غلامعلی قاسمی

Humanitarian law is an important branch of international law that has established regulations regarding the behavior of warring parties during war. These regulations have provided restrictions or prohibitions regarding the use of weapons during war. It supports civilians or those who are unable to continue the war, such as the wounded and wounded. Monotheistic religions have had teachings on the behavior of participants in war since the past centuries and have called people to avoid violence. The important issue in this field is the implementation of regulations at the national level. In this research, in a descriptive and analytical way, first, the legal foundations of the commitment of governments to implement humanitarian regulations are examined from the perspective of international law. Then, the common mechanisms for implementation in this The documents have been explained and the situation of the implementation of humanitarian rights in Iran has been explained. Considering the occurrence of numerous wars around Iran, there is no doubt about the importance and necessity of this research. In addition, considering the Islamic approach to conflicts in Iran and the commitment The Islamic system has Islamic support for the implementation of Islamic laws regarding the time of war, the national implementation of humanitarian rights in Iran. However, it seems that in line with these Islamic obligations as well as legal obligations arising from international humanitarian regulations, it is still necessary to teach humanitarian rights regarding wartime at the levels of universities, seminaries, armed forces and general society

Islam offers extensive guidelines for humanitarian rights, including those of prisoners of war. In the current climate, where adversarial media often propagates misconceptions about Islamic teachings on human rights, it is crucial to compare Islamic jurisprudence with international humanitarian law regarding prisoners of war. This article hypothesizes that Islamic jurisprudence and humanitarian law adopt similar approaches to this issue. This hypothesis is evaluated through various measures. The primary question addressed is the similarities and differences between Islamic jurisprudence and international humanitarian law in the treatment of prisoners. Findings suggest that international humanitarian regulations are largely aligned with Islamic jurisprudential principles, such as prohibitions against brutal treatment, ensuring prisoners' access to food, and forbidding the use of prisoners as human shields. However, differences exist; for instance, Islamic law has a broader definition of prisoners of war and mandates more humane treatment compared to contemporary international humanitarian law.

Spinal cord injury causes a huge social and economic burden on the society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of selected program of walking with support on a treadmill and eye exercises on the energy consumption, self-confidence and quality of life factors of paraplegic spinal cord injury patients.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with targeted and available sampling method. The study population consisted of all spinal cord injury patients with incomplete paraplegia (C-D) referring to Hana charity center in Isfahan province, of which 30 people were selected in a targeted and accessible way. The sample group was randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, the experimental group with an average age of 34.40 ± 2.87 years and the control group with an average age of 33.93±3.34 years. The experimental group participated in 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, in training sessions that started from 45 and reached 90 minutes in the last sessions. The collection tools in this research were: Energy Consumption Index, Eyseng Self-Confidence and Quality of Life Questionnaire. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

The results of repeated measure analysis of variance showed that 12 weeks of the selected program of walking with support on the treadmill and eye exercises had a significant effect on the energy consumption test with mean of 1.52±0.88, (p=0.002, Eta=0.28, F=59.28), self-confidence Test with mean of 12.00±  4.10 (p = 0.001, Eta= 0.68,  F= 63.11) and quality of life factors with mean of 48.76± 12.70 (p = 0.001, U= 25.00) of paraplegic spinal cord injury patients.

12 weeks of a selected program of walking with support on a treadmill and eye exercises have positive and significant effects on the energy consumption, self-confidence and quality of life factors of paraplegic spinal cord injury patients. Therefore,so it is suggested that these exercises improve the physical and mental condition of spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia should be used in medical centers.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease that can lead to poor balance control and increased sway rate. This study aimed to determine the effect of suspension resistance training on the center of pressure (COP) velocity and sway range of in people with MS.

Twenty-seven women with MS in the 20-50 age range, with an extended disability scale score of less than 4, were selected and randomly divided into control (n = 11) and exercise (n = 16) groups. Kistler force plates were used to measure COP excursion and velocity. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance at a 95% confidence level.

