مجید غلامی آهنگران

Milk is a complex physiological and biological liquid that contains water, protein, lactose, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Milk proteins (lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase) are known to have antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. More than half of the world's population consumes buffalo milk and milk products. Due to its unique properties, buffalo milk is highly regarded in developing countries and has been cultured in Iran for a long time. The main proteins of milk are casein and whey. Casein exists in the form of micelles, and 80% of milk proteins include alpha S1 casein, alpha S2 casein, beta casein, and kappa casein. Whey proteins comprise about 20% of milk proteins, which have four main components, including betalactoglobulin, alphalactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and immunoglobulin. Lactoferrin, peptone protease, calmodulin, prolactin, and folate-binding proteins are also found in milk and are considered accessory proteins. Milk proteins have positive effects on different structures of the body, such as the immune, nervous, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. In addition, milk proteins are considered to contain a wide variety of biologically active peptides with superior nutritional and immunological activities. Therefore, obtaining complete information about the physicochemical properties of milk from different species and its nutritional value seems essential for liquid milk technology. Milk proteins have been analyzed continuously, and the information about this very important and complex system has been increasingly rising in recent years, mainly due to technological advances. In addition, the scope of research work on the analysis of proteins in milk has increased significantly due to the increased knowledge of bioactive proteins in milk. The present study aimed to measure the total protein values of cow and buffalo milk samples in the climatic conditions of Khuzestan province. The electrophoretic pattern of buffalo milk proteins was also compared with cow milk.

Milk samples were collected from 30 apparently healthy cows and 30 buffaloes from the surrounding villages of Shushtar City and cattle farms of Masjid Suleiman City. Raw milk proteins were then evaluated by the Kjeldahl method. To measure milk proteins, milk was first digested with the addition of sulfuric acid with gentle heat. Complete digestion continued until the milk became colorless. After cooling, distillation was done by adding boric acid and methyl red, and the contents were titrated with 0.1 normal tetrazole sulfuric acid. The first color change marked the end of the titration, followed by calculating the protein content. After separating milk serum, the milk protein content in these two types of animals was compared with the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) plate method. In this technique, milk protein molecules are linearized using SDS, and their movement is based on weight, that is, the larger the protein, the shorter the traveled distance. The relationship between the distance traveled by proteins and the logarithm of their molecular weight was investigated and milk proteins were identified in the samples. T-test statistical analysis was used to compare the average total protein in cows and buffaloes at a 95% confidence level as the statistical significance (p < 0.05).

In sodium dodecyl sulfate plates, standard samples were able to create 14, 18, 22, and 70 kD bands for alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, casein, and albumin proteins according to  the protein marker. The average protein contents of buffalo and cow milk samples were equal to 4.71±1.79 and 3.91±1.19 mg/liter, respectively, meaning that the total protein content in buffalo milk is significantly higher than that of the cow (p < 0.05). In addition, cow's milk contained lower levels of beta-lactoglobulin and casein than buffalo's milk while the amount of alpha-lactalbumin in cow's milk was higher than in buffalo's milk. The bands obtained from the electrophoresis of casein and alpha-lactalbumin on the gel showed genetic diversity among the subunits of casein and alpha-lactalbumin in cow and buffalo milk samples.

In the comparison of the protein profile in animal milk, various reports show that protein profiles of milk are different in animal species. So far, the protein profile of buffalo milk has not been compared in the literature, which was investigated in this study. In general, the present study shows that cow and buffalo milk are different in terms of the protein profile due to the higher total protein content, especially the casein and beta-lactoglobulin levels in buffalo's milk than in cow's milk. It seems that the nutritional value of buffalo milk is higher than cow milk.

Fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are mainly used in the treatment of infectious diseases of poultry and pet birds and are also important in public health. To evaluating the level of antibiotic resistance and the main genes involved in antibiotic resistance against sulfonamides, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, 50 strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the liver and heart of pet birds were collected. The isolates were confirmed and purified with additional microbial and biochemical tests. After that, the pure colonies were cultured on Mueller Hinton's medium and disked with commercial antibiotics. In the next step, DNA was extracted from the purified bacteria and Aac (3)-IV, qnrA and Sul1 genes were amplified with specific primers. The results showed that 80% of the isolated bacteria are resistant to at least 2 antibiotics and 12% of the strains are resistant to 13 antibiotics. In this study, the highest antibiotic resistance to tetracycline and enrofloxacin and the lowest antibiotic resistance to gentamicin and lincospectin were observed. Examination of resistance genes showed that about 71% of the strains resistant to enrofloxacin contained the qnrA gene and 64% of the strains resistant to sulfonamides and trimethoprim contained the Sul1 gene. Also, 33% of gentamicin resistant strains carried the Aac(3)-IV gene. In this study, resistant strains without resistance genes were also found, which shows the importance of other resistance genes in the occurrence of resistance against sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones. Therefore, it concluded that the failure to treat infectious diseases in pet birds may be due to the presence of widespread antibiotic resistance and the possibility of the spread of resistance genes

Diarrhea is a major public health concern because it is one of the leading causes of death in children under five years of age. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a main strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is considered an important cause of infant diarrhea in developed countries. EPEC are common pathogens that are transmitted through consumption of contaminated food and cause acute gastrointestinal diseases in humans. In this review, the prevalence of EPEC in meat and poultry as well as dairy products in Iran has been reviewed. Based on the previous studies, most of the identified EPEC strains have been related to red meat and meat products such as hamburgers, which are likely to be more contaminated due to improper processing hygiene and high manipulation in the production process. Furthermore, EPEC strains have been detected in chicken meat and ready to cook food products such as semi-cooked nuggets to a lesser extent. Due to the use of pasteurization temperature in the preparation stages, a decrease in the initial amount of microbial load has been observed in these foods. However, in the storage and preparation stages of these foods in factories, hygiene points should be observed to prevent EPEC contamination. The obtained results showed that food products of animal origin can easily act as a reservoir of EPEC with the potential ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity genes to the gastrointestinal microflora. Therefore, developing effective strategies to improve food safety and updated guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in Iran is of great importance.

Embryonic mortality in ostriches can reduce the income of the ostrich production industry. Many factors play role in reduce hatching such as infectious agents. Among infectious agents, the role of Klebsiella in fetal losses, especially in ostriches, has been less studied. Therefore, in the recent research, 200 swab samples from dead ostrich embryos were collected and Klebsiella infection was identified with microbiological and biochemical methods. Then, Klebsiella species and virulence gene of magA were identified and determined by PCR method with specific primers. The results showed that out of 200 ostrich egg samples, 60 eggs infected with Gram-negative bacteria (30%) and 20 eggs were infected with Klebsiella (33%). Out of 20 Klebsiella strains, 15 and 5 strain identified as K. pneumonia (75%) and K. oxytoca (25%), respectively. None of the Klebsiella strains carried the magA gene. In this study, Klebsiella strains showed the highest sensitivity to imipenem (100%) and the highest resistance to enrofloxacin (70%). In general, Klebsiella spp seems to have 10% share in ostrich embryonic mortality, so preventing surface contamination and observing the principles of disinfection in ostrich hatchery play role in reducing embryonic mortality due to surface contamination.

Hemorrhagic enteritis is an acute disease in turkeys over 4 weeks of age, which is usually associated with the sudden onset of symptoms of lethargy, bloody stools and death, making the flock prone to secondary infections and increasing treatment costs. Considering the importance of turkey breeding in the meat industry, for better diagnosis and reduction of mortality, this study was planned and carried out in order to investigate one of the most important infectious diseases called adenovirus infections, which causes widespread mortality in turkeys in Isfahan province. In this study, 80 blood and feces samples from 10 meat turkey farms in Isfahan province, which were collected from four regions of the province were studied. In this research, PCR method was used to identify adenovirus infection. Finally, there were 12 fecal samples suspected of inclusion body hepatitis and 2 blood samples of turkeys suspected of the disease. The result showed that turkey adenovirus is circulating in turkey farms. There is no program in controlling of this infection in Isfahan, Iran that must be considered.

