غلامرضا بخشی خانیکی

Vegetation study is one of the pillars of land planning in any region, and the identification of plants is the basis of these studies. The purpose of the present study is to introduce the flora, life form, and chorotype of plants, and to investigate the effect of altitudinal gradient on the species diversity of the Dalfard region in the north of Jiroft city, Kerman. According to the altitude range of Dalfard, the flora of the region was collected and identified in three altitudinal zones during the spring and summer seasons of 2021 and 2022. A total of 303 plant species belonging to 217 genera and 71 families were identified. The most important plant families in the region in terms of species richness were Asteraceae (36), Fabaceae (25), Poaceae (25), Lamiaceae (20), and Apiaceae (16). Hemicryptophytes (30.7%) and therophytes (25.1%) were the dominant life forms in the region, respectively. A considerable number of species (40.9%) belonged to the Irano-Turanian region and other species to two, three, or more regions. The highest number of species (221) was observed in the altitudinal zone Z3 (2300-3100 m) and the lowest number of species (41) in the altitudinal zone Z1 (850-1400 m). The highest species similarity was determined between altitudinal zones Z2 and Z3 (37%) and the lowest similarity between three altitudinal zones (2.6%) based on the Jaccard index.

Examining the potential effects of this event, which has received more and more attention from the international community, is an important step in the development of agricultural activities in Tehran province.

In the present study, using the approach of state or regional agricultural production model (SWAP), the economic behavior of Tehran farmers after participating in the structural institution of the local water market was modeled.

The results showed that with the establishment of local water market in Tehran province, in addition to sustainable balancing of water resources, it is possible to develop the acreage of irrigated products, albeit profitable in the cropping pattern of less water regions (Shahrerey and Varamin plains) and by balancing farmers’ gross profit, the negative consequences of the hydrological drought phenomenon are reduced to about 35.3% compared to the base period.

Establishing a local water market as a structural institution with private property rights in Tehran province can transfer surplus water resources in the study areas of southwestern Tehran province (regions C, D and E).

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals, 15 selected Okra genotypes from the National Gene Bank of Iran were cultivated and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2020-2021 crop year in the experimental research farm of the Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute in Karaj (Seed and Plant Improvement Institute).

After the plants entered the three-leaf stage, irrigation was done once every 5 and 10 days.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress on all measured traits, including plant height, fruit yield, biological yield, number of ripe fruits, weight of ripe fruit, diameter of ripe fruit, number of seeds per ripe fruit, 1000-seed weight, sugar, and protein content, was statistically significant. Under drought-stress conditions, the mean of all evaluated traits (except soluble sugars) was reduced. The highest fruit yield (12.06 tons per hectare) belonged to genotype 10, which decreased by 37.5% compared to the non-stress conditions of this genotype. Genotypes 1 and 12 had the least change in protein content, genotypes 4 and 6 had the least change in sugar content, and genotypes 9 and 11 had the least change in biological function.

Based on the results obtained from this experiment, the best genotype in terms of fruit yield was genotype 10, and in terms of biological function, genotypes 9 and 11 were recommended for use in areas with water shortages.

The uniformity and emergence percentage of seeds have an importance role on the yield and quality of crops in the field. The aim of this research was to evaluate the seeds emergence and seedlings of three populations of the lanceleaf thyme species (Thymus lancifolius Celak) by Priming methods. In order to evaluating seed emergence and seedling vigor of three populations of (Thymus lancifolius Celak), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in Research Institute of Forests and rangelands, Tehran, Iran in 2015-2016. The factors A was including: three populations of (Thymus lancifolius Celak) and factor B were seven treatments as follows: osmopriming (PEG 0.3 and 0.6Mpa), hormonal priming (250 and 500 ppm of Gibberellic acid), Matrix priming (Vermicolit 1%) hydropriming (distilled water) and control. The emergence characteristics including of seed emergence percentage and speed of emergence, root and shoot length, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight were measured. The mean comparison three populations showed that all emergence traits of population 13490-Arak were more than the other two populations. The maximum emergence percentage as (81.19) obtained using vermiculite treatment. using vermiculite, seedling Fresh weight, (578.8), dry Weight, (47.78), dry matter percentage (7.82%) were more than other treatments. High speed of emergence observed as (5.82 seeds per day) with effect of Gibberellic acid 250 ppm. Regarding to result of this research work, it was proved that two Priming technique as Matrix priming (Vermiculite) and Hormonal priming (Gibberellic acid) were effective method compare with other method. Therefore these two methods are recommending for domestication and optimum establishment of medicinal plant of (Thymus lancifolius Celak).