The results showed that in the closed-eyed conditions, suspension resistance training leads to a significant decrease in the sum path length (P = 0.039) and COP velocity (P = 0.038) in the anterior-posterior plane and COP excursion (P = 0.043) in the mediolateral plane was observed in the exercise group compared to the control group. In the open-eyed conditions, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).

In open-eyed conditions, suspension resistance training does not affect reducing COP sway rate, and velocity in people with MS. Therefore, suspension resistance training does not have the necessary components to sway rate in people with MS.

Nowadays, it will not be possible to guarantee the implementation of international humanitarian law solely by establishing regulations at international levels. The cooperation of the international community is also essential for effective implementation. The European Union, as a regional organization with the authority to formulate executive policies for the member states, plays a role in this endeavor. The present research, utilizing an analytical and descriptive approach, examines the legal documents and practical procedures of the Union to assess its success in promoting this branch of international law in the face of regional and extra-regional crises through the enactment of new laws and the adoption of practical procedures. The authors of this research believe that although this regional organization has been successful in rulemaking and localizing international regulations, it faces challenges in operationalizing these rules. Finally, the findings of this research indicate that the application of the 2009 European Council resolution, titled the 'EU Guidelines on Promoting Compliance with International Humanitarian Law (IHL),' has resulted in the creation of valuable legal documents. However, political considerations have hindered the successful implementation of these regulations in various crises.

Based on their doctrines, Salafi excommunicationist groups consider followers of other religions and denominations as non-believers, justifying the shedding of their blood and seizing their property. Consequently, these groups engage in numerous criminal activities. Given the military approach employed by these groups, it becomes imperative to examine the perspective of humanitarian law, especially concerning their interactions with civilians. This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of Salafi excommunicationist groups and their treatment of women. It also seeks to analyze this emerging phenomenon within the framework of international law, legal doctrines, and the principles of Islamic law. The objective is to evaluate the treatment of women by Salafi excommunicationist groups in comparison with the provisions of international humanitarian law and Islamic humanitarian law. In this research, we employ a theoretical analytical-descriptive method and gather data from library sources to address this question. Despite the considerable support for women in international humanitarian law and Islamic humanitarian law, the findings of the research reveal that Salafi excommunicationist groups not only fail to adhere to these legal and religious principles but also perpetrate inhumane crimes against women.

In the fight against corruption, the reaction of civil society organizations often comes from a spectrum of non-governmental actors operating at national and international levels. The nature of these organizations, due to their subject-matter expertise, extensive public engagement, and deep understanding of public sentiment, especially in adhering to the legal requirements within formal structures, can provide significant support in various areas of government and governance, particularly within the judicial system. In this system, the concentration of roles and jurisdictional authority, the existence of intra-court networks, the complexity and prolongation of proceedings accompanied by lack of transparency and increased ambiguities in laws, create conditions conducive to corruption. Therefore, it seems that external monitoring, consultation, and intervention in the functioning of institutions, which in a way reflect the principles of transparency and adherence to the rule of law, are considerable factors in improving the performance of the judicial system. In this regard, this research, recruiting a descriptive-analytical approach, demonstrates that non-governmental organizations increasingly play a role in collaboration with the public sector, including as social watch, in the development and implementation of anti-corruption programs. Other activities of these organizations include organizing targeted public hearings and engaging dialogues to develop a new discourse in the public sphere, advocating and providing assistance and advice to citizens (e.g.: whistleblowers), developing consultative guidelines and strategic recommendations, undertaking monitoring actions, and participating in legislation.

The ability to safely walk up and down the stairs is an essential factor in older adults’ independence and quality of life. This study aims to investigate the effect of combined exercises on stair negotiation performance of older men. 