Proventriculitis is a disease characterized by enlargement of the proventriculus. Several factors including infectious and non-infectious agents play a role in its development. Reoviruses could be considered as a main causal agent of proventriculitis in chickens. Based on clinical evidence and reports of the prevalence of reovirus infection in poultry farms in Iran, the enlargement of proventriculus and proventriculitis may be related to the reovirus infections. In the present study, to detect reoviruses in the proventriculus samples, the S1 gene was amplified by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction). According to the findings, out of 75 proventriculus samples collected from 15 broiler farms with large proventriculus in Isfahan province, 46 samples (61.33% of the samples) and 10 farms (66.66% of the studied farms) were positive for reovirus based on the amplification of the 532 bp fragment related to the S1 gene. The collected proventriculi were all macroscopically larger than normal and had more thickness. The area connecting the proventriculus to the gizzard was loose and lacked sufficient consistency. In addition, the mucosal layer of the proventriculus was slimy and contained yellow secretions. In all the histopathological sections related to positive samples, necrosis along with inflammatory cells were visible in the superficial and deep glands of the proventriculus. In general, it seems that there is infection with reoviruses in broiler chickens of Isfahan province and this infection can play a role in causing the inflammation and enlargement of the proventriculus, therefore, necessary measures should be taken to control and prevent this infection in broiler chickens.

Increasing the speed of wound healing with the least scar tissue prevents wound infection and restores the integrity and health of the skin to normal. In this regard, medicinal plants with restorative effects have long been considered to prevent infection and rapid healing of superficial wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing after topical application of ointment containing Citrus aurantium extract (5%) in comparison with phenytoin ointment in rats. For this purpose, 32 adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including negative control group, positive control group (without treatment), Citrus aurantium ointment treatment group (5%) and phenytoin ointment treatment group (1%). In this experiment, the skin of the lumbar region of mice was cut into 1 cm2 after anesthesia. Ointment containing Citrus aurantium extract and phenytoin ointment was applied topically twice a day for 14 days. Tissue samples were taken at 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after incision and microscopic images were obtained. Blood samples were taken from mice every 6 days to check the growth factor. On microscopic examination on the fourth day, budding tissue including fibroblast cell proliferation and developing blood vessels (angiogenesis) was observed in both treatment groups. On the seventh day, the bud tissue was less formed in the treated groups than in the control group. On the tenth day, the formation of epithelial tissue was observed in the group treated with Citrus aurantium extract as opposed to the group treated with phenytoin. On the fourteenth day, more collagen deposition and absence of inflammatory cells were observed in the group treated with Citrus aurantium extract than in the group treated with phenytoin. Growth factor levels were not significantly different in the study groups. Examination of microscopic images and measurement of wound shrinkage revealed that the group treated with spring orange extract had a higher percentage of improvement than the group treated with phenytoin, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). The results show that Citrus aurantium extract (5%) heals wounds faster than phenytoin ointment.

In this experimental study, 32 rats were anesthetized with 2% ketamine and 5% xylazine, ip. Then a shear wound was created on the back of each animal, measuring one cm2 in full thickness. Mice were divided into negative control, positive control (osrine), spring orange 75% and phenytoin 1% groups. In the experimental group, 2 g of ointment was applied twice a day as a thin layer on the surface. Wounds were monitored for 14 days. Sampling was performed for histopathological examinations on days 4, 7, 10 and 14 after wounding. Digiser software was used to measure wound shrinkage. In this study, the rate of angiogenesis, fibroplasia, epithelial formation, collagen deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells were evaluated. On microscopic examination on day 4, epidermal and dermal damage was observed in the presence of blood clots and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the treated group and budding tissue forming in the 75% spring orange and phenytoin 1% honey groups. On day 7, bud tissue was detectable in the treated groups. In the group treated with honey, 75% of the cell density of bud tissue was lower than the other groups and collagen synthesis was higher than the other groups and the developing epithelial tissue was also detectable. On day 10, the density of inflammatory cells, blood vessels, and fibroblasts in bud tissue decreased. In the negative and positive control groups, 75% of the bud tissue appeared younger than honey and 1% phenytoin. Germ tissue in honey group 75% and phenytoin 1% showed lower cell density and higher collagen synthesis. In the honey group, 75% of the formation of epithelial tissue was more advanced compared to the 7th day. On the 14th day in the honey group, 75% of the mature bud tissue appeared to have low cell density and collagen fibers were thicker, regular and more mature than the other groups, and the covering tissue completely covered the wound surface. In the study of wound contraction, the results showed that the group treated with honey 75% had a higher improvement than phenytoin 1%, which was statistically significant.