In the present study, the flora of Tange-Khoshk Forest Reserve of Semirom in Isfahan with two zones, the core zone (under protection) and the buffer zone, was investigated to introduce the floristic composition, life forms, and geographical distribution, and understand the effects of exclosure on the vegetation structure. In this region, a total of 194 species belonging to 45 genera of plants were identified, of which Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae were the most abundant in terms of the number of species. In terms of life forms, hemicryptophytes were dominant in both core and buffer zones. The study of the geographical distribution of the species showed that in both core and buffer zones, most species belonged to the Irano-Turanian vegetation area. This research showed that the exclosure of the Tange-Khoshk forest reserve had increased the diversity of vegetation, especially the presence of various tree species in the core zone.

Plants have been known and used by different societies since ancient times. The most important applications include nutrition, medicine, and industry. Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae), is one of the medicinal plants that exists in the Iran and some other ecotypes and is used as a medicinal plant also in China, India, and Greece. Recently, it received attention, however there is lack of information about this medicinal plant. 

We performed a search in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and also traditional medicine books using the following keywords: A. calamus, traditional medicine, modern medicine, laboratory studies, and biological effects.

In reliable articles and traditional medicine books, A.calamus was found with many different properties. The aerial parts, roots, and rhizome were reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. A.calamus is also used in treating nervous system disorders and in production of nanoparticle and pharmaceutical products.

According to many studies, A. calamus has many beneficial properties, but in vitro and in vivo studies are required to investigate its medicinal effects. Also, the plant is originally found in Mazandaran province, north of Iran and it can be used in medicinal and health products.

in the present study, the integration of comprehensive Hydrological -economic modeling system of agriculture and water resources in Tehran province was investigated, in order to assess the potential effects of global warming. To achieve this goal, first using General Circulation Models (GCM) the effects of greenhouse gases on the average climatic variables of temperature and precipitation under the emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 were investigated. This was done with the help of GCM/RCM data system and LARS-WG microscale model. Then, using econometric approach and regression analysis, the effects of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation on the average yield of selected products were evaluated. A Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model was used to investigate changes in products yields on cropping patterns. The results showed that the behavior of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation during the future periods in the study basins of Tehran province compared to the base period will increase (0/26 to 3/75 °c) and decrease (0/78 to 41/1 mm) respectively.

Catharanthus roseus The most important species from Apocyanaceae contains an important and special group of indole alkaloids with a great medicinal value, which are distributed in all organs of the plant. The presence of valuable alkaloids in all organs of the plant has led to the introduction of this species as very important medicinal plants and their properties to be studied. This study was performed to investigate the effect of growth regulatory treatments on the activity of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) which is a cytosolic enzyme and a key enzyme in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis The effects of some growth regulators such as KIN, BA, NAA and IAA in three concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L) as well as various sugar treatments like sucrose, fructose and glucose in 3 concentrations (2% , 4% , 6%) and also the amino acid tryptophan (at concentrations 100 and 200 mg/L, were investigated on TDC enzyme activity. The experimant was performed in three replications as a factorial in a completely randomized design in Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. in the applied IAA and NAA at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L respectively, increased the activity of TDC by about 10%. But cytokinins, KIN and BA at 1,0 mg/L had the greatest promotion effect of about 40%. Sugars such as Sucrose in concentrations 6%, fructose and glucose in 4% and amino acid tryptophan in concentration 100 mg/l had the maximal effects on the activity of TDC enzyme

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects seed yield and crop production. Salinity causes adverse morphological, physiological and biochemical effects on wheat seedlings. In this research, the effects of seed priming (1 mM proline) on the response of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to salinity stress in acclimatized and non-acclimatized conditions were investigated. Wheat seeds were subjected to acclimatization and seed priming with proline (1 mM) for 12 hours. Then, the seeds were planted in pots containing saline soil (EC=26.5 dS/m) and plant growth and physiological parameters were investigated. The results showed that in non-stressed conditions, seed yield increased with proline treatment. Pretreatment of seeds with proline under salinity stress preserved their photosynthetic performance compared to acclimatization. The results of examining the characteristics of shoot dry weight along with the measurement of malondialdehyde showed that acclimatization with low salt concentration cannot reduce the inhibitory effect of high salinity (EC=26.5 dS/m). Therefore, more research is needed to optimize the acclimatization protocol, seed osmopriming factors and environmental conditions to increase plant tolerance to salinity stress

