فرید عسگری

The purpose of the present research is to identify the effective factors on the equalization of the insurance premium rates received in line with the policy of resource management, consumption and financial reserves of the social security organization. The research method was qualitative-quantitative. The statistical community is experts in the subject and 20 people were determined as the sample size by snowball method. The method of data collection in the qualitative section is library and field, and the method of data collection in the quantitative section is by using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire is through the opinions of experts and to check the reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used to analyze the data. Grounded theory method was used in the qualitative part and Delphi method and SPSS5 software were used in the quantitative part. The findings showed that for the model, 37 sub-components were identified that 7 causal factors include the way insurance premiums are paid, the growth of insurance premiums, the rate of insurance premium collection, etc., 8 background factors include the duration of insurance benefits, the number of pensioners, proportionality With the amount of years and ... 7 intervening factors including inflation rate, unemployment rate, value and purchasing power of the national currency and ..., 11 strategies including multi-layer social security system, development of organizational capacity and improvement of management, implementation of policies in the direction of development Management of fund reserves and... 4 consequences including financial and administrative independence, preservation of financial resources to pay future obligations and... the results of the Delphi model indicated the appropriateness of the identified factors

Background of the problem:

 Studying the abundance of natural resources in Iran and its effects on other economic sectors is a very important and broad issue that has spread to other fields such as sociology, political science, and even technical issues. This issue is due to the importance of this section of the national economy and its impact on the surrounding world in critical and even non-critical situations. The first concept that comes to mind when natural resources are mentioned is the resource curse (also known as the paradox of plenty or the poverty paradox), which makes it difficult to accept natural resources as a growth factor. Empirical evidence indicates that most countries dependent on natural resources have low economic development. The high dependence of these countries on the wealth of natural resources can lead to a decrease in the ability to allocate financial resources, through high fluctuations in the real exchange rate and increasing uncertainty in investment decisions. The decrease in financial demand due to the contraction of the tradable sector also hinders economic development on one hand. However, strengthening the financial system can lead to a positive relationship between the wealth of these resources and economic growth in these countries by transferring the income from natural resources to productive investment and the real sector of the economy. On the other hand, the financial sector plays a central role in economic development and growth, because it plays an intermediary role in the allocation of resources to all sectors of the economy, by reducing financing costs and also encouraging savings and their optimal use, it is a significant matter and it contributes to long-term economic growth. Patrick, H.T. (1996) believes that the relationship between financial development and sustainable development depends on the degree of development of each country. In the initial stages of development, the improvement of financial services, the expansion of new financial instruments, and changes in the financial structure lead to economic growth, but in the continuation of the process of economic development, financial developments follow the demand for it, and the demand for newer types of financial tools and services becomes the determining factor and leads to the sustainable development of countries.The purpose of the research: The present study investigated the role of the abundance of natural resources, international trade, and financial development in the economic development of Iran, whether the abundance of natural resources has contributed to the economic growth and development of Iran, and to what extent the role of financial and commercial markets in Iran is that the application of the Kalman Filter Model is examined in detail. The development of the financial sector is very important in resource-rich countries. Because the income from natural resources is one of the most important sources of government income, if they can use these resources and the income attained from them to develop the financial sector, they can achieve economic development. Since the political, economic, and social conditions governing a country can affect how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector of the country, then it can be said that the quality of the institutions of a country affects how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector. Since the political, economic, and social conditions governing a country can affect how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector of the country, then it can be said that the quality of the institutions of a country affects how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector.

The present study examines the role of the abundance of natural resources, international trade, and financial development in the economic development of Iran for the years 1375 to 1400 (Iranian calendar) using the parameter estimation method with variable coefficients and the Kalman Filter Model.

The present study investigated the role of the abundance of natural resources, international trade, and financial development in the economic development of the country and applied the Kalman Filter Model from 1375 to 1400 (Persian Calendar). Economic development is widely affected by economic growth in economic literature. In general, the theoretical literature shows that the abundance of natural resources, international trade, financial development, trade openness, and institutional quality have a positive effect on economic development. However according to the results, the product of financial development and institutional quality in the abundance of natural resources and the inflation rate have a negative effect and the growth rate of oil revenues, commercial freedom, and physical investment have had a positive effect on human development and the country's production growth rate. The research findings offer some possible policy implications. Government institutions improve institutional quality by ensuring the rule of law, effective governance, and property rights. They are necessary to ensure the efficient use of abundant natural resources. Also, to improve the impact of international trade on economic development, regulatory systems should be implemented to minimize the trade deficit. The use of expert human capital, research and development, improvement of institutional quality, and financial development are approaches that can be used to increase investment attraction capacities. These factors better equip countries to benefit from technological advances resulting from international trade and trade openness. The stock market in the country should be strengthened because it is a more effective tool in the share of capital accumulation in economic development. Together, these initiatives boost economic growth, which in turn improves human development; the main channel of influencing financial development is done through increasing investment efficiency, quality of regulations, and reducing economic sanctions and governance indicators. Therefore, the way of financial market liberalization, the weakness of financial system management, the lack of formation of coherent financial markets, and the benefit of regulations in the country can be considered as the reasons for the reduction of investment efficiency through the sub-optimal allocation of resources in the country. As a result, more attention and care should be taken in the country to develop and make the financial markets more efficient, and as a result, allocate resources more efficiently and increase investment efficiency. It is also suggested that the country's banking sector, by optimizing its activities, should try to direct more credits towards productive investment projects of the private sector. Because of the prosperity of the private sector and the increase of competition in the country and the use of economic freedom policies, the development of financial markets has increased and leads to greater dynamism of the economy.

