investment was 129%.