In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 30 older men with at least 60 years of age living in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021 were selected who had functional independence, mental health, the ability to perform daily activities without using an assistive device, and without a history of falling. They assigned randomly to two parallel groups of intervention and control groups. Participants in the intervention group completed 12 weeks of combined exercise. The center of pressure (COP) parameters were measured by a force plate, and the time of stair ascending and descending was recorded by the Qualisys motion analysis system. The stair negotiation performance was evaluated by the timed up and down stairs (TUDS) test and the stair self-efficacy (SSE) scale. Data were analyzed by mixed ANOVA in SPSS software, version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The combined exercise program was effective in reducing the COP parameters during stairs ascending and descending (P<0.05). Stance time and time of ascending and descending decreased after the exercise (P≤0.034). The results of TUDS test (P≤0.002) and SSE scale (P≤0.048) showed improved performance in the intervention group compared to the control group.

The combined exercise program, by focusing on the factors such range of motion, strength, power, and balance, is effective in improving the stair negotiation performance of older men. Due to the prevalence of stair use in daily activities and its potential risk for older adults, this combined exercise program is recommended for older men.

Balance is an important factor in people with intellectual disability to have an independent life. These people are weak static and dynamic balance due to lack of development in their central nervous system, defects in the sensory-motor pathways, and having a sedentary life. This study aims to determine the effect of eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) exercises on static and dynamic balance of educable mentally retarded female students.

In this study, participants were 26 educable mentally retarded female students aged 15-20 years (Mean age: 17.19±1.50 years, IQ: 61.15±6.07, weight: 58.9±12.73 kg, height: 157.92±6.07 cm) who were selected using purposive and convenience sampling methods and randomly divided into two groups of training (n=13) and control (n=13). Before and after training, their static balance and dynamic balance on the right and left feet were evaluated using a foot scan device. Subjects in the training group performed DNS exercises at 24 sessions, each session for 40 minutes. No intervention was provided to the control group; they performed their routine activities. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 0.05.

After eight weeks of DNS exercises, the results showed a significant improvement in static balance (F=72.54, P=0.001), dynamic balance on the right foot (F=90.90, P=0.002) and dynamic balance on the left foot (F=61.58, P=0.001) in the training group compared to the pretest scores and compared to the control group.

DNS exercises can be used as an effective method to improve static and dynamic balance of educable mentally retarded female students.

Strengthening the muscles of the central area of the body to increase core stability is considered a part of the training program of athletes. The purpose of this research was the relationship between core stability exercises with upper and lower limb muscle function and also to improve the functional movement screening (FMS) score.

This research is of practical and semi-experimental type, which is available on 30 male basketball athletes with an average age of 19/55±1/3 and an average weight of 69/48±7/1 into two control (15) and experimental (15) groups were divided. To strengthen the central muscles, the subjects were given 4 specific exercises for upper and lower limb muscles (side plank, deep squat, sit up) before and after the test. To measure the score of the functional movement screening test, the FMS seven-step test was used, that is, all people participated individually in the seven test steps in both the pre-test and the post-test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 18 software. A significant level was considered in this study (P₌0.05).

The changes in the screening test between the groups (control and experimental) (P<0.05) and also the changes in the squat test (p=0.000), swimming (p=0.011), and barfix (p=0.003) had significant differences.

Eight weeks of central stability exercises affected the improvement in the performance of upper and lower limb muscles, and the score of the screening test in male basketball players increased. It is suggested that coaches use this test in other sports as well.