According to the results; the inflation rate, the product of financial development, and institutional quality hurt the abundance of natural resources and the growth rate of oil revenues, commercial freedom, and physical investment have had a positive effect on human development and the economic growth rate of the country. During the studied period, the elasticity of the economic growth rate compared to the financial development in the abundance of natural resources is less than unity and is equal to -0.28 and for human development is equal to 0.07. Furthermore, based on the results, the sensitivity of human development to the institutional quality in the abundance of natural resources is higher than other variables. In other words, the main channel of human development shows its institutional quality. The factor of political stability can have a significant impact on human development and production due to its connection with the outside world. While the possibility of political stability and institutional quality decreases, the motivation for investment decreases. The use of expert human capital, research and development, improvement of institutional quality, and development of financial markets are approaches that can be used to increase investment attraction capacities. Moreover, the prosperity of the private sector, the increase of competition in the country, and the use of economic freedom policies lead to greater economic dynamism.

Investment is considered one of the most important components of economic growth, so that the fluctuations of this variable will cause economic prosperity or stagnation. Based on this, for a long-time theorist have been trying to prepare a model to explain investment behavior and identify the most important factors affecting it. Among the policies implemented in an economy, structural change policies are of great importance. Therefore, in this study, the role of structural change policies (privatization, financial liberalization, trade liberalization) as the most important economic policies on the investment volume in Iran has been investigated.

In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the autoregression model with extended intervals (ARDL) was used. The required information was received from the websites of Central Bank, Iran Statistics Center and Privatization Organization for the period from 1991 to 2020. The variables of the value of transferred assets and the intensity of trade indicate the policy of privatization and trade liberalization, respectively. The variables of floating exchange rate, foreign assets of the central bank and the value of stock transactions to GDP indicate the policy of financial liberalization.

The results of this research showed that only the privatization policy had a positive (non-significant) effect on the country's investment, and the policies of financial liberalization and trade liberalization have different behaviors in the short and long term on domestic investment. The trade liberalization variable has a positive effect in the short term and a negative effect on investment in the long term. Examining the variables that make up the financial liberalization policy shows that financial liberalization has no significant effect on investment in the short term, and the effect of this policy is significant in the long term. Each of the coefficients of the variables of the central bank's foreign assets, free exchange rate, value of stock transactions to GDP is equal to -0.05, -0.24 and 0.26 respectively. Among the mentioned variables, the free exchange rate and the value of stock transactions have a significant effect on domestic investment. The effect of these two variables on investment is positive (0.02) in the long term, also the total price index variables and the ratio of construction expenditures to current will cause a decrease and the gross domestic product will cause an increase in investment. The value of the estimated error correction coefficient (-0.85) shows that 85% of domestic investment imbalances are eliminated in each period. In other words, the imbalance in domestic investment will be resolved in less than two periods (2 years).

The extensive changes caused by the implementation of structural change policies in different countries led to the study of the effects of financial liberalization and trade liberalization policies on the country's investment during the period from 1991 to 2020. The results of the estimation of the autoregression model with wide intervals show that only the privatization policy has a positive (non-significant) effect on the country's investment, and the policies of financial liberalization and trade liberalization have different behaviors in the short and long term on investment. They have internal Therefore, it is recommended that in the implementation of the aforementioned policies, their possible results are predicted in advance and appropriate measures are taken to compensate for the short-term negative effects. Increasing the degree of openness of the economy, which requires the acceleration of trade exchanges, will increase investment in the country in the short term. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to provide the grounds for attracting domestic investment by reforming the appropriate structure in this sector. Also, in order to eliminate the negative effects of the implementation of this policy in the long term, it is necessary to specify a limit on the level of trade liberalization in the country in order to reduce the negative effects of this policy in the long term. Considering the effect of the total price index on investment, it is recommended that the government always pays attention to the creation of economic stability and the control of the inflation rate, because inflation (price index) in addition to reducing the real interest rate, has caused an increase in uncertainty about the future. and reduces investment. Considering the positive effect of the country's gross domestic product on investment, one of the most important recommendations for the growth of investment in the country is to adopt growth-oriented policies. Also, due to the variable negative effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to current expenditures in this study, it is necessary to change the balance of government expenditures (construction and current expenditures) in favor of the country's construction expenditures, in addition to implementing financial expansion policies for the growth of the economy. investment in the country will increase. So that the results of this study showed that the low share of construction expenses compared to current expenses caused the effect of government expenses (the ratio of these two expenses to each other) on domestic investment to be evaluated negatively.

