فردین مهرابیان

 Providing, maintaining and improving the health level of children under one year as a vulnerable group has a special place in healthcare services. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the frequency of mortality of children under one year of age in Guilan province.

 This study is descriptive-analytical cross-sectional type Recorded information related to the deaths of children under 1 year old in the program of the child death care system, including demographic characteristics (age, sex of the deceased, place of residence and city) and causes of death of children aged 1-12 months based on international classification and files. Hospital data were collected and measured according to ethical considerations.

In this study, 1002 children and infants who died in Guilan province were included in the study. The frequency of death of children under one month (81.4%) and one month to one year (18.6%) and also the frequency of death of boys under one year was higher than girls. The most common causes of death of children under one year of age were birth defects, heart and respiratory disorders, infectious diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and accidents, respectively.

 Due to the difference in the causes of death of children under one year old and babies in different years, new statistical protocols should be developed as well as strict monitoring processes to identify the factors that increase the death of babies and children in a short period of time.

Oral and dental diseases, especially caries and periodontal diseases, are among the most common diseases in the world. This study aimed to determine the factors related to tooth brushing behavior in high school students based on the health belief model.

The present study is of a descriptive cross-sectional type. The sampling was done by random classification in two classes of girls' and boys' schools on 400 ninth-grade students from six cities east of Guilan Province, Iran, in 2022. The study instrument was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, knowledge, constructs of the health belief model, and brushing behavior. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using the chi-square test and Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted relationship.

Direct and weak linear correlations were observed between the state of desirable brushing behavior with knowledge scores (r=0.15), self-efficacy constructs (r=0.25), and perceived benefits (r=0.22). Also, an inverse and significant correlation was observed between behavior and perceived barrier (r=-0.24). Based on logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and socioeconomic status, the variables of knowledge (OR=1.11; 95%CI, 1.02%-1.21%), self-efficacy (OR=1.10; 95%CI, 1.05%-1.51%), and perceived barrier (OR=0.97; 95% CI, 0.95%-0.99%) had independent and significant relationships with desirable tooth brushing behavior.

Considering the low level of desirable tooth brushing behavior and the low average knowledge score, it is necessary to take appropriate interventions to provide, maintain, and improve students' oral health.

Nurses are one of the most important elements of health care system that have been in a stressful situation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and sources of nurses' occupational stressand identify related factors during this period.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 392 nurses of Rasht educational and medical centers in January to March 2021 selected with stratified random method. Demographic and occupational stress data (by Expanded Nursing Stress Scale questionnaire) werecollected. Data analyses performed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression models with SPSS software version 26.

The mean age of nurses were 37.8±8.8 years old. Stress was mild in 62% of nurses, moderate in 20% and severe in 2%. Death and dying situation (1/78±0/74), uncertainty concerning treatments (1.71±0.72) and workload (1.69±0.68), expressed higher occupational stress. Working in the intensive care units or emergency ward, higher education, excessive hours of work and female gender were independently predictors of more occupational stress and these characteristics determined 15% of the variance of stress scores.

Stress related to the job during the Covid-19 pandemic is high, and stress in the workplace, especially in intensive care units and emergency ward, should be reduced and standard work shifts should be developed. Furthermore, training of stress management in situations of patients’ death and dying, high workload and uncertainty concerning treatment in pandemic conditions for at risk population of nurses should be done.

Spousal abuse in pregnancy leads to adverse consequences in mother and neonate and its prevalence is far higher than other dangerous complications during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of spousal abuse during pregnancy and its related factors in Guilan Province.

This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study included 1541 parous women referring to 160 selected health care delivery units for their babies' two-month vaccination in 2019. We used random multi-stage cluster sampling for sample collection. Data were collected using a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire consisted of demographic variables and spouse abuse questionnaire during pregnancy. Using SPSS-26 software, data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical tests such as mean, chi-square and binary logistic regression. α <0.05 was considered significant.

The mean (SD) age of the women participating in the study was 29.2±5.6 years. The overall prevalence rate of spousal abuse in pregnancy was 71.3% and women had been abused by their spouses at least once during pregnancy with frequency of "sometimes" to "always". The prevalence rates of emotional (the most common), physical and sexual violence were 69.5%, 32.2% and 15.1% respectively. Husbands' substance abuse (Odd Ratio-OR= 2.38, 95% CI: 1.7, 3.34), couples' dissatisfaction of the gender of the fetus (OR= 1.91, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.35), lack of family support for mothers (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.57) and extended family (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.84) were found to be positively and significantly associated with spousal abuse during pregnancy.