Since its earliest elaborations, international humanitarian law (IHL) has treated international and non- international armed conflicts differently. The consequence of this difference is that the former (conflicts between two or more states) have traditionally been regulated far more comprehensively than the latter (conflicts between states and non- state armed groups, or between such groups). In light of the post-1945 shift that has seen non- international conflicts become the norm, this distinction seems particularly anachronistic. This differentiated approach to the regulation of armed conflict is particularly stark with respect to preventive, security detention or ‘internment’, defined as a deprivation of liberty ordered by the executive on the basis of future security threat without criminal charge. International Human Rights Law (IHRL) preserves the minimum standards of a dignified life for human beings everywhere and at any time. Detainees of non-international armed conflicts (NIAC) are considered to be one of the groups that due to their conditions are in a vulnerable situation and need special protection of this system. As in contemporary international law the members of this group are not combatants and consequently, are not regarded as PW, they do not enjoy the protections in Geneva Convention III. Accordingly, the necessity of protecting them in IHRL seems to be more clear than ever. Although there is no instrument and organ which independently and specifically deals with the protection of detainees of NIAC in the framework of current IHRL, searching the general human rights system and its related provisions and standards may lead us to some protective measures and rules for these individuals. The present article, through a descriptive-analytic method, aims at studying the protections afforded to this group in IHRL and Serdar Mohammed case. The case of Serdar Mohammed v. UK Ministry of Defence, through a somehow comprehensive analysis of subjects and topics about detention as a whole, has outlined many core legal issues surrounding the protection of detainees in NIAC. It has shed light on less-clear aspects and layers of this serious challenge for protection of dignity of human beings in the current conflicts of different parts of the world and specifically the Middle East. Reliance of the contemporary international law foundations on the state-centered Westphalian system and the difficulty of adhering non-state groups, are among the main challenges meeting the protection these individuals in IHRL. Furthermore, promoting the protection of groups such as women and children that are facing with double-vulnerability in the detention status in NIAC, is considered to be one of the inevitable requirements for effective protection of this group. In this regard, introducing a collection of applicable substantive and procedural laws that both direct the acts of sates and non-state armed groups and protect the rights of injured persons becomes an absolute necessity.

Asymmetric war is a term that has opened its place in military literature and international humanitarian law texts in recent decades. The most important examples of such battles are conflicts between governments and terrorist or rebel groups. The implementation of the principle of distinction in these wars is one of the most important challenges in the field of humanitarian law. On the one hand civilians are victims of hostile acts of armed groups or retaliatory actions of government forces and on the other hand some civilians are directly involved in the operations of armed groups. The purpose of this article is to answer the question how long do civilians have support in asymmetric battles and under what conditions is this support taken away from them?

This research was done by descriptive-analytical method and data collection using library sources.

The findings of this research indicate that in many cases, violating the principle of separation is a basic strategy for the weaker party in asymmetric war, and one of its effects is the blurring of the border between combatant and civilian. Therefore, the traditional combatant-civilian division does not work in asymmetric conflicts. It seems that the legal protection of civilians active in conflicts depends on the type and extent of participation in the conflict as well as the level of organization of the relevant armed group. Also, it is necessary that the military operations of the governments are carried out with a justified legal justification based on the principle of separation, so that the least damage is done to the civilians. Undoubtedly, solving the existing ambiguities and gaps requires the development of humanitarian rights with the cooperation of governments and international organizations.

Within each legal system, there is a set of legal institutions whose order and quality of relationship are directly related to the efficiency and dynamism of that system. Public law and public law are among the legal institutions that were recognized in the Iranian legal system. In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, these legal institutions were mentioned as the general framework of the legal system. The main subject of this research is the analysis and description of the substantive and legal foundations of public law and the legal rights of public law. Using descriptive-analytical method and analysis of issues such as the logic governing law and the principles governing the interpretation of laws, this research seeks to find an answer and remove the ambiguity for the question of what is the difference between intrinsic characteristics, nature and legal basis of legal institutions There is public law and public law, and to what extent does the constitution reflect the characteristics and nature of these legal institutions? The findings show that the logic governing public law is of the type of polemical logic and the interpretation of the rules related to this institution is of the type of broad and free interpretation. The logic governing public law is of the type of formal logic and the method of interpreting its rules is of the type of narrow and limited interpretation. There are principles in the Iranian constitution that contain these legal institutions that can be identified from their relationship with other principles through their inherent characteristics and nature.