Cryptosporidiosis is an important parasitic disease in livestock, poultry and humans that it has great health and economic importance. Propagation of this parasite in livestock and poultry can preserve the parasite cycle in the environment. Therefore, disease control in this host is associated with reducing the load of Cryptosporidium in environmental and ultimately disease control in humans. For detection of Cryptosporidium in pigeons, 100 domestic pigeons of different genera were sampled in four different seasons at 2018. After extracting the genome from fecal samples, Cryptosporidium SS rRNA gene was detected with a special primer. In 6 samples (6%), 1325 bp fragment related to Cryptosporidium SS rRNA gene was amplified (4 female and 2 male pigeons). Statistically, there was no relationship between the sex and the incidence of infection. Studies showed that out of 6 positive samples, 5 samples were detected in the cold season and only one sample in the warm season. Data analysis shows that in cold seasons, the rate of infection is significantly higher than warm seasons (11.36% vs. 1.78%) (P <0.05). The pigeons in Isfahan are infected to Cryptosporidium and it is necessary to carry out a proper control program in these birds as one of the hosts of this protozoan. Certainly, reducing the level of infection in pigeons can reduce the environmental contamination with the common pathogen between humans and animals.

Antibiotic resistance can complicate the treatment of infectious diseases of livestock and poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of genes encoding resistance to quinolones and sulfonamides in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from pericarditis and periphepatitis lesions in broilers to provide a suitable background for treatment with these drugs in these lesions.

In this study, for detecting of resistance genes to fluoroquinolones and suvanamides, 50 bacterial strains were isolated from broiler chickens with pericarditis and periphepatitis and E. coli colonies were confirmed by microbial and biochemical tests. Then, the resistance of the strains to the commercial antibiotics (Enrofloxacin and sulfonamide + trimethoprim) was evaluated by the conventional antibiogram method. In addition, the bacterial genome was extracted by boiling method and the qnrA and sul1 genes were amplified with specific primers to evaluate antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides.

In this study, 54% of enrofloxacin-resistant strains possed qnrA gene and 48% of sulfonamide-resistant strains plus trimethoprim contained sul1 gene. In this study, resistant strains without studied resistance genes were also found, which indicates the importance of other resistance genes in the development of resistance against sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones.

Evaluation of antibiotic resistance against enrofloxacin and sulfonamides is not possible with the help of one gene and to accurately determine antibiotic resistance, routine phenotypic tests are more effective than detecting a specific gene.

In the recent years, due to the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of various diseases, oxidative stress markers have become a useful tool in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Regarding the importance of dairy cattle transition period and little research on the state of oxidative stress during the transition period, the aim of this study was to investigate the status of oxidative stress during the transition period using Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (GSH) two weeks before and after parturition in Holstein dairy cows in Shahrekord dairy farms.

42 dairy were selected from one of the industrial dairy farms in Shahrekord. Blood samples were taken two times (two weeks before and after pregnancy) and was transferred to the laboratory for measurement of Malondialdehyde, glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. T-test was used to compare the mean of each of these parameters before and after pregnancy.

The mean serum Malondialdehyde level after parturition in comparison to before parturition increased, although it was not statistically significant (P>0/05). The mean glutathione and total antioxidant capacity of the blood after delivery in comparison with the prepartum were significantly decreased (P<0/05). Also, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes decreased significantly after delivery compared to before delivery (P <0.05).

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that dairy cows are exposed to oxidative stress during the transition period, although they do not show clinical symptoms. As a result, it is important to pay attention to the use of antioxidants during the transition period.
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Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) has been described in Escherichia coli strains that have been isolated from humans and animals; it has induced a main concern with antibiotic resistance in serious bacterial infections.

This study aimed to investigate the frequency of ESBL-producing E. coli (EPE) strains in meat and intestinal contents of turkey, and to compare the antibiotic resistance profile between EPE and non-EPE strains.

Totally, 70 and 110 E. coli strains were isolated from turkey meat and turkey intestinal content samples, respectively. To determine EPE strains, double disc synergy test was applied by that 20 and 22 EPE strains were finally identified in meats and intestinal contents of the turkeys, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was exerted using disc diffusion method. Escherichia coli isolates were then characterized for virulence genes (stx-1 and stx-2) and ESBL genes (TEM, SHV, and CTX-M).