Use of effective strategies in order to reduce the factors associated with spousal abuse can be effective in preventing and decreasing the rate of this social problem and its negative consequences.

Students are the main parts of society and their health is very important. Today, the mental health of students because of many problems is at risk. Researchers are trying to improve students' health by examining various aspects of mental health and its related factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the mental health status of the students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences and the factors affecting it.

This  is a cross-sectional-analytical study that was performed on 150 students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 1399. Convenient nonprobable sampling was used and the data collection instruments consisted of two parts: demographic information and the Goldberg 28-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test through SPSS.

In this study, 80.5% of the students had optimal general health and 19.5% of the students had general disorders. In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the duration of the study by the students in terms of depression. (P=0.023)

According to the results, most of the students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences are in good mental health. However, maintaining and promoting the psychological dimension of students' health requires the provision of preventive measures and counseling services to students.

 Hypertension is an important health problem and one of the most important causes of disability and mortality. 
Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of an educational program based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on self-care behaviors in hypertensive patients.

This is a clinical trial conducted on 180 patients with hypertension referred to health centers in Rasht, Iran in 2014. They were divided into two intervention (n=75) and control (n=75) groups.  Data collection tools included a demographic form, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Food Frequency Questionnaire, and a TPB  questionnaire with five constructs including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and behavioral intention related to hypertension. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 18 software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

 Before intervention, two groups were similar  in terms of the scores TPB constructs. After intervention, the mean scores of attitude changed from 4.51 to 4.58; mean scores of subjective norms changed from 4.16 to 4.19; mean scores of perceived behavior control changed from 3.64 to 4.23; and mean scores of behavioral intention changed from 3.88 to 4.24. These differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). No difference was observed in the control group.

 An educational program based on TPB can promote the self-care behaviors among hypertensive patients.

Manpower consider as the most valuable asset and resource organization in the world today. Job satisfaction is the main factor of employees’ job performance and it leads to increase productivity and satisfaction in individuals. Organizational managers in order to achieving ideal goal should present more comprehensive image of the jobs’ satisfaction employees. This study has been done to investigate Faculty members’ job satisfaction in GUMS.

This descriptive- cross sectional study has been done on 186 basic sciences and clinical faculty members of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing& midwifery  ,paramedical and health school in Guilan university of medical sciences in the years 2018 to 2019. Reaserch tool was standard job satisfaction questionnaire of smith, kendall & Hulin in two parts including: personal information and questionnaire with 45 questions in 6 domains: salary &benefits, upgrade opportunities and personal growth, how to supervise and connections, psychological conditions and job security, physical conditions and the nature of work. Data were analyzed by statistical indicators frequency (percent), Mean (standard deviation) and, kruskal- wallis ,pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests through SPSS.

Findings show that the Mean score of different domains of job satisfaction was between 1 to 5 as follow: the nature of work (3.9±0.8), management, how to supervise and connections (3.3±0.7), physical conditions and the nature of work (3.1±0.8) psychological conditions and job security (3.1±0.9), upgrade opportunities and personal growth (3.0±0.7) and salary &benefits (2.8±0.8). Satisfaction in all domains was on average Mean except nature of work domain was desirable. Results of Pearson correlation test show that among satisfaction level and different domains , the most positive correlation respectively related to psychological conditions and job security, job management aspect (how to supervise and connections), upgrade opportunities and personal growth, physical conditions and the workplace, nature of work , salary &benefits (correlation coefficient between 0.705 to 0.905).Totally age, total years of service, type of employment and educational groups of faculty members, explain satisfaction variance score (3 to 18) in different domains.

Satisfaction in all domains was moderate only in jobs’ nature was desirable. It is suggested in subsequent study the reasons of less satisfaction in young and junior faculties also in clinical faculties considered.

Given the importance of adolescents’ health, especially girls and the inadequacy of dairy consumption around the world, we examined the psychological factors associated with dairy consumption behavior. Therefore, this study was conducted on high school girls.

The present descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 385 female high school students in Shaft City during 2019 using the census method. The survey questionnaire consisted of demographic information, knowledge structure, perceived self-efficacy, and dairy consumption behavior completed by students. To analyze the results,  Chi- Square tests, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple logistic regression were used via SPSS 21 software.