Lemon balm is a widely used medicinal plant, but in addition to the main variety (Melissa officinalis L.), several other plant species are sold in the pharmaceutical markets with the name of lemon balm, it’s properties, type and concentration of medicinal compounds are not completely similar to the original variety, therefore. It is important to investigate these species more closely and determine their botanical indicators, therapeutic properties and possible side effects.

This research has been carried out in two dimensions: studying valid research documents and conducting field research, in the first dimension, in addition to the study of flora related to the search in Pubmed, Webmed, Scopus, Magiran and... Databases with the key Persian words such as Badranjbuiyeh (Lemon Balm), therapeutic properties, side effects, local name and their English equivalents were also found in related published articles. In the second dimension, the samples that were offered under the name Badranjbouyeh in different parts of the country were purchased and identified after being transferred to the herbarium.

Based on the identified samples, it was found that in addition to Melissa officinalis L. species; at least 15 other plant species are sold in the country under the name of lemon balm. Dracocephalum polychaetum, Dracocephalum ,moldavica Dracocephalum Surmandinum, Dracocephalum subcapitatum, Dracocephalum kotschy Dracocephalum Lindbergii, Dracocephalum aucheri, Hymenocrater elegans, Hymenocrater Bituminosus (Dracocephalum thymiflorum Stachys inflata, Nepeta persica Nepeta mahanensis, Marrubium vulgare ( of Lamiaceae and Asperugo procombens of Boraginaceae.

The lack of expertise in botanical science of many suppliers of medicinal plants leads to the occurrence of inadvertent frauds in the market of medicinal plants, these frauds, in addition to reducing the effectiveness of treatment, can lead to severe side effects or damage, therefore, it is very important to accurately identify the types of drugs available in the country's drug market.

The Booz Daghi region with an area of 62,000 hectares is located 47 kilometers from Maneh and Semelghan city. The floristic composition, biological, and chorological spectra of this area were investigated through several random collections in different habitats and vegetation types, as well as from 220 plots established in selected plant communities during the growing season of 2021. In this regard, 252 vascular plant species belonging to 173 genera and 53 families were recorded as native plants in the Booz Daghi region. The richest families were Asteraceae (31), Poaceae (25), Lamiaceae (22), and Fabaceae (21). The genera Astragalus L. (10), Allium L., Convolvulus L., and Stachys L. (each with 5 species) were the richest ones. Hemicryptophytes (31.3%) and therophytes (29.8%) were the dominant life forms of the region. A considerable number of species (63.5%) belonged to the Irano-Turanian region. The results of this study showed that the Booz Daghi region had a relatively rich flora that requires special attention and proper planning to protect its biodiversity.

Some algae are rich sources of various beneficial lipids and fatty acids. In recent years, several studies have been performed on algae to evaluate the effect of different salinity treatments on the quantity and quality of these lipids. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride on total lipid content, fatty acid profile, and omega-3, 6, and 9 amounts in the alga Sargassum boveanum. Algae samples were collected from the shores of Bushehr Province and kept in three aquariums for 30 days in three control groups and treatments of 1 and 2 g / l sodium chloride. Then their lipid extraction was performed using Bligh and dyer method (1959). The factors of acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and refractive index (RI) of lipids were determined according to ISO standard methods for numbers 660 (2009), 3960 (2017), and 6320 (2017), respectively. The methylation of the samples was performed according to the standard method of 66-2-AOCS-Ce, and the analysis of fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The amount of fat in the treatment of one gram/liter of salt increased compared to the control group and then showed a decreasing trend in the treatment of two grams per liter; however, this difference was not significant. GC-FID analysis showed 17 types of fatty acids in each group. Among saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid and seronic acid showed the highest levels in all three groups, respectively. A slight increase in salinity caused a change in the values of omega-fatty acids. The findings of this study can be extended to achieve targeted mechanisms and conditions of salinity stress that increase specific fatty acids.