None of the E. coli strains harbored stx genes. The EPE strains in comparison with non-EPE strains were significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin (47.6 vs 26.5%), tetracycline (80.9 vs 67.3%), ampicillin (47.6 vs 22.4%), penicillin (23.8 vs 10.2%), ceftazidime (57.1 vs 16.3%), ceftriaxone (38.1 vs 18.4%), and cefotaxime (47.6 vs 8.2%). The majority of EPE strains carried CTX-M gene. SHV showed the lowest frequency and it was not detected in EPE strains isolated from the intestinal contents. In this study, 75% of TEM-producing E. coli strains and 33% of SHV-producing E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin. In addition, 41.7% of TEM-producing E. coli strains were resistant to penicillin, and 76.9% of CTX-producing E. coli were resistant to cefotaxime. Furthermore, 4.7% of EPE strains isolated from turkey meat were imipenem resistant.

The resistance to cefotaxime and imipenem in EPE strains induces a concern in growing antibiotic resistance against broad spectrum antibiotics in E. coli strains.

Pet birds have close contact to human and resistant bacteria can transfer from birds to intestinal flora of human.

This study was carried out to determine the tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains associated with enteric problem in pet birds.

Totally, 295 cloacal swabs were collected from 195 healthy and 100 diarrheic pet birds in Isfahan province, Iran. The presence of E. coli was identified by conventional bacteriological, biochemical, and molecular examinations. The presence of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, and tetS genes) were examined using three multiplex PCR.

The results showed that 18.9% and 43% of cloacal samples of healthy and diarrheic pet birds contained E. coli, respectively. The mean percentage of E. coli isolated from cloacal samples of diarrheic birds was significantly higher than the healthy birds (46.6 vs 23.1%). In healthy birds, out of 37 E. coli isolates, 10 isolates were resistant to tetracycline, harboring tetA and tetB genes (3 tetA vs 7 tetB), but in the diarrheic birds, of 26 resistance E. coli, 11, 12, and 3 strains contained tetA (42.3%), tetB (46.15), and tetA+tetB (11.53%) genes. The percentage of tet genes were significantly higher in diarrheic birds than healthy birds (58.9 vs 24.0%).

Both resistant genes of tetA and tetB were detected in E. coli isolates that are related with efflux pump activity. These genes can be transferred between Gram-negative bacteria and they have the potential ability to be transferred to the environment and human flora.

To investigating the role of Avibacterium paragalinarum (AP) in the development of Swollen head syndrome (SHS) in commercial and traditional layers in Isfahan province, 23 laying hen farms with signs of head swelling and mortality were sampled from the suborbital sinus. In addition, swabs were prepared from 20 traditional and commercial laying hen farms with respiratory symptoms and SHS. Samples were cultured on specific media for isolation Escherichia coli (E. coli) and AP and approved by biochemical examination. After genome extraction, AP was detected with specific primers. Microbiological results showed that out of 23 samples, 14 samples (60.86%) were infected with AP and 21 samples (91.3%) were infected with E. coli. The results of direct detection of AP in suborbital sinus swabs that prepared from 23 dead laying hens with coryza symptoms showed the amplification of 500 bp fragment in 19 samples of suborbital sinus swabs (82.6%). Also, the rate of infection in live birds was less than the dead hens. It seems that the sampling site can play role in the rate of infection and possibly the occurrence of false negatives. Therefore, due to the high frequency of AP infection in hens with SHS, it seems that a regular and public vaccination program should be applied to control Avibacterium paragalinarum in laying hens.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Ginger in improving sperm fertility indices in poultry. Ginger extract (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L, for two weeks) was added to the drinking water of 36 adult roosters. Then, specific sperm fertility indices including percentage of motile sperm, fast progressive movements, slow progressive movements, abnormal movements, active sperm and specialized sperm motility index were measured. Hematology indices, immunity titer against Newcastle disease vaccine and testis weight were also determined. The highest number of sperms with fast progressive movements, the highest amount of active and motile sperms and the lowest amount of structural and motor abnormalities of sperm were observed in concentrations of 1 and 2 g/L. Ginger had no effect on hematology, immunity and testis weight. Adding Ginger to the diet of breeder roosters can improve sperm fertility, which leads to increased hatchability.

In this study, the contribution of IB coronavirus in egg quantitative and qualitative reduction syndrome was investigated.

nine laying hen flocks attected to egg quantitative and qualitative reduction syndrom and 10 laying farms with a healthy appearance were sampled. In addition, 6 farms with cystic oviduct were sampled in laying flocks, in Isfahan province. After extracting the genome, a fragment of 1200 bp of coronavirus S1 gene was amplified for identification of IB.