In total, 221 people (57.7%) consumed less than 2 units and 162 people (42.3) consumed more than 2 units of dairy products per day. The average scores of self-efficacy and knowledge constructs were 23.20 ± 6.6 (average) and 19.1± 3.05, respectively (at a good level). No significant correlation was found between perceived self-efficacy and dairy consumption behavior r = 0. 199 (p <0.05). Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between knowledge and behavior (p> 0.05, r =- 0.25). The results of multiple logistic regression showed the predictive power of the perceived self-efficacy structure in dairy consumption behavior with an odds ratio of 1.052 (with a confidence interval of 95%: 1.089-1.016).

Perceived self-efficacy predicted the behavior of dairy consumption in the studied students. So, educational interventions in schools should focus more on promoting the perceptions and nutritional attitudes.

Abstract

The ability to record the value of human assets in a financial statement is one of the requirements of modern human resource management.

Design a model for estimating the value of human assets using a non-monetary valuation approach in Guilan University of Medical Sciences and prioritizing its indicators.

The research method was combination type. Dimensions and components that affect the assessment of human asset value were extracted from library studies and research background. Semi-structured interviews with 45 teachers and senior managers of the university were done by Purposeful Judgment (theoretical) sampling. Qualitative analysis of interview data was performed by content analysis method and categorization of indices with open and axial and selected coding. Distributing the questionnaire and collecting the comments of 376 university staff and conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor and hierarchical analysis were carried out.

A model of assessment human asset value was presented with 5 dimensions including: ability dimension with knowledge, leadership, skill, innovation components and performance dimension with the components of productivity, participation, commitment and potential dimension with education, talent components and attitude dimension with humility, organizational commitment, honesty, job satisfaction, balance of work and life, organizational identity components, organizational climate dimension with technological readiness, organizational culture, and human resource priorities components.

The results showed that the components of honesty, leadership, priority of human resources, individual productivity and ability dimension among the five dimensions had the highest priority in the sample.

Considering the effective role of nutritional behaviors in the health of individuals, the family and society also importance of the health volunteers as a one of the most important circles of community health care system in providing education to individuals; developing of these volunteers’ competence in order to promote public health is critical. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention based on PRECEDE PROCEED Model on Nutritional Behavior in Health Volunteers. This research was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 153 health authorities in Rasht. The research instrument was a self-report, reliable and valid and based on the PRECEDE PROCEED model, completed in two periods before and two months after intervention by the groups. Using this tool, predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), enabling factors, reinforcing factors and nutritional behavior were measured. After pre-test, 4 educational session classes were performed in intervention group. Data were analyzed by SPSS18 and one-sample and two-sample Kolmogrof-smirnov, Chi-square, T-Test, Paired T-Test, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon. Linear regression test showed that PRECEDE PROCEED Model structures altogether account for 40 percent of healthy dietary behavior changes (R2=0.400, P<0.0001). Among the structures, Attitude (β=0.396, P<0.0001) was the most important predicting factor. The mean scores of Knowledge (P<0.0001), Attitude (P<0.0001), Enabling factors (P<0.0001) and health nutritional behavior (P<0.0001) in the intervention group were significantly different from those of control group after the educational intervention. The study results indicate a positive effect of educational intervention program based on PRECEDE PROCEED Model and components (Predisposing and Enabling factors) on the promotion of health Nutritional Behavior of Health Volunteers.
Conflict of interest: non declared

Change in the health system is always considered as the main concern of governments which in turn may have many positive and negative effects. The health sector development plan is one of the programs aiming at improving the therapeutic and economic dimensions of families, given priority by the 11th government of Iran, and is expected to improve performance of the medical sciences universities and their affiliated hospitals, in addition to develop their educational, health, research and cultural systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate technical efficiency of 22 public hospitals of Guilan university of medical science before (April 2013 to March 2014) and after (April 2014 to March 2015) implementation of health sector development plan, using data envelopment analysis approach and in accordance with the production of undesirable factors.
Materials and Methods The current research is a descriptive-analytical type and also a cross sectional one. The research population includes 22 public hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, with enumeration chosen as the sampling method and the data were collected from documents. Finally, the collected data were analyzed based on the coding the DEA weak disposability model in GAMS software. The findings indicate that before implementation of health sector development plan (2013- 2014), 14 hospitals (63%) were efficient, while after its implementation (2014-2015), number of efficient hospitals increased to 16 units (73%). The average of technical efficiency also computed as 0.954 and 0.958, respectively. Although, observing the effects of changes in social systems often requires time lapse, however, one year after the implementation of the health system development plan, the average of performance in public hospitals of Guilan province was improved.
Conflict of interest: non declared