Medicinal plants are of interest due to their cheapness, accessibility and better acceptance by patients. One of these plants is black seed (Nigella sativa). In this study, the anti-proliferative effect of thymoquinone, which is the main component of black seed oil, is investigated on Raji cells. Raji cells are cancerous B lymphocytes that are seen in the germinal centers of Burkitt's lymphoma. In present study, Raji cells were treated with different dilutions of thymoquinone from 0 to 1000 μg/ml and the percentage of living cells was determined by trypan blue method and MTT test. Also, flow cytometry and Annexin V-FITC/PI kit were used to show the percentage of cells in different stages of growth. The expression of c-Myc gene, which is the most important altered gene in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma, was investigated by Real Time-PCR method. Statistical analysis was also done using SPSS 2020 software. This study showed that thymoquinone can inhibit the growth of Raji cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Thymoquinone, while suppressing the expression of c-Myc gene with a significant percentage, causes Raji cells to enter the stage of programmed death or apoptosis, and has the potential to be used as an adjunctive treatment for Burkitt's lymphoma.

Seed osmopriming is an effective strategy to improve the germination process. Screening and estimating the optimal concentrations of different osmotic compounds is the first step in seed osmopriming. In this study, the effects of treatment with single osmotic compounds were initially evaluated at different concentrations, namely NaCl (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30 g/l), ZnSO4 (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM), proline (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM), and trehalose (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM) on wheat seeds. Then, the surface-response method was designed in the form of a Box-Benken design. Results showed a significant increase in wheat seed germination at concentrations of 3 and 10 g/l NaCl, 1 and 20 mM ZnSO4, 1 and 10 mM proline, and 0 and 1 mM trehalose. These concentrations were validated using the surface-response method and experiments. The values of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) and adjusted R2 (R2adj = 0.99) showed that the obtained model is suitable for data analysis. One-way analysis of variance confirmed the quadratic model as the best model to determine the interaction of the studied variables (P<0.0001). The optimal values  were proposed as a combination of 3 g/l NaCl, 1 mM ZnSO4, and 1 mM proline. In another experiment, using the values predicted by the model, it was found that the surface-response method can be used in screening and germination optimization tests. The results of the follow up experiment using the values determined in the model revealed that the surface-response method can be considered in screening and optimization studies of seed germination.

In folk medicine, red clover (Trifolium pratense) use to treat some diseases such as whooping cough, asthma, eczema, and some ophthalmic dysfunction. Due to its phytoestrogens and antioxidant-rich compounds, it is recommended to alleviate some cancers. This paper was conducted to study the anti-cancer and apoptosis effects of red clover extract (RCE) on the Raji cell line in Burkitt's lymphoma.

Experimental:

 Red clover lyophilized powder (CAS = 85085-25-2) with a fixed ratio of Formononetin, Biochanin A, Daidzein, and Genistein was acquired from Sigma Aldrich German company. Raji cells were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran-Tehran. Raji cells were treated with different concentrations of RCE, and viable cells were measured at an interval of 24, 48, and 72 hours incubation in three days by MTT assay. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to determine the DNA degradation. Annexin V-FITC/PI kit and flow cytometry assay were used to determine the percent of apoptotic and necrotic treated Raji cells. Also, expression changes in cMYC, ID3, and P53 genes were measured by real-time PCR.

Red clover extract can prevent in vitro proliferation of the Raji cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. RCE, as well as c-MYC gene suppression and induction of ID3 and P53 genes, enters the Raji cells in the apoptosis stages with an acceptable percentage and has complication cure potential in Burkitt's lymphoma.

Recommended applications/industries:

 The extract used in this study combines four components. The individual evaluation effects of Formononetin, Biochanin A, Daidzein, and Genistein on Raji cells are recommended.

In order to reduce the economic losses and life risks caused by microbial pathogens, the use of natural substances as antimicrobial compounds seems to be an effective way to control the presence of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the chemical composition of onion essential oil was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The methods in disk diffusion agar (DDA) and well diffusion agar (WDA) were used to investigate the inhibition zone diameter, micro-dilution broth was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pour-plate technique was also used for minimum bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) concentration. A total of 20 chemical volatiles (approximately 100% of onion essential oil compounds) were identified. The compounds Trisulfide dipropyl, Disulfide dipropyl, n-Decane and Furfuryl methyl sulfide with 20.67, 16.18, 13.51 and 10.23% of the main constituents of onion essential oil, respectively. The results of WDA showed that onion essential oil had the most and the least effect on Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 15 mm and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a diameter of 10 mm, respectively. The results of MIC onion essential oil for Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans 512, 512, 512, 512, 512 and 1024 mg/mL, respectively. In general, the results of this study showed that the antimicrobial effect of onion essential oil can be somewhat different depending on the type of microorganism.