The present study examines the impact of macroeconomic uncertainties on private sector investment decisions in the Iranian economy. Therefore, macroeconomic uncertainty vectors for four indicators, including inflation, exchange rate, government spending, and oil revenues have been estimated using generalized conditional variance (GARCH) and the impact of each macroeconomic uncertainty on investment in investment. Separately, according to the model estimation of generalized torque (GMM) with seasonal data during the years of 1378-1399. The findings of the study indicate that economic uncertainties have had a negative and significant impact on a statistical influence on private investment in Iran during the period. In addition, inflationary uncertainty has had a greater effect on reducing investment than other variables. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers consider economic growth, the policy of adjusting and stabilizing prices to stabilize the economy and reduce uncertainty. , inflationary uncertainty has had a greater effect on reducing investment than other variables. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers consider economic growth, the policy of adjusting and stabilizing prices to stabilize the economy and reduce uncertainty.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the employer's insurance premium rate on the operating profit of each share and the change in the net sales income of the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This study, in terms of the type of research; Correlation is cross-sectional and is considered practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the research included 666 companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange from the beginning of 2012 to the end of 2018, of which 111 companies were selected as a sample by systematic elimination method. In descriptive statistics, community parameters, including central indicators and community dispersion, were measured and information was analyzed using the regression method based on combined data and Hausman's tests, F (Limer)It was done by the software Oviz. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the insurance rate of the employer's share, the operating profit per share and the change in the net sales income of the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Therefore, it is better for the social security organization to consider the insurance premium rate according to the inflationary conditions and labor income in order to support the industries in attracting labor and the high insurance premium rate does not cause the company managers to increase the total price. to find goods and services.

The industrial sector and its growth is one of the most important performance indicators of the economy at the macro level and achieving a higher growth rate in this sector is one of the important goals of any economic system. Therefore, it is important to study the factors that affect the development of the industrial sector and improve the predictability of this sector. A review of the literature on the development of industry in the economy shows that one of the most important factors affecting its development is the stability of macroeconomics in both economic and political sectors, so that economists today have accepted that economic and political stability is a necessary condition for growth. It is high and continuous in the industry sector of the economy. In this regard, in the present study, the role of political and economic uncertainties on improving the predictability of industrial sector activities in Iran during the period 1991 to 1399 has been investigated. GMM generalized torque method was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that economic and political uncertainties have had negative and significant effects on the development of the industrial sector in Iran. It was also observed that considering political and economic uncertainties can improve the predictability of industrial sector activities. Accordingly, it is concluded that macroeconomic and policy policies in the country should be implemented a way that does not harm economic stability and thus the development of the industrial in the country.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current approach through the development and measurement of a scale to evaluate the availability of big data as well as the role and performance of big data prioritization in decision making. This research is a descriptive-correlation type that was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population of this research was made up of managers and experts of Iran Khodro Company in Zanjan city in 1400, whose number is 108 people.To determine the sample size, the sample size estimation table of Karjesi and Morgan was used and the sample size was estimated to be 84 people, and to select the statistical sample of the research, a simple random sampling method was used. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire whose validity is obtained by obtaining opinions Professors and experts were obtained in the fields of industrial management. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested and confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used with the help of Spss and Smart-PLS software.The results of this research showed that the availability of big data has a positive and significant effect on SCM decision-making and big data ideation (BDP). Also, the results of the research showed that the size of big data ideation (BDP) using big data on SCM decision-making and the use of big data in SCM decision-making has a positive and significant effect on SCM performance.