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) of Islamic Republic of Iran’s(IRI) missile operation against military base of United States of America (USA) called, Ain al-Assad, following the US drone strike and martyrdom of Genaral Haj Qasem Soleimani and some of other islam defendants, has raised various opinions considering the legitimacy of the action in question. Countermeasure, self-defence and consent are three circumstances that have been raised in legal teachings and doctrines regarding the said issue. Pursuant to customary international law and article 20 of International law commission’s draft articles on international responsibility of states for international wrongful act (ARSIWA 2001), Iraq’s consent authorizes that the islamic republic of iran’s operation in iraq’s territory, does not violate territorial integrity of Iraq and does not consider as intervention in its internal affairs. Countermeasures can not affect state obligation not to use of force and demand of Islamic community of IRI for hard revenge, does not mean that the missile action is a reprisal, as in some doctrines has been said. Regarding the seriality of US internationally wrongful acts in this regard and the evidences that show the commitment of more similar wrongs, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s action is the legitimate self-defence as the inherent right has been explicited in article 51 of the UN charter. This should not be regarded as pre-emptive (anticipatory) or preventive defence but as a chain of infringements by the US makes that the IRI act would be considered self-defence which is legitimate and legal in international law.

 The aim of this research was to examine the effects of 8-weeks core stability training on stable and unstable surfaces on ankle muscular torque, proprioception, and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) in athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI). In this semi-experimental study, thirty athletes with CAI the age range of 18-30 years were participated in this study. The participants were intentionally selected and assigned randomly into three groups 10 people, unstable surface training (UG), stable surface training (SG) and control (CG). UG and SG performed the core stability exercise protocol. One-way ANOVA and Holm-Bonferroni post hoc test were used to evaluate the data (p≤0.05). Findings showed that in all measured parameters, the UG was significantly different from the SG and CG (ps≤0.026). The results also showed that the SG had a significant improvement in the parameters of muscle torque and dorsiflexion range of motion compared to the CG (ps≤0.022), But in the proprioception there were no significant difference between in the SG and the CG (p=0.54). According to the results, it can be concluded that performing core stability training on Trampoline surface has a more effect on improving the measured parameters in athletes with chronic ankle instability. Therefore, it is recommend to perform these exercises as a training intervention for people with chronic ankle instability.

Investigating plantar pressure variables today gives a correct understanding of possible injuries to the soles of the feet. The present study was the effect of six weeks of trampoline exercises on the plantar pressure and quality of life of people with diabetic neuropathy.

The current research is semi-experimental and applied in which pre-test and post-test with control group were used. 30 neuropathic patients were selected in a purposeful and available manner, and then they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (n=15). The experimental group performed 3 sessions of 60 minutes trampoline exercises for six weeks. Before and after the exercise period, the variables of maximum plantar pressure of the patients were evaluated by foot scan machine.

The inferential analysis of the data was done using the statistical test of covariance (P=0.05). The research results showed that trampoline exercises had an effect on the maximum pressure of the soles of the feet while walking (P=0.01).

According to the findings of the research, six weeks of trampoline exercises have a positive effect on the maximum plantar pressure of patients with diabetic neuropathy, and these exercises can be used in the physical rehabilitation process of diabetic patients.

The role of the upper limbs in the common plank exercises is considered a limiting factor in targeting the core muscles The purpose of this study was to investigate the core muscles activation in plank with and without support on upper limbs during different body angles. Twenty-one healthy men 20-30 years participated in this study. The subjects performed the plank in two positions with support on the upper limb (by the TRX suspension device) and without support on the upper limb (by the researcher made device) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 of body angles. Each eight test was repeated twice for 5 seconds. The activity of rectus abdominis, external oblique, multifidus, erector spinae lumbar, and rectus femoris muscles were measured and compared. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of upper limb on our outcomes. The results showed that there is no difference on core muscles activity between plank with and without support on upper limbs during different body angles (p=0.821). Changing the body angle (20, 40, 60 and 80 degrees) showed a main different on the core muscles activity in the both plank positions with and without support on upper limbs (P≤0.05). Not using the upper limbs in the plank exercises does not change the activity of the core muscles, and also the level of their activity increases through the gradual addition in the body angle.