Establishing a local water market in the agricultural sector is a promising solution to increase the economic efficiency of water in the event of drought, water shortage, and reduced agricultural productions. With the opportunities created in the water market, farmers will rent and sell this scarce input by improving the methods of water supply management and will work to provide water that can be sold in the market. In addition to managing surface water resources, this reduces farmers' pressure to use groundwater resources. Due to the importance of this issue, in the present study, the economic effects of the formation of the local water market in the five regions of Tehran province under the conditions of drought, water shortage, and reduced crop production in Tehran province were evaluated. This work was done by using a combined economic model of Statewide Agricultural Production (SWAP), hydrological model of Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP), and related statistical data to the years 2013-2019. The results showed that with the establishment of the local water market and balancing agricultural water trade between the study basins of Tehran province, the negative consequences of drought in the use of available water resources are reduced by about 12/7 percent compared to the base period. In addition, the establishment of the local water market as a customary and legal institution in Tehran province, despite the transfer of surplus water resources from the eastern and northern basins (M1 and M2) to the southwestern basins of Tehran province (M3, M4, and M5), caused increasing the reliability of farmers' access to irrigated water and preventing the reduction of profitable crops (tomatoes, corn, watermelon, and sunflower) in optimal cropping patterns. Also, this structural institution by realizing the policy of sharing agricultural water resources and increasing the “profit to water ratio index” from 5/89 to 11/06 percent, reflects optimally allocates the issue of allocation and optimal management of water resources between different agricultural activities in the five basins of Tehran province. Finally, according to the positive and effective results of the local water market in the management of water resources and agriculture, the implementation of the preparations for its formation is proposed to the relevant authorities and organizations in Tehran province.

The effects of ecological factors and their interaction on quantitative changes of 10 physiological, 12 anatomical and two morphological traits of leaves in six different populations of Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey.) in the west (Guilan province) and east (Golestan province) of Hyrcanian forests were examined and statistically compared in three altitudinal ranges of lowlands, midlands and highlands. Two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the effect of ecological factors in the region (temperature and precipitation) and their interaction on the studied variables. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the correlation between leaf traits and the relationship between environmental factors. The activity of catalase, peroxidase enzymes and proline were significantly different between the two provinces and showed an increasing trend from west to east. In addition, the amount of phenol in the site located in Golestan province was about 1.5 times that of Guilan province. There was no significant difference between the levels of superoxide dismutase activity and the amount of soluble sugar between the two provinces. Superoxide dismutase showed an increasing trend from lowlands to highlands, but the amount of soluble sugar increased from low altitudes to midlands and decreased in the highlands. There was no significant difference in the amount of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids between the two provinces and at different altitudes, as well as the effects of the interaction of ecological factors on them. The most important morphological and anatomical adaptations to drought included increased leaf thickness, stomata density and length, abaxial cuticle thickness, epidermal cell thickness, thickness of palisade cells, thickness of spongy cells, middle vein thickness, thickness of vein abaxial parenchyma cells and number of abaxial parenchyma layers of vein. There was a correlation between most leaf physiological as well as morphological traits and ecological factors. The results of analysis of variance and the interaction of ecological factors on some anatomical features of Caucasian alder leaves were significant. It seems that the anatomical adaptations that are formed in plants over a long period of time are more appropriate indicators for measuring drought stress in plants.