One of the important and effective success factors in development planning is the knowledge of the structure and potential of different sectors in the economy. Transportation, warehousing and communication sub-sectors are among the sectors of the country's economy, which have a significant share in the gross national product, and therefore, the factors affecting its added value should be considered by economic policy makers. On the other hand, in the direction of formulation and macro-economic decisions, the amount and direction of influence (symmetry or asymmetry) of monetary policies, including changes in the volume of liquidity, on macro-variables has always been the concern of economic policymakers. Therefore, in the upcoming study, we will dynamically examine the direction and degree of influence of the added value of the transportation, warehousing and communication sub-sector from asymmetric changes in the volume of liquidity using time series data annually during the period 1363 to 1398 and for For this purpose, the autoregression model with non-linear distribution breaks and the edge test approach have been used. The results show that there is a long-term relationship (collinearity) between the variables of the model, and the shocks of changes in the volume of liquidity in the studied model have an asymmetric effect and have larger coefficients in the long run. Based on other research results, the interest rate of bank loans on the added value of this sub-sector is positive and significant, and the elasticity of the added value of the mentioned sub-sector in the investigated model is higher than the interest rate of bank loans in relation to the changes in the volume of liquidity in the short and long term.

In recent decades, competition to provide superior value to customers has shifted from competition between companies to competition between supply chains. Appropriate design of the supply chain with regard to the economic, social and environmental dimensions at the strategic, tactical and operational levels guarantees the survival and sustainable development of enterprises active in each part of the supply chain. One of the important issues in the supply chain is the existence of fraud and the risks associated with it throughout the chain. Also, according to the amount of scientific and experimental research conducted in recent years, the problem of detecting and evaluating fraud using computational methods alone It is an important topic for research. The most important challenges of fraud detection and evaluation are the unavailability of real data sets, the existence of asymmetric data sets, the large size of data sets, the dynamic behavior of fraudsters and the dispersion of fraudulent events, which are the result of these two Uncertainty and ambiguity in decision making. Therefore, the aim of this research is to provide a model to detect and evaluate fraud in the supply chain process based on the ANN-Big data integrated approach. In terms of its purpose, this research is a developmental and applied research. First, due to the creation of a comprehensive model, taking into account the various sources of decision-making regarding the legitimacy or fraud of electronic card transactions, and the requirements of big data analysis, it tries to develop theoretical knowledge in this field, this research can be considered Considering the nature of a mathematical analytical research, on the basis of this research, in terms of approach, it is a quantitative research. The inter-industry standard process of data mining or CRISP DM (Chapman et al. 2000) has been used as the analysis methodology. Clustering models and K-means algorithms, Kohonen neural network, anomaly detection based on clustering, hidden Markov model, parallel processing method of reduction mapping and fuzzy Dempster cipher fusion model are used. The analysis was done using MATLAB and R software. The proposed model has been able to show superior performance compared to other models in terms of output and execution time.

This study estimated the effect of private and government investment on the growth of the health sector in Iran with the ARDL approach, 1981-2019. The selected indicators were estimated in two selected indicators: health expenditure and health index (life expectancy). The estimation results of the model show that the increase in economic growth, causes an increase health expenditures and the increase of private sector investment in the health sector, causes an increase health expenditures and the increase of private sector and government investment in the health sector, improve the Health index. In the long term, the rate of AIDS and the inflation rate have a negative effect on health expenditure and health index; and the literacy rate, the urbanization rate, the real exchange rate, and the real interest rate have a positive effect on health expenditure and health index. The results of this study, consist with other researches, showed that by focusing on investment, the growth of the health sector in Iran improves. The findings of this study can be used to implement a more efficient policy in the way and type of investment in the health sector.

In this study, we seek to answer the question of what are the influential factors and indicators on the development of a new product based on seed marketing in the banking industry. To achieve the main goal of the research, which is to present a new product development model based on seed marketing in order to promote and increase the effectiveness of new banking products, the exploratory mixed method has been used and with the help of qualitative data method, factors, and characteristics are identified, categorized and modeled. Qualitative development of a new banking product was extracted and then the model was tested using the survey method and structural equations. Based on the interviews and previous studies, the factors affecting the new product development model based on seed marketing in 18 components of time management, cost management, relationship management, appropriate decision making, welfare and comfort, marketing techniques, commercialization strategies, creativity strategies Innovative strategies, value creation, competitive advantage, globalization, product growth and maturity, entrepreneurship, information technology, targeted marketing, individual and environmental factors were obtained. Also, micro-moment components, social stories, live video, artificial intelligence, personalization, SEO search engines, social networks, voice search, visual advertising, blockchain, influential people, advertising, video marketing automation robots are known to influence the development of new banking products. Were. This research presents a new product development model according to the new marketing environment and by introducing a model based on seed marketing, provides a relatively comprehensive local model to promote and increase the effectiveness of banking products.

Due to the increasing prevalence of virtual communication and its many benefits in improving the experience and the possibility of consumers benefiting from similar experiences, it is important to pay attention to new marketing methods designed based on social platforms. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following question: What are the influential factors and indicators for the development of a new product based on seed marketing in the banking industry?