Chronic back pain is one of the most common problems in today's society that has recently increased due to inactivity, so various methods of rehabilitation are being studied. The aim of this study was to Comparison of the Effect of Core Stability exercises at both stable and unstable levels on pain, height control and quality of life in women with chronic low back pain.

Twenty female patients with chronic low back pain were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 10) stable and unstable (trampoline). Pain (by visual pain scale), static balance (by stork test), dynamic balance (by Y test) and quality of life (by SF36 questionnaire) were measured before and after the 8 week intervention. Subsequently, patients in both groups received their own training, three sessions every week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA in SPSS software.

The results showed that the intergroup interaction in the variables of pain, quality of life, static and dynamic balance was significant with the superiority of the unstable level group (P <0.05).

The results of the study indicate that exercises for both stable and unstable surface effectively improve pain, increase balance and improve the quality of life of the subjects. The results, however, show that the variables in the unstable training group (trampoline) have significantly improved compared to the other group, so this method can be used as a complementary treatment modality for patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. .

The institution of public rights is mentioned in Article 156 of the Constitution as one of the major goals of the judiciary in order to realize the rights of the people. There are various aspects to this legal institution including the principles, definition and nature of dissent. The views of Islamic scholars are among the theoretical foundations of the institution of public law. On the other hand, one of the ways to reach a consensus on the institution of public rights is to explain the legal institution similar to collective rights in the sense of "public rights" in international as well as Western views and doctrine. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, the present study draws on the explanation of the views of Islamic and Western thinkers, and seeks to pinpoint the extent of quality and quantity to which the two public rights-collective rights institutions are similar. In this research and in each section, the nature, definition and principles of each of the legal institutions of public rights and collective rights from the perspective of Islamic and Western thinkers have been studied and analyzed. Based on these analyses, it has been determined that based on the reading of the beliefs and ethics of the Islamic Foundation, public rights encompasses a wide range of individual and socialized rights and is more in line with collective rights than the readings of Sharia and jurisprudence based on public rights- which, of course, contains only the socialized individual rights.

 Recognizing the physical fitness and functional capacity of military personnel is one of the important concerns of the country's armed forces. The purpose of this study was to compare the factors of physical fitness among law enforcement personnel.

 For this purpose, 20 members of the special police forces have been selected by simple random sampling. Then this number was randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control group.The intervention group was given physical exercises for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, physical fitness tests (sit ups, knee tuck jump, chin ups, 60 meters speed running, agility test, push ups and Cooper test) were taken from both intervention and control groups.In this study, we examine the effects of physical fitness exercises on special police forces in the intervention and control groups. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests have been used in the research.Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney f and t-tests and the normality of the data was assessed by Shapirovilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. In this study, SPSS software version 26 with a significance level of p = 0.05 was used.

 Selected exercises have an effect on physical fitness factors such as (push ups, sit ups, chin ups and Cooper test). The 4×9 agility test and the knee tuck jump between the experimental and control groups did not have a significant effect. Mean number of sit ups (74), chin ups (34.6), push ups (79.61) and test time of 3200 meters (10.95) per minute were obtained.

 In the staff of the special unit of the police force, physical fitness factors, such as: 60 meters, knee tuck jump and agility should be strengthened.