The plant is a rich source of alkaloids that are distributed in all parts of the plant. The presence of valuable alkaloids in all parts of the plant has led to its introduction as a very important medicinal plant and its properties to be investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulatory treatments on the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids of Parvanesh medicinal plant in culture. Tissue, suspension culture and field culture were performed. The experiment was performed in three separate cultures, including tissue culture, suspension culture, field culture and the effect of simultaneous use of IAA and NAA growth regulators on the amount of alkaloids produced by the butterfly plant. . IAA hormones in three concentrations (0.1, 0.5 mg / L) and NAA (0.1, 0.5 0.5 mg / L) in three replications in a completely randomized field design Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute was established in 1398. The experimental results showed that NAA increased the alkaloids of agemalicin, serpentine and increased the total alkaloids by about 20%. Among the growth regulators studied, IAA showed a decreasing effect on changes in alkaloid levels, and in some cases this decrease was about 10%. Also, the use of suspension culture method increased alkaloids and in field cultivation, the amount of total alkaloids increased compared to other methods. Based on the results of this experiment, it seems that the use of method In many cases, suspension cultivation has a relatively better advantage than the other two groups.

Assessing the potential effects of drought in agriculture and water resources management, as well as providing solutions to deal with it, is an important step in the development of agricultural activities. Therefore, in the present study the standardized precipitation index (SPI) to determine the different intensities of drought and its occurrence was used during the study period (2002-2018). Then, by using the Positive Mathematical Planning (PMP) model, the potential effects of drought on the cropping pattern and farmers' livelihoods of in the southern basin of Tehran province were analyzed. The required data are documentary and registered in the relevant government agencies which were collected in two sections, time series (2002-2018) and cross-section (2017-2018). The results showed that the probability of severe drought in the southern basin of Tehran province is about 6/25 percent. Decreasing the acrage of high consumption water products such as watermelon, corn, sunflower and increasing the acrage of wheat and barley are other obtained results under drought conditions in Tehran province. Decrease of 3/00 to 19/4 percent of farmers' gross profit and increase of 13/2 to 115/6 percent of the economic value of irrigation water are other consequences of this phenomenon under mild to severe intensities. According to the obtained results in this study, in order to reduce the risk of hydrological drought and farmers' exposure with this event in southern basin of Tehran province, in the first step it is recommended that the modification of optimal cropping patternin in order to reduce the acrage of water-filled products (such as sunflower and watermelon) and replace it with the acrage of products with higher profit to water ratio (such as corn and canola) be prioritized. In the next step, it is suggested that due to the elasticity of agricultural water input to price changes in the southern basin of Tehran province (ewater = -0/96), the correct implementation of water pricing policy in accordance with the trend of changes in the economic value of water input and observance of the principle equality consideration in drought conditions should be considered by the public sector.

in the present study evaluation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the yield and cropping pattern of selected products in Tehran province were investigated. In order to assess the potential effects of drought, global warming and the establishment of local or regional water markets. To achieve this goal, first using general circulation models (GCM) the effects of greenhouse gases on the average climatic variables of temperature and precipitation under the emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 were investigated. This was done with the help of GCM/RCM data system and LARS-WG microscale model. Then, using econometric approach and regression analysis, the effects of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation on the average yield of selected products were evaluated. A positive mathematical programming (PMP) model to investigate changes of products yields on cropping patterns was used. The results showed that the behavior of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation during the future periods in Tehran province compared to the base period will increase (0/27 to 3/75 °c) and decrease (0/63 to 41/1 mm) respectively. Increasing the farmers’ desire to develop the acreage of irrigated wheat, corn and canola and reducing the acreage of irrigated barley, tomato, watermelon and sunflower in the cropping patterns of of Tehran province is an important result of application of integrated climate scenario (2 °c increase in temperature and 20 mm decrease in precipitation) in this study. Under the terms of climate change occurrence, watermelon and sunflower with the most decreasing changes in yield (13/1 and 17/7 %) and acreage (68/8 and 31/9 %) as the most sensitive products in cropping pattern of Tehran province were identified. Therefore, planning to reduce or develop the their acrage in the cropping pattern of Tehran province is recommended to farmers and relevant officials in the agricultural sector during future periods.

factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in greenhouse of Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2015-2016. The levels of factor A were: three populations of (Thymus daenensis) originated from Lorestan, Markazi and Isfahan province, Factor B were: osmopriming (PEG 0.6 and 0.9 Mpa), hormonal priming (250 and 500 ppm of Auxin), Matrix priming (Zeolite1%), hydropriming (distilled water) and control. The primed seeds were sown on pots and growing in greenhouse. Seed emergence characteristics including of percentage and speed of emergence, root and shoot length, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight were measured. The mean comparison three populations of thymus showed that maximum emergence percentage and speed of emergence as (76%, 13.17/sprout/day) were observed in population of 1110-Lorestan.  The effect of treatments on the populations showed that The maximum percentage of emergence and speed of emergence (88%, 15.39/ sprout/day), seedling length  and vigor index (57mm,50), were obtained with priming technique (PEG 0.9 Mpa) in the population of 1110-Lorestan. Also percentage of emergence and speed of emergence (83%, 15/sprout/day) and seedling length, vigor index as (59 mm, 49) of the population of 110-Lorestan were maximum with matrix priming (zeolite). Regarding to result of this research work, it was proved that two priming technique including: Osmo-priming (Polyethylene glycol) and Matrix priming (perlite) were effective method compare with other method. Therefore these two method are recommending for domestication and optical establishment of medicinal plant.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Miller) is one of the valuable medicinal plants that is widely used in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industries. This species is native to Iran and due to the wide range of ecological tolerance in different parts of the country with different climatic conditions is naturally distributed and planted. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ecological factors on morphological, anatomical and phytochemical traits of jujube natural populations in three regions of South Khorasan province. The highest values of morphological traits including height, diameter of breast-height, canopy diameter and canopy cover, length, width and weight of fruit are related to Shahrakht habitat, and leaf length and width to Alghor habitat. The highest values of anatomical traits including number of layers and thickness of spongy parenchyma, thickness of epidermis, midrib and bundle sheath and stomata length were observed in Bijar habitat. Also, the highest values of thickness of lamina, mesophyll and cuticle as well as number of layers and thickness of collenchyma and palisade and number of stomata are related to Shahrakht habitat. In addition, the highest amount of phytochemical traits including extract and antioxidant activity belong to Bijar habitat and the amounts of total phenol and flavonoids belong to Shahrakht habitat. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between all these traits in the three populations. The results of Pearson correlation showed that among environmental factors, rainfall, annual temperature and altitude had the highest significant correlation with the studied traits, respectively.

Hydrological drought is a phenomenon that occurs due to the reduction of surface water and groundwater resources supply. Because of the dependence of the agricultural sector to soil moisture storage, it primarily affects this sector. Therefore, the analysis of the effects of this phenomenon is important for the better management and planning of water resources available in the agricultural sector. Theeffects of hydrological drought arising from reducing the supply of water resources on agricultural situation, water consumptions and farmers' gross profit in Tehran province were evaluated. For this purpose from Multi Period Positive Mathematical Programming and statistical information related to period 2013-2018 wereused. The results showed that the current cropping pattern in Tehran province is not optimal and with occurrence of hydrological drought, farmers’ tend decreases for the water-full crops such as watermelon, tomato and sunflower. In addition, the results showed that in the hydrological drought conditions, about 9.13 percent of agricultural water demand in Tehran province will not provided. This will change the pattern of cultivation inthe region. Reduction in the farmers' gross margin amunt 7.28 percent and increase in the economic value of irrigation water amunt 38.2 percent compared to the base period are other consequences the occurrence of hydrological drought in Tehran province. Overall, the results indicate that with the occurrence of drought, the cropping pattern toward products with lower water requirements and higher profits, but for tomato and corn products (despite the high water requirement) due to integrated farming in region reducing acreage is less visible.

The effect of ecological factors and their interactions on quantitative changes of 20 anatomical and two morphological traits of leaves in six different populations of Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey. in the west and east of the Hyrcanian forests in three elevation classes include lowland, midland and highland were analyzed and compared. Leaf area, glandular trichomes, thickness of cuticle cells, and stomatal density decreased from west to east and were significantly different in three classes of altitude. There is a positive correlation between traits. Leaf thickness and thickness of adaxial epidermal cells, from west to east, were also significantly influenced by the interaction of ecological features. The decrease rainfall from west to east and altitude have affected the mentioned anatomical traits. Thickness and width of palisade cells, thickness of spongy cells, number of spongy layers and the thickness of the main veins from east to west were not significant, but in terms of elevations, their differences were significant. Also, there was a positive correlation between leaf area, stomatal density, glandular trichome maximal length, cuticle thickness and vein thickness. Number of adaxial collenchymas layers of vein, thickness of vein abaxial parenchyma cells, number of abaxial parenchyma layers of vein and thickness of vascular bundle of vein also increased significantly as altitude increased. Various types of stomata have also been observed in this species.