فهیمه سلیم پور

The Papaveraceae family is one of the most important alkaloid containing families. It contains isoquinoline alkaloids including aporphines, protopines, protoberberines and proaporphines. The genus Glaucium (Papaveraceae) comprises about 25 species of herbaceous plants in the world and Aporphinoids are the greatest number of isolated alkaloids from this genus. S-(+)-Glaucine (C21H25NO4) is the main alkaloid component of the Papaveraceae family, which are collected during the blooming period. This compound belongs to the group of aporphine alkaloids and is used in medicine as an antitussive agent. In the current research, we studied leaf Glaucine composition of nine Glaucium species from Iran. These species were harvested from the northern and western provinces of the country and their leaf ethanolic extracts were subjected to HPLC, for detection the types and amounts of their Glaucine compounds. The concentration of these Glaucine compounds differed between the species. The highest amount of Glaucine compounds were detected in G. corniculatum var corniculatum and G. corniculatum var flaviflorum, while G. flavum var flavum had the lowest one. The evaluated species divided into two distinct group in WARD tree. All of evaluated individual belonged to the same species of the genus, therefore our findings revealed that the Glaucine data were useful at species level for identification of the species.

Although all flowering plants share similar stages of development in their vegetative and reproductive organs, there is potential for variation in organ conditions due to gene expression. Understanding flower development stages helps comprehend genetic mechanisms for plant organogenesis and morphogenesis. Polygonum bistorta L. is a medicinal plant from the Polygonaceae family. The aim of this study is to examine the anatomical structure of vegetative meristems and investigate several stages of flower development in this species. Hence, this particular species has been gathered from Hamadan Province.

Carmen Zaji, methyl green, hematoxylin, and eosin stains have been used to examine the histology of the plant. An electron microscope photo of the pollen has also been prepared.

The investigation has shown that the vascular system of the root and stem in dicotyledons is similar, with collateral vessels in the stem and alternate and pantropical in the root. The vegetative meristem is prominent and domed, and the pollen is spherical and split (tricoplate). The ovule develops into a slightly protruding fruit with thick, lignin-walled cells containing the embryo, which cotyledons fill the bulk of the seed. Calcium oxalate was not found in the studied organs.

Papaver plant has various alkaloids that are used in the manufacture of muscle relaxant drugs. For this purpose, this study aimed to assess phytochemical changes and alkaloids of Papaver.

The samples of 6 species of Papaver were collected from Kermanshah, Tehran, Khuzestan, and Lorestan provinces. Phytochemical compounds investigated in the research were used to measure alkaloids by the HPLC method, phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidants by spectrophotometric device and multivariate statistical methods of principal components, and cluster analysis by the Ward method.

The highest and lowest amounts of total phenol were reported in Papaver hybridum and P.rhoeas samples from Lorestan, respectively. The highest and lowest amounts of total flavonoid were detected in Lorestan from P.bracteatum and in Khuzestan province from P. rhoeas species, respectively. The highest and lowest antioxidant activity was reported in P. bracteatum species in Kermanshah province and P. rhoeas species in Khuzestan province, respectively. The results of the principal component analysis illustrated that two main and independent factors explained a total of 70.6% of the total variance. The results of the cluster analysis also indicated that all the studied provinces were very similar in terms of P.rhoeas. Moreover, Lorestan, Kermanshah, and Khuzestan provinces were somewhat similar in terms of P.dubium, P.macrostomum, P.hybridum, and P. bracteatum species.

The amount of phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and alkaloids of Papaver in this study was affected by the environmental conditions of the collection site and the type of species. In general, the species P. bracteatum is richer in terms of phytochemical properties studied and can be considered in breeding and domestication programs.

The genus Cotoneaster L. belongs to the genus Rosaceae. In the study, 17 plant samples were examined based on morphological studies and the nucleus sequence of ITS nrDNA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between all quantitative morphological traits. The studied species were classified into five groups. The pattern of species analysis based on morphological traits and molecular sequencing are very similar. There are similarities and differences between the studied species in terms of the studied traits. Molecular cladogram showed that the genus of Cotoneaster with consistency index (CI) is 0.68. Among some species of this genus such as C. pseudodiscolor and C. discolor, morphological similarity of traits such as leaf shape, density of lower surface hairs, and hairs on the fruit is observed, If it is genomically different and because it is not morphologically consistent with the description of the identified species of milk thistle in Iran and neighboring countries. Therefore, we consider it as a new species for Iran and define it as C. pseudodiscolor. In addition, the species C. morrisonesis and C. franchetti are a new record of this genus and have a separate cluster in their phenogram. , the present study is the first study in the field of genetic diversity in Iran (Hyrcanian province) using nuclear markers (ITS) in accurate species identification Is the first step in breeding this valuable taxon, which will be addressed in the present study.