To achieve the main goal of the research, which is to present a new product development model based on seed marketing in order to promote and increase the effectiveness of new banking products, the exploratory mixed-methods approach has been used and using qualitative data analysis, factors and characteristics are identified, categorized, and modeled. The qualitative development of a new banking product was extracted and then the model was tested using the survey method and structural equations. Based on the interviews and previous studies, the factors affecting the new product development model based on seed marketing in 18 components were:  1) time management, 2) cost management, 3) relationship management, 4) appropriate decision making, 5) welfare and comfort, 6) marketing techniques, 7) commercialization strategies, 8) creativity strategies, 9) innovative strategies, 10) value creation, 11) competitive advantage, 12) globalization, 13) product growth and maturity, 14) entrepreneurship, 15) information technology, 16) targeted marketing, 17) individual factors, and 18) environmental factors. Also, micro-moment components, social stories, live video, artificial intelligence, personalization, SEO search engines, social networks, voice search, visual advertising, blockchain, influential people, advertising, and video marketing automation robots are known to influence the development of new banking products.

Based on the interviews and previous studies, the factors affecting the new product development model based on seed marketing in 18 components were:  1) time management, 2) cost management, 3) relationship management, 4) appropriate decision making, 5) welfare and comfort, 6) marketing techniques, 7) commercialization strategies, 8) creativity strategies, 9) innovative strategies, 10) value creation, 11) competitive advantage, 12) globalization, 13) product growth and maturity, 14) entrepreneurship, 15) information technology, 16) targeted marketing, 17) individual factors, and 18) environmental factors. Also, micro-moment components, social stories, live video, artificial intelligence, personalization, SEO search engines, social networks, voice search, visual advertising, blockchain, influential people, advertising, and video marketing automation robots are known to influence the development of new banking products.

This research presents a new product development model according to the new marketing environment. By introducing a model based on seed marketing, it provides a relatively comprehensive local model to promote and increase the effectiveness of banking products. The results of the present study present a relatively comprehensive model based on the requirements of the bank's characteristics. It could be said that it is more suitable than other models presented by experts as other models have been presented for the development of new products in various industrial sectors such as cosmetics, fast food products, and edibles. Compared to other models, the obtained model has advantages in terms of the obtained dimensions, components, and indicators.

The main purpose of this study is to explain how the variables of real GDP growth rate, investment, inflation rate, degree of economic openness and macroeconomic policy uncertainty as macroeconomic variables affect the share of appropriations allocated to the non-governmental (private) sector. The title of the index of development of Iran's banking sector during the years 1397-1397. To achieve this goal, first using the Gregory-Hansen co-integration approach as one of the appropriate co-integration methods in terms of structural failure, the existence of a long-run relationship between model variables was tested and then the experimental research model was estimated by dynamic least squares method. . The results of model estimation showed that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables and inflation rate and macroeconomic policy negative impact and variables of the degree of openness of the economy, real GDP growth and private sector investment have a positive and significant effect on the share of allocated credit. To the non-governmental sector of Iran during the study period. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that economic policy makers, by controlling the general level of prices and inflation rates and creating stability in the macroeconomic environment, provide the ground for improving the facilities granted to the private sector.

the real sector of the economy in the country is one of the most important indicators that changes and forecasts of future trends are closely related to policy, market risk and market uncertainty. In this regard, in the present study, the effects of macroeconomic uncertainty on the forecast of future activities of the real sector of the economy in Iran during the period 1991 to 2019 have been investigated. In order to analyze the data, ARDL method was used, all analyzes were performed with the help of Eviews10 software. Findings showed that macroeconomic confidence improves the predictability of future activities of the real sector of the economy. It was also observed that macroeconomic uncertainty can affect the forecast of future activities of the real sector of the economy in the short and long term, thus confirming the hypotheses presented in the study. Uncertainty refers to factors that are likely to influence investors' financial decisions, such as future government policies, financial trends, and their potential impacts. At the macro level, uncertainty in economic policies leads to a decrease in the growth rate of employment and investment and increases in stock value fluctuations. Also, this uncertainty in economic policies affects employment and the business market (unemployment and self-employment). Thus, the labor market and employment, as an important market in the economy, are affected by uncertainty in economic policies.