Prevalence of obesity and overweight is higher among females than males studying in Iranian elementary school students. Unhealthy food habits have been nominated as a risk factor for obesity. This study aimed to investigate correlation between nutritional behavior, overweight, and obesity in female students of elementary school in Anzali in 2016.
In this descriptive-correlational study, 210 female elementary school students were randomly selected by double stages sampling in 10 schools. Data were collected by a researcher-designed questionnaire including demographic data and nutritional behavior with three sections: nutritional condition, nutritional habits and food classification. Anthropometric measurment were done by scales and meterbar. Content validity and relablity of questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed by 10 experts from school of health and Cronbach's alpha index (a= 0.75). Data were analyzed with SPSS (ver 16) using chi-square, correlation and fisher tests.
There was a significant correlation between elimination of main meals, obesity and overweight (p Because the nutritional behavior of female elementary school is related to obesity and being overweight; therefore using healthy foods in main meals and elimination of eating unhealthy and junk food is essential.

Turnover intention is influenced by several factors in the organization. The current study aimed at determining the correlation between perception of performance appraisal policies, and job satisfaction and turnover intention in the staff of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
The current descriptive-correlational study was conducted on the 693 personnel of Guilan University of Medical Sciences on the statistical population. Considering the total number of statistical population and according to the Morgan table 248, of which were selected by simple random sampling method. To collect data, the poon performance appraisal policies questionnaire and the turnover intention questionnaire developed by Longo and Mura, Jenkins and Thomlinson employee’s intention to turnover questionnaire and Minnesota job satisfaction questionnaire were used. Validity was assessed through content validity, convergent, and divergent validity. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 19 as well as SmartPLS 2 software.
There was a positive and significant correlation between performance appraisal policies and job satisfaction (β = 0.768), and negative relationship with turnover intention (β = -0.358); in addition, there was a negative and significant relationship between job satisfaction and intention to staff turnover (β = -0.436).
Employee’s perception of motivational policies of performance appraisal has a direct relationship with job satisfaction and inverse relationship with turnover intention. Also, more job satisfaction leads to a reduced employees turnover intention. Also, job satisfaction further leads to a decrease in the employee’s turnover intention. It is suggested that authorities pay more attention to the job promotion and job opportunities in order to increase job satisfaction in the personnel.

Living without mobility and physical inactivity considered as one of the main modifiable causes of heart (cardiac) diseases. This study aimed to implement an educational program by using the theory of planned behavior to improve the physical activity of hypertensive patients.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 150 patients with hypertension, referred to centers number 13 and 14 of Rasht in two intervention and control groups. The study tools were standardized GPAC questionnaire and physical activity related questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software.
The mean age of participants was 56.08 years, of which 76% were female and 24% were male. The mean and standard deviation of physical activity MET / MIN / WEAK were evaluated in five sections of total physical activity, physical activity at work, physical activity in displacement, physical activity of leisure and sitting state. The results showed that there was no significant difference in two groups before the intervention, and after that, there was a significant increase in total physical activity, physical activity at work and physical activity during sitting position in the intervention group, and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients (p The increasing of physical activity in hypertensive patients is effective in the quality of their self-care behaviors and it is necessary to educate in this category in the community level to promote healthy lifestyle.

Job Satisfaction is a perception that improves employees’ productivity, motivation and empowers them. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting it and paying attention to emotional intelligence can provide the basis for increasing job satisfaction.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction considering the mediator role of job burnout, emotional Labor, emotional inconsistency, personality deprivation and deficiency of individual success in the Staff of Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Material and This research used descriptive and cross-sectional method. The study population included 413 staffs from the faculties of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The sample was determined 200 people using Cochran’s formula. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was done for this questionnaire and also its reliability studied using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data using Lisrel software.
The results showed that emotional intelligence affects emotional inconsistency, emotional exhaustion, emotional Labor, job satisfaction, deficiency of individual success and deprivation of personality. Also, emotional inconsistency affects on emotional exhaustion, deficiency of individual success, job satisfaction and personality deprivation. In addition, the results show that emotional exhaustion affects deprivation of personality, deficiency of individual success and job satisfaction and finally, the deficiency of individual success affects job satisfaction.
Considering the relationship between job satisfaction with job burnout, emotional intelligence and emotional inconsistency, it would be helpful for managers to implement programs to increase employee satisfaction and self-efficacy and provide a context for reducing job burnout.