Out of 9 laying farms with quantitative and qualitative egg reduction syndrome and 10 apparently healthy farms, respectively 7 and 4 farms (78 and 40%) were infected with IB coronavirus based at least one positive sample. Out of 59 samples from farms with egg quantitative and qualitative reduction syndrome, 32 samples (54.2%) and out of 66 samples taken from apparently healthy farms, 7 samples (10.6%) were evaluated positive for IB coronavirus. In this study, all 6 farms with cystic oviduct had at least one positive sample for IB coronavirus and 31 samples out of 41 samples (73.17%) infected with IB coronavirus.

IB coronavirus has a high share in the syndrome of quantitative and qualitative reduction of egg production in laying hens, but not all cases can be attributed to this virus and other infectious and non-infectious factors should be monitored. Due to the high frequency of this virus in cystic oviduct, it is necessary to identify the viral types that induce this disorder and to develop an appropriate control program.

Nigella sativa L. (Black seeds) which is a member of the Ranunculaceae family, grows in Southwestern Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. The use of N. Sativa seeds and oil in traditional remedies goes back more than 2000 years, and the herb is described as ‘the Melanthion’ by hippocrates and dioscorides.

Experimental:

 In the current literature review, key words including N. Sativa, thymoquinone, black seeds, toxicity, protection of hepatocellular were searched in scientific websites such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar etc. to compile the protective effects of N. Sativa against hepatocellular damage.

Many active components of N. Sativa have been identified, including thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, nigellone, melanthin, nigilline, nigelamine, damascenone, p -cymene and pinene. N. Sativa is a medicinal plant with antifungal, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-parasite, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Thymoquinone could prevent many disorders such as neurobehavioral kidney and liver disorders. N. Sativa was also found to be able to relieve the symptoms of patients with several diseases, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and natural and chemical toxicities.

Recommended applications/industries: 

According to literature,N. Sativa treatment will decrease the elevated lipid peroxidation, liver enzyme levels and increase antioxidant enzyme levels. N. Sativa administration can also protect hepatic tissue from deleterious effects of toxic metals.

The oxidative stress is one of the side effects of anesthesia. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in oxidative stress indices following propofol administration in broilers. For this purpose, 90 Ross broiler chicks were divided into two main and control groups. Anesthesia was induced by the injection of 2 mg propofol per kg of bird weight, intra-bone injection to induce anesthesia, and 0.5 mg propofol per kg bird weight to continuous anesthesia. To evaluate the serum lipids and oxidative stress indices (catalase activity, malondialdehyde concentration, and total antioxidant capacity), blood sampling was performed before anesthesia, during anesthesia, and 24 hours after the anesthesia. The results showed that the activity of serum catalase in 24 h after anesthesia (129.5 ± 6.69) was significantly higher than control chickens and its level during anesthesia (112.9 ±5.04), and before anesthesia (120.9 ± 4.21). The malondialdehyde concentration did not increase during anesthesia (34.3 ± 1.54), whereas it significantly increased 24 h after anesthesia (42.8 ± 4.28). Total antioxidant capacity significantly decreased 24 h after anesthesia (19.2 ± 1.67) compared to before (25.9 ± 1.27) and during anesthesia (27.4 ± 1.37). Total antioxidant capacity significantly increased before and during anesthesia compared to 24 h after anesthesia. Serum lipid indices did not change during the experiment. In general, this study's results showed that although using propofol in broiler chickens during anesthesia can effectively neutralize free radicals and prevent the side effects of oxidative stress, after anesthesia, oxidative stress indices increase.

This study was aimed to study the effects of virkon S on microbial load indices of poultry meat and internal organs. 180 broiler chicks were divided into three equal groups. The first and second groups received 250 g and 500 g of virkon S per 1000 liters of water for 10 consecutive days, from 31 days to 41 days, respectively, and the third group received no combination in the water. To evaluate the effect of virkon S on the population of Escherichia coli flora on meat, heart, and liver, poultry were sampled from these organs at the end of 42 days and their microbial status was evaluated by culture and enumeration of E. coli. The results showed that virkon S at concentrations of 250 and 500 g per 1000 liters of drinking water for 10 days could reduce E. coli population and microbial load of meat, heart, and liver of poultry, significantly. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, the use of virkon S in broiler chickens' drinking water can improve the hygienic quality of poultry meat.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine. The use of a gluten-free diet is the most important method of treating celiac disease. Corn and rice flour are alternative options for wheat flour in bakery products. The aim of this study was to investigate the preparation of baguette bread with corn and rice flour combined with gums.