Financial markets, including the stock market, with all the positive characteristics they have on the economic growth and development of countries, are influenced by micro and macro factors that increase the inherent risk of this market and affect the assets of investors. These factors in the theoretical literature include a wide range of variables, recently the quality of governance has been added to the sum of these variables, so that its effects are far more destructive than other factors. For this reason, increasing the governance quality of governments as economic trustees will be able to strengthen the financial markets, including the stock market and securities market, which is one of the important means of financing economic institutions and enterprises. Therefore, in this research, by using the ARDL test, long-term and short-term relationships between the variables of current stock market value (SMV) and governance quality (voice and accountability (VOA), political stability without violence (PON), government effectiveness (GOE), supervisory quality ( REQ), Rule of Law (RUF) and Corruption Control (COC)) in the period of 1374-1399 and using annual data were investigated in Iran. The results indicate that in the short and long term, the impact of governance quality on the value of the Iranian stock market is positive, so that among the governance quality indicators, the most impact is related to the regulatory quality variable (REQ) and the least impact is related to the rule of law variable (RUF).

Awareness of the structure and potential of different sectors in the Iranian economy is one of the important and effective factors for success in development planning. Service section is one of the most important section in a country’s economy that it operates as a development (growth) motor of other sections and its share is constantly increasing in the gross domestic product and development. Hence the effective factors on its added value has always been of interest to economists and politicians. On the other hand, investigating the direction and extent of the impact of liquidity changes on macroeconomic variables is always important to formulate and adopt appropriate macroeconomic policies. In this study, considering the share of service section in the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment in the Iran’s economy as well as liquidity volume mutations in the recent decade, we examine and analyze the direction and extent of the impact of value added of the service section from changes in the volume of liquidity by using time-series data on an annual basis during the period 1360 to 1395 dynamically. In this regard, the self-return model with Non-Linear Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) and the threshold test approach has been used. The research outcomes confirm the existence of a long-term Cointegration between the variables of the model. Furthermore, the results show that liquidity volume changes’ shocks have a greater impact on the value added of the service sector in the long term. According to other research results, the effect of bank credit interest rate on value added of services sector is positive and significant and the attraction of value added of service sector is more than short-term and long-term interest rate of bank credits compared to changes in liquidity volume

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of demand management policies on electricity consumption saving in the household sector in Iran during 2010-2017. The results confirm that household electricity demand is an inverse function of electricity price, household dimension, cooling requirement, and gas price in the second 5 months of the year and energy intensity index. Household electricity demand is also a direct function of gas prices in the summer, heating needs and income. According to the results, the average short-term and long-term price elasticity of electricity demand in Iran are estimated at -0.03 and -0.13, respectively. Electricity consumption in the previous period was the most influential variable in the trend of electricity consumption during the studied years in the domestic sector in Iran. Given the diversity of climate and the need for heating and cooling, which is one of the involuntary factors leading Iranian citizens to increase energy consumption, it is necessary to pay attention to non-price policies in the home and building sector

Increase in unemployment rate, along with growing resource depletion, is one of the economic-cultural challenges of many developing countries, including Iran. These problems are more deep and complex in rural areas. In other words, our society has been suffering from a lack of production for many years, and consequently, a high unemployment rate in rural areas, which has led to an increase in the rate of migration from rural to urban areas. Thus, in order to provide mutual financial support to small and medium-sized businesses with the priority of creating employment in rural and less privileged areas, it was licensed as a non-governmental public institution. The fund, as a support leverage of public governance, provides financial support to skilled individuals, females heads of households, villagers, elites and entrepreneurs in the form of creating a market-oriented micro-business in the form of “synergistic networking” with strategies for attracting public participation through the creation and development of local micro-funds, the development of charitable partnerships and the use of the capacity and economic benefits of the country in the development of micro and household industries with the priority of rural areas.How to finance and invest by public and private groups, individual or group borrowers will be important and fundamental issues that play a decisive role in the success of the operation of micro-financial institutions because credit limits and how to provide collateral by borrowers and finance the institutions is one of the issues that play an important role in the success of these institutions. The more these institutions have a well-codified and well-planned program to overcome these limitations, the higher their success rate. This leads to the growth and development of rural areas. Finally, sustainable development will be accompanied by an increase in investment, production, employment, income, reducing the unemployment rate, equitable distribution of income, and etc. For this reason, the role of financing micro, small, medium businesses in Omid Entrepreneurship Fund as an organization for providing financial services, and examining how it affects the investment functions of this sector is of great importance in the issue of creating employment in rural areas and preventing migration to cities. Therefore, this study seeks to ask whether the financial services of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund have a positive effect on investment and employment functions in rural areas?

The present article is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application method, and conducted with econometric method. Its statistical population includes all small and medium workshops located in urban and rural parts of the country, which had less than fifty employees at the time of sampling. Also, the required information and data have been extracted through the library and field methods. Data related to SME financing discussion have been extracted and used from Omid Entrepreneurship Fund statistics system, as well as data related to value-added variables, number of employees, annual and per capita service compensation costs, investment value, in addition to statistics related to the ICT section, the two-digit ISIC classification codes was collected from the Statistics Center of Iran. Adding to these, the price adjustment rate was provided from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. International Standard Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) consists of a coherent and uniform structure for the classification of economic activities based on a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, principles and rules of classification. This classification provides a comprehensive framework within which economic data can be collected and reported in a format designed for the purposes of economic analysis, decision-making, and policy-making. The classification structure provides a standard format for organizing detailed information about the state of a countrychr('39')s economy according to economic principles and awareness.