Nowadays organizations are in dynamic environments that continuously change in consideration of economics, politics, social factors, and technology. In this condition it is believed that information technology (IT) can increase the capabilities of organizations, as well as reduce the costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors, their variables and their impact on the application and use of IT in health insurance organizations in Guilan province.
This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016. The population study included 45 experts in the health insurance industry in Rasht city and 16 other cities of Guilan province, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire including 6 dimensions of managerial, human source, cultural, environmental, organizational and technological factors. The questionnaires were completed by health insurance industry experts. Then, the collected data were analyzed using the hierarchical analysis process using Expert Choice software version 11.
The findings of the study demonstrated that the ranking of factors (and variables) which affect the optimum use of IT in the health insurance industry from the expert's viewpoints were inclusion of the managerial factor (the variable of motivation and necessary support for managers), the environmental factor (the variable of the existence of an integrated network in the country), organizational factor (the variable of sufficient budget for hardware and software equipment), technological factor (the variable of facilitating the application and use of IT), human source factor (the variable of passing related training courses for staff and reducing staff resistance to change), and cultural factor (the variable of familiarity of people and authorities with IT performance), respectively.
In order to optimize the use of IT in the insurance industry in Guilan province, conducting IT training courses, reducing staff resistance to changes, familiarity with the performance of IT, developing and upgrading hardware and software components are the most important aspects.

Spirituality and spiritual growth have increasingly attracted the attention of mental health specialists in the past decades. One component of healthy lifestyle is paying attention to spiritual needs.The goal of this survey is to study the spirituality among students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of spirituality among students at Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the fall of 2015.A total of 357 students from Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected through quota sampling data collection the standard five-item Likert-scale distribution. The scores for 'spirituality' were between 0 and 172, for 'spiritual outlook' between 0 and 96 and for 'spiritual ability' from 0 to 76. Analysis of data was done using statistical software SPSS21, and with descriptive and inferential statistics and indicators
The mean score of students in the field of spirituality was 120.05 ± 20.24, in spiritual attitudes was 65.49 ± 13.05 and in spiritual ability was 54.56± 9.15.There was a direct and positive correlation between scores of spiritual ability and spiritual attitudes (p = 0.0001, r = 0.651).Significant difference was observed between the scores obtained from the spirituality questionnaire based on marital status, age and the school of education (p = 0.038, p = 0.0001, p = 0.001).
The results show the importance of addressing the issue of spirituality among students of medical groups. The planning for promotion of spirituality of students seems necessary. Encouraging marriage, especially during the time of studying, and the co-operation of school authorities are important to the improvement of the spiritual atmosphere.

The services provided to the prehospital patients and their level of satisfaction may confirm the quality of prehospital emergency services. Therefore, patient's satisfaction is recognized as a key indicator of service quality.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the patient's level of satisfaction with the prehospital emergency services in city of Rasht
The participants in this descriptive research were 216 patients, transported to the hospital by 9 urban and road emergency bases in Rasht from the February 20, 2016to the June 20, 2016 . The patients were selected through quoting-random sampling method and the data were collected out of satisfaction measuring standard questionnaire. It consisted of two parts, the first part of which containing demographic and personal information, and the second part containing 23 questions. The obtained information was analyzed using SPSS 19 application through Pierson correlation test, independent T, and one way variance.
The results showed that among satisfaction areas, the highest level of satisfaction, with an average of 4.43 is the performance of prehospital emergencies and the lowest one with an average of 4.04 is concerned with the performance of the technicians. The average satisfaction with the general prehospital services is 4.49 which demonstrates a good level of satisfaction. There is a significant difference between satisfaction with prehospital emergency services in terms of age, history of using prehospital emergency services, time of the mission and having a relation to the health care system. The average satisfaction of emergency patients with behavior of technicians and their expertness is higher than that of non-emergency patients
In order to promote the level of satisfaction of patients, it is necessary to increase the level of skills and abilities of emergency technicians and develop specialized training courses for emergency technicians. Equipping ambulances with modern medical equipment and ambulance cleanliness, uniformity of clothing, and the regularity of emergency staff are emphasized,too.