Older adults’ ability to walk and turn is a crucial factor in quality independent living. This study aimed to investigate the effect of turning training in comparison with balance training on balance performance, mobility, turning, and fear of falling in older adults. therefore 45 eligible elderly males at least 60 years old were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (turning and balance training) and a control group (n=15). Each experimental group performed their training program for 12 weeks. Static and dynamic balance, functional balance and mobility, straight walking, turning walking, and fear of falling were measured through force plate, Timed Up and Go Test, 10 Meter Walk Test, Figure of 8 Walk Test, and Falls Efficacy Scale-International respectively. Both turning and balance training were effective in improving static, dynamic, and functional balance, straight walking, and decreasing the fear of falling in both training groups compared to the control group. Turning training improved turning performance compared to balance training and the control groups and had a more effect on improving functional balance than balance training. The use of the turning components in training not only has the effects of balance training but also has more effects on improving performance in turning tasks in older adults. Due to the extent of turning situations in daily activities and its potential risk for older adults, it is recommended to use the turning components and perform the turning training in older adults.

Examining the variables of plantar pressure today gives a correct understanding of the possible damage to the plantar. The present study was the effect of six weeks of trampoline exercises on the balance and quality of life of people with diabetic neuropathy.

The present research is an applied and semi-experimental research in which a pre-test and post-test with a control group were used. 30 neuropathy patients were selected in a purposeful and available manner, and then they were randomly divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group did 3 sessions and each session include 40 minutes for trampoline training. Before and after the exercise period, the static and dynamic balance and the quality of life were evaluated by the foot scan machine and the quality of life questionnaire for diabetic patients (DQOL-BCI), respectively.

The inferential analysis of the data was done using the paired t-test (p=0.05). The research results showed that trampoline exercises on dynamic balance (p=0.001), static balance (p=0.005) and quality It had an effect on the life of neuropathy patients (p=0.01).

According to the findings of the research, six weeks of trampoline exercises have a positive effect on the static and dynamic balance and quality of life of patients with diabetic neuropathy, and these exercises can be used in the physical rehabilitation process of diabetic patients.

Some of the international treaties have been concluded in order to harmonize the procedures of countries in adopting the desired criminal policy in Combating threats that target public order beyond a specific country. Due to the principle of legality, the national implementation of such treaties with penal provisions is fraught with challenges.In the present article, it is determined by a descriptive analytical method that these treaties are the source of legislation in most systems, although in Muslim countries with a legal system based on Islamic law, the Shari'a standards do not allow their acceptance. If the treaty passed by the parliament is self-executing, it will not be a problem for the national courts to recognize it as valid, although the implementation of the provisions of the treaties, especially in the criminal dimension, often requires the enactment of a supplementary Act. The interpretation of these regulations is within the Jurisdiction of the national judge, and in case of conflict, different solutions have been offered according to the approach of the legal system, Which is Affected by the position of treaties in the hierarchy of internal regulations and the approach to the theory of unity or duality. The rules of criminal law also do not allow the retroactivity of these provisions, However, in some countries this rule has been violated.

One of the challenges of the administrative system is the emergence of conflicts of interest among employees, which can imperil the public interests related to their job duties due to the motivation to pursue personal interests. The corrupting capacity of such a situation challenges the static stance of some systems in not intervening until the actualization of the abuses of those involved, and demonstrates the need to design an effective criminal policy that can counter this with the proper use of formal sanctions. In the present study, the reactionary rather than preventive responses to the criminal policy of the Persian Gulf countries regarding the conflict of interest situation have been studied in a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that some countries, such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have adopted a delinquentization approach to conflict of interest, in which they deal with violators by administrative and disciplinary sanctions. This is while countries like Iraq, Oman and Kuwait use the criminal sanctions. Items such as activities and cooperation with private institutions related to government employment, holding stocks in private institutions related to the employee's job, refusing to forgo personal interest or resignation from a government job that creates conflict, refusing to render financial statements of employees who are exposed to conflicts of interest as well as abuse of job position in conflict of interest situations where it is not covered by the usual offenses in criminal law are among the examples that have faced formal and especially criminal sanctions in the criminal policy of these countries.