The value added of small and medium businesses has an upward trend from 2008 to 2014 and only in 2015 due to inflation and other fluctuations in the commodity market has decreased. In other words, it can be said that in all the study years, the value added trend has been an upward trend and only in the last year, due to the weakening of the power of small and medium enterprises, they have had a decreasing value added. Value added in 2008 started with 34.870 billion Rials and by 2014 has almost tripled to 92.292 billion Rials and decreased in 2015 to 84.913 billion Rials. The value of investment in small and medium enterprises, such as the value added of this sector, has increased until 2014, but has decreased in 2015. In fact, investment in small and medium enterprises in 2008 has increased from 6.421 billion Rials to 13.589 billion Rials in 2014, i.e., more than double the increase. but in 1394 this figure decreased to 11.336 billion Rials with a declining trend. One of the reasons for this is the effect of high inflation and reduced activity in small and medium enterprises due to the lack of profitability obtained from this type of economic activity. Given the results of the estimated models, it is concluded that the coefficients and parameters of the model, have a logical relationship with job creation in rural areas, despite being significant at an acceptable level. Thus, the variable coefficient of capital price has a negative relationship with employment in this sector. The price of capital, investment in this sector has increased, which leads to an increase in production, hence growth rural employment, which is a positive relationship for production or value added and labor wages in this sector. This will lead to increase in production or value added and labor wages, employment in villages.  As a matter of fact, the amount of employment elasticity in rural areas is 0.83% regarding production or value added, which means that with an increase of 1% value added, employment in this sector increases by 0.83%. This elasticity (elasticity of labor force employment) for compensation of labor force services and the price of capital is 0.15 and 0.07 percent, respectively. That is, in exchange for one percent increase in the compensating cost for labor services, employment increases by 0.15 percent, and in exchange for one percent reduction in interest rates, 0.07 percent employment increases.

A review of countries' experiences shows that some countries are resilient in the face of external risks and shocks and are able to withstand and overcome these shocks at the lowest cost, but in others this resilience is not observed and the degree of vulnerability Countries are high. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the factors affecting economic resilience and vulnerability in each country. In this regard, in the present study, the role of monetary and fiscal policies in the resilience and economic vulnerability of Iran in order to boost production in Iran has been investigated. For this purpose, data from Iran during the period 1361 to 1397 have been used. In order to analyze the data, the GMM instantaneous generalized torque method was used, all analyzes were performed using Eviews10 software. Findings show that the effect of monetary policy on economic resilience, economic vulnerability and net resilience is significant. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the government, by improving the efficiency of the country's monetary and financial system, provide the basis for strengthening the country's resilience, as well as the country's economic policymakers, try to design warning mechanisms to Such inconsistencies in monetary and fiscal policies that make the country more vulnerable, to eliminate inconsistencies at the earliest opportunity.

Effective protection of the environment and optimal use of natural resources is one of the most important pillars of sustainable development. Green productivity is a strategy to increase environmental productivity and performance in order to social and economic development. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) revolution has severely affected all countries in terms of economic, social, political, cultural aspects as well as security, employment, health, the environment, and many other macro variables; so that, the technology has become the main driving force of the world's economy and sustainable development in today's world. According to the importance and the impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Information and Communication Technology on green productivity, this paper uses the Johansen-Joselius coherent test of the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Information and Communication Technology and the Green Productivity Index in Iran.

The effect of Information and Communication Technology and Foreign Direct Investment on green productivity has been investigated in Iran using the Johansen-Joselius coherent test during the period of 1980-2013.

According to the research findings, the Information and Communication Technology and Foreign Direct Investment have a positive and significant and a negative and significant effect of on the Green Productivity Index in Iran, respectively. Also, the vector error correction model shows that the adjustment process is slowing towards the equilibrium.

According to the obtained results, and considering the negative and significant effect of Foreign Direct Investment on green productivity, which could be as a result of increased pollution, it is suggested that is possible to provide a ground to improve green productivity by adopting policies to reduce the destructive effects of Foreign Direct Investment, including the replacement of green energy.It is also recommended that environmental regulations and standards be imposed upon the entry of Foreign Direct Investment which could be done with less environmental pollution. The effect of Information and Communication Technology index on Green Productivity Index is positive and significant in Iran. Therefore, it can be surely said that the use of Information and Communication Technology, as a solution for green productivity institutionalization is essential for implementing the continuous and effective process of green productivity improvement. It is also suggested to determine criteria, for the development and implementation of the green productivity concept, that fully cover the qualitative patterns of economic growth and development.