Health and behavior are related to each other and many diseases are originated from individual's unhealthy behavior and habits. Therefore prediction or determination of the behavior is useful to explore effective measures to promote health and reduce risk of the diseases. This study was aimed to determine the effective factors on healthy nutritional behavior of health volunteers based on precede proceed model.
This research was a descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study. Research population was all the 153 active health volunteers in Rasht urban health centers and health posts in 2015. Data collection tool was a self-report, reliable and valid questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS18.
The mean age of the health volunteers was 43.03±9.11. All Precede Proceed model structures including: knowledge (β=0.296, p Attitude, knowledge, reinforcing, and enabling factors were respectively the most effective factors on nutritional behavior. Attitude and enabling factors status were desirable and other constructs were in moderate level. Considering positive correlations between Precede model constructs and nutritional behavior of health volunteers; appropriate educational intervention based on Precede Proceed Model is recommended to promote nutritional behaviors.

Nowadays aging and disability arising from it, is considered as one of the most important concerns of human societies because life expectancy has increased due to increasing public health and hygiene and the percentage of people who reach to old age is extremely going up. On the other hand, the percentage of elderly population to total population with falling birth rate and thus reducing the population growth has increased. According to this fact, considering to stay healthy and having a healthy old age has become a priority, otherwise high costs arising from disability and treatment of it , would be imposed on society. This study, aimed to determine the age of onset of disability and causes of it in elderly people, was done to help the custodians of hygiene and public health to do targeted efforts to delay the age of onset of disability and eliminate its causes.
This study, aimed to determine the age of onset of disability and causes of it in elderly people, was done to help the custodians of hygiene and public health to do targeted efforts to delay the age of onset of disability and eliminate its causes.
In this descriptive , analytical and cross-sectional study all elderly people of Hospice of disabled and elderly people of Rasht (201 persons) were be counted and investigated in March 2015.Receips card in library studies and questionnaire and interview in the field part were data gathering tools. Data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 18 and descriptive and inferential statistics indicators.
this study showed that in both mobility and marital status there were significant differences in age at onset of disability between individuals with or without these features as the average age of onset of disabled people with low and very low mobility were 69.5 and in people with high and very high mobility were 76.1, and the average age of onset of disability in singles (celibates) were 68.9 and in married with children were 75.7. There were also differences in age of onset of disability in other features, although not significant, they could not be easily ignored.
According to the result of this study, all individuals in the society must be informed with clear proposals particularly in the fields of mobility and marital status about the benefits of physical activity and its role in reducing disability during old age by custodians of relevant organizations.

Job stress is a major problem in the modern world and a main concern for organizations. Rescue workers, including firefighters constantly exposed to toxins, high emotional shock and stress resulted from physical injuries while performing their duty. Development of job stress in firefighters decreases occupational motivation and ultimately leads to productivity reduction. There is no problem even if the work is inherently stressful, but when a person loses a sense of control, higher stress takes over him. People who are better educated have broader solutions to cope with stress.
This study aimed at investigating the effect of stress management education on stress of Rasht firefighters.
This study was a randomized controlled trial. 128 firefighters who completed the first phase of HSE Job Stress Questionnaire and showing higher stress were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in two class sessions of three hours on stress management. Two weeks after the end of the educational session, a questionnaire was distributed and completed for both groups. In the follow-up study after one month, the questionnaire was distributed in the experimental group and the results were evaluated.
The mean score of stress in the experimental and control group changed slightly before and after the intervention. It was observed that the mean increased slightly in the experimental group and decreased slightly in the control group, and this difference was not statistically significant. Of the stress areas, there were statistically significant differences in the relationship and change. In the area of relationship, it was observed statistically significant difference before, two weeks and a month after the intervention (p=0.05). In the area of change, there was a significant decrease in the score of the control group (p=0.03). This reduction was not observed in the experimental group.
Stress management education was effective in improving the area of relationship in the experimental group. It seemed that decline in the area of change in the control group and lack of decrease in the same area in the experimental group was due to remarkable changes and movement at workplace, and the experimental group could adjusted themselves because of receiving stress management education. Based on the results of this study, stress management education was effective in keeping the stress score constant in the experimental group and prevented stress condition worsening. According to the findings of the study and the impact of stress management education to prevent firefighters stress condition worsening, it is suggested that the educational program implemented as a permanent educational plan at the fire stations.