The genus Rubus L. belongs to the genus Rosaceae. This genus includes more than 750 species in the world. Among some species of this genus such as R. dolichocarpus Juz. And R. ochthodes Juz. Morphological similarity is observed in traits such as the number of leaflets, the shape of the earrings and the color and shape of the petals, which makes it difficult to identify these two closely related species. The species R. dolichocarpus in the flora of Iran is declared synonymous with the species R. ochthodes, while these two species in the flora of Iranica, the flora of Russia and the flora of Iran are two separate species in one subgenus and two different segments. For this purpose, in this study, the taxonomic relationships of these two species based on morphological characteristics were investigated. The results indicate differences in morphological traits such as the shape and condition of the annual stem, the shape of lateral leaflets in the flowering stem, the shape of the leaflets. And the density of flowers in the inflorescence. Also, according to molecular data using the ITS nuclear marker, these two species have 36 different nucleotides, which confirms the separation of the two species. Therefore, according to the results obtained in this study and comparison with previous studies, it is suggested that two species of R. dolichocarpus and R. ochthodes. According to the flora of Iranica, the flora of Russia and the flora of Iran should be defined as two separate species.

The genus Acer belongs to the family Sapindaceae, about 156-124 species. Acer, as one of the largest genera of the Sapindaceae, is distributed in Asia, Europe, North America and North Africa. It has 16 sections in recent categories. Eight species have been mentioned in different sources for Iran and Alborz and Zagros Mountains are the main centers of distribution of this species in Iran. The most important characteristic of this genus is that it has two winged nuts or bisamara as well as its opposite leaves. In line with the phylogenetic revision of the species, A. gilanense is introduced to the world for the first time. In this study, due to the close affinity of the new species with A. cappadocicum var. stenocarpum, compared with it. Investigations have been carried out using morphological features, intergenic spacer regions (ITS), and micro-morphological study of Samar fruit. A new identification key for Acer species is also presented in Iran.

The study was done in forest of Tehran University in Noshahr. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of fern application as bioindicator of site condition and to determine the effective physical and chemical factors of soil on distribution range of growing elements.
Material &

For this purpose, the selective sampling method was used to locate samples, and totally 55 samples were selected in the study area. For floristic studies on herb stratification, parts of an area of 100 m2 (plot size) were determined and the herb layer was recored using modified Braun Blanquet Tables.
Soil samples were taken from the center and four corner pieces of the samples, in the depth of 0-20 cm soil horizon, and the physical and chemical properties of soil (moisture saturated, pH, soil texture, lime, phosphorus, total nitrogen percentage, potassium exchange, organic matter percentage) and physiographic factors (height, slope and aspect) were examined. The environmental variables in the analysis (cluster analysis, DCA and CCA) were used to analyze the data in order to determine the relationship between vegetation and plant cover (grass).
Result and

The survey results showed that amon the various physiographic factors (slope, direction and altitude), slope is the most important factor in the establishment of species such as Phylitis scolopendrium and Polystichum aculeatum, and in the absence of two species named Peteridum aquilinum and Pteris cretica direction isthe most important factor in the establishment Asplenium adiantum.Athyrum filix-femina, Phylitis scolopendrium and Polystichum aculeatum are observed where the amounts of acidity, organic matter and slope percentage are high. In other words, establishment of Athyrum filix-femina, Phylitis scolopendrium, and Polystichum aculeatum is influenced by the environmental factors of pH, organic matter and slope percentage. Belechnum Spicant is abserved in the areas withlight soil (sand) and Asplenium adiantum-nigrum and Polystichum aculeatum are observed in the soils with heavy texture (clay).

The genus Tortula includes about 114 species in the world and 18 species were found in Iran. In the present paper, T. vahliana (Schultz) Mont. is reported for the first time from Iran.

In order to clarify the taxonomic state of some Iranian Papaver species, cluster and PCA analysis of data sets resulted from macro- and micromorphological study of 14 species belonging to the genus Papaver in Iran were performed. Macromorphological characters of all species included in the study were examined. Pollen grains and seeds belonging to the species were scanned using SEM microscopy. High correlation among the results obtained from analyses of 38 morphological, 11 palynological and 6 seed characters was observed especially at lower levels. Based on our results, P. gaubae is reduced as a variety named P. glaucum var. gaubae and the name P. piptostigma is regarded as a synonym of the older P. macrostomum. In addition, our results do not confirm opinions indicating synonymy of P. fugax with the older name P. armeniacum. Also, P. halophilum is regarded as a variety of P. macrostomum.