Due to the need for citizens to be aware of the value of clean air and the impact of pollution on their assets, as well as the possibility of better analysis of projects and compare them with each other and selecting the best and least expensive project for policy makers and economic planners, this study The value of clean air and the willingness to pay to improve air quality has been estimated by citizens in the metropolis of Tehran.

In contrast to the conventional economic method in which the value of a commodity is calculated for all commodity availability, hedonic is a method by which the value of enjoyment is determined by the characteristics of a commodity. The hedonic pricing method is the observed price of a commodity regression On its qualitative attributes, therefore, it can be said that hedonic method considers the demand of a product or input as a function of its characteristics. In this research, we used the data of the transactions carried out in the housing market of Tehran during the period of 1395 and based on the three structural, neighborhood and environmental characteristics we have estimated the price of the Tehran's hedonic price function. Accordingly, 7141 samples of real transactions were collected by simple random sampling from 22 areas of Tehran.

The results show that 81 percent of logarithmic changes in housing prices are explained by selected variables in a two-way logarithmic model. Most of the variables used are meaningful and have an expected sign. Also, using the implicit derivative, the coefficient of air quality index is estimated from the function of the hedonic price.

The final desire to pay for a unit of air quality index (improvement of air quality index) for each household in Tehran is equal to the figure of about 3 million rials. According to the average purchase area of ​​72 square meters in Tehran, the final desire to pay per square meter is 42 thousand Rials.

Valuation of environmental goods will give planners a clear view of policy makers and explanation for the prformance of economic plans, and will allow policy makers to better analyze projects, as well as compare and select the best and least expensive projects.The Hedonic pricing method has been used by economists for non-marketable goods to estimate the value of these goods by estimating the impact of these goods on the asset market, especially housing market. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the value of clean air and the willingness to pay to improve air quality and extract its demand function in the metropolis of Tehran.In this research, using the data of transactions in the housing market of Tehran, in the period of 2016 and three categories of structural features, neighborhood and environment, we have estimated the price function of Hedonic in Tehran. 7000 samples of real transactions were collected by simple random sampling from 22 districts of Tehran. The Hedonic price function is extracted based on two-stage Rosen method and two-way logarithmic functional form. Using the implicit price, the marginal willingness to pay for each air pollution variable is estimated, then demand function is extracted using the socio-economic characteristics of individuals.The results show that air pollution variables such as O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 have a negative and significant effect on assets. Income elasticity illustrates the need for clean air for citizens. Also, the variables of income, age and marriage status and education level of buyers of residential units are influential in choosing a living environment with less pollution.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the estimation of gasoline demand by the state-space model and the implications for price liberalization using the Kalman filter technique in the framework of time-varying pattern. For this purpose, data on the Energy Balance Sheet and the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company during the period of 1396-1374 have been used. The results of the estimation of the model indicate that the price elasticity of gasoline varies in the period under review and after implementing the targeted subsidies (1389-1396) in some seasons of the year, absolute value the price of gasoline increased and decreased in some seasons. With three different scenarios, it is expected that each year, with a 10% increase in gasoline prices in the sixth development plan, Unexpectedly, demand for gasoline will not decrease .Also, due to the fact that absolute value of the stretching of the price of gasoline at the beginning of the sixth plan of development is greater and at the end of the program, the gasoline price increase over the program should not be the same. Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policy makers to control the demand for gas should set the price of gasoline in the sixth development plan more than 10% and this increase should be from the beginning of the program to the end of the program ascending.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate oil products demand by the state-space model, taking into account the implications for price liberalization using the Kalman filter technique in the framework of a time-varying pattern. For this purpose, we use the data of the Energy Balance Sheet and the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company during the period of 1994-2017. Our model results indicate that the price elasticity of oil products varies during the studied period.   Using three different scenarios, we consistently find that a 10% annual increase in oil product prices during the sixth development plan, leads to a decrease in the consumption of kerosene and fuel oil, while gasoline and gas oil consumption increases.  We thus observe that while kerosene and fuel oil demand responds as expected to rising prices, the price sensitivity of demand for gasoline and gas oil declines.  We observe that while the absolute value of the price elasticity of gasoline has fallen unexpectedly, the price elasticity of kerosene, fuel oil and gas oil have increased. Therefore, in order to encourage gasoline consumers to reduce their demand, the speed of price liberalization at the end of the sixth development plan has to be more than at the beginning of the program. However, the rate of price increase for kerosene, gas oil and fuel oil products has to decrease at the end of the program.