AIDS is the most fatal infection diseases and the fourth cause of death in the world. Health education is the only way to prevent this. This study aims to determine the relative factors of the AIDS prevention based on “The Theory of Planned Behavior” in nursing and midwifery students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
In this descriptive-correlation study, 104 first-year nursing and midwifery students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected through census sampling method. The measuring tool was “AIDS Prevention Planned Behavior Scale” in three parts of demographic information, constructs of “The Theory of Planned Behavior” which includes attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and behavior AIDS prevention. The content validity ratio, content validity index and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS/21.
Linear regression analysis illustrated that “The Theory of Planned Behavior” could predict 28 percent of the behavior of AIDS prevention variance, and this predictive power relates to the behavioral intention construct (B = 0.37, SE = 0.097, P "The Theory of Planned Behavior" has high predictive power in AIDS preventive behaviors in students, through construct of the behavioral intention. Therefore, educational interventions based on this theory is suggested.

considering the importance of human forces in every organization ,high-powered staffs are important factors in survival and creating empowered organization ,so focusing on emotional intelligence as an effective factor on empowerment of staff must be regarded. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and empowerment of health workers in Guilan province.
This is an analytical study. The statistical population included health-care workers in Gilan province that 354 samples were determined by using Cochran formula and simple random sampling. Two instruments were used for data collection: a questionnaire of emotional intelligence Lowe Wong and inventory empowering health centers in Guilan, according to Spreitzer model . To assess validity and reliability of questionnaire, content validity and cronbachs alpha coefficient were used respectively. For analyzing data SPSS software, statistical indicators Pearson correlation, kalmogorov smirnov test and linear regression was used.
The findings indicate the existence of a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and empowerment of health care workers in Gilan. The mean and deviation of research variables, emotional intelligence and employees empowerment was 3.094 and 3.996 respectively. There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence of staff with their empowerment regarding correlation coefficient( 0.914) and R-squared(0.196).
Due to attention to emotional intelligence and its dimensions can anticipate empowerment of staffs, thus it could be holding typical educational program in order to enhancing employees emotional intelligence in organization. focusing on employees idea and creating appropriate situation for transmitting of information as well as improving empowerment of staffs could be effective in improvement of efficiency in organization.

the most important factor in improving workforce productivity is human resources and today in some health organizations, health care centers and hospitals, the reduction of human resources productivity has become a challenge which may be due to lack of efficient use of human resources in the hospital.
the factors affecting productivity of human resources from the perspective of Holy Prophet Hospital staff in Rasht, northern Iran
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the winter of 2014. The target population entered the study were all Prophet Hospital staff consisting of 420 persons in the city of Rasht. Data collection tool was a standardized questionnaire which consisted of two parts: The first part comprised 8 questions about demographic characteristics and the second part 42 questions about the components and variables affecting the productivity of the workforce. Data analysis was done through SPSS software, descriptive statistics and the content was validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and rating of Friedman test.
The environmental conditions with an average rank of 3.72, leadership with an average rank of 3.30, organizational culture with an average rank of 2.99, empowering with 2.87 and motivational factors with average grade 2.12, were the most important factors influencing the productivity of human resources.
Based on these findings, it can be suggested that promoting the environmental conditions, providing appropriate equipment, the dominance of culture and empowering the employees, all together play a role in increasing the efficiency of human resources in the hospitals.

Use of emotional intelligence to face stressful situations determines the type of staff behavior. This study aimed to determine the relation of emotional intelligence with counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior among employees of public hospitals of Rasht city.
This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 234 employees of public hospitals in Rasht. Sampling was performed using infinite population Cochran’s sample size formula and Morgan Table and stratified random sampling method. Data was collected using demographic information and two questionnaires of “Jung & Yoon Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Counterproductive Work Behaviors and Organizational Citizen Behaviors Questionnaire”. Face and content validity and reliability of the instrument were confirmed by 10 experts and Cronbach's alpha was confirmed by 30 of the study samples. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) and LISREL8.5 statistical software.
According to the research model, t- value between two variables of emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behaviors is -7.25 and standard value is -0.68. In addition, the meaningful value between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviors was 6.78 and the standard value was 0.67.
Finding showed that, the emotional intelligence has significant and negative relation with counterproductive work behaviors. Moreover, the emotional intelligence has significant and positive relation with counterproductive work behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested to design and apply long term planning for emotional intelligence for employees.