Gluten-free baguette bread was prepared with a mixture of equal parts of corn and rice flour with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and Persian gums in different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1%).

The results showed that hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and Persian gums cause the yield of dough to increase significantly and decrease yield percent of baguette gluten free bread compared to control samples. By adding gums, water content and fiber of samples in compared control treatment increased. Moreover, gums increased the volume and improved the color appearance of baguette bread samples containing gum, but there was no significant difference in uniformity characteristics of the back of gluten-free baguette samples. Adding gums reduce the staling time after cooking baguette bread containing gum (by sensory and texture analyzer). Furthermore, adding gums increases the volume of baguette bread samples containing gum.

The results show that the use of corn and rice flour with hydroxy, propylmethylcellulose gums and Persian gum is possible to produce gluten-free baguette and can be used in the diet of celiac patients.

The use of garlic as a sexual promotor is common in traditional medicine. Garlic has many antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of garlic hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic and testosterone level, and testicular histology in roosters.

In this experimental study, 108 roosters of Golpayegani breed were used. Roosters were divided into 4 groups including control and treated with doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg hydroalcoholic garlic extract in litter of drinking water. The extract was administered orally for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, serum testosterone, T3 and T4 levels, as well as liver enzymes and lipid profiles were measured and testicular tissue was examined for histological changes.

Serum levels of testosterone, T3 and T4 were significantly increased in the group treated with 1500 mg garlic extract in litter of drinking water (P <0.05). Although the amount of liver enzymes in different groups did not show a significant difference, but the amount of triglycerides and cholesterol in the groups receiving different concentrations of garlic extract decreased. In the treated groups with 1000 and 500 mg of garlic extract, the number of seminiferous tubules and the number of normal sperm were higher than the other groups

The biological compounds in garlic with physiological and hormonal changes are able to increase fertility by increasing the density of seminiferous tubules and increasing the normal sperm population.

Medicinal plants with antioxidant properties can quantitatively and qualitatively improve the sperm fertility indicators and increase sperm fertilization in roosters by disrupting the production of free radicals and neutralizing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of ginger extract on the biological parameters of Golpayegani rooster sperm. In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger in concentrations of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg / L was prepared and added to the drinking water of 36 adult male Golpaygani roosters for four weeks. After four weeks, the effect of different concentrations of the extract on sperm biological parameters (number, total motility, survival and normal morphology) was investigated and compared. Papanicolaou staining was used to evaluate a variety of abnormalities in different parts of the sperm. The results showed that adding ginger extract in all concentrations to drinking water significantly increased the overall motility of sperm and the percentage of sperm with normal morphology. However, a significant increase in the total number of sperm with high viability requires the addition of high doses of the extract (1000 and 2000 mg). There was no significant difference in some of the above indicators between the mean and high concentrations of the extract (P>0.05). In general, continuous consumption of ginger significantly increases the quantitative and qualitative indicators of rooster sperm and plays a role in the improvement of fertility in rooster.

Escherichia coli is the cause of many surgical wound infections. This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa and pistacia atlantica on E. coli in surgical wounds using a rat model. First, Antimicrobial activity of extract of Capparis spinosa and pistacia altantica had been determined by paper disk diffusion method (to determine inhibition zone), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and also by Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Then, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups of treatments and control rats. A circular incision was made on the dorsal inter-scapular region of each rat. Then, rats were inoculated topically with 1.5×108 CFU of E. coli at the site of skin wounds. The extracts of Capparis spinosa and pistacia atlantica was applied to wounds twice a day during the experiment. Animals of the control group were left untreated. The results showed that the extract of Caparis spinosa and Pistacia atlantica had antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of Pistacia atlantica extract against E. coli was higher than the Capparis spinosa extract (The MIC and MBC values). Also a significant difference in the rats treated with the extracts compared to the control group. It can be concluded that the extracts of these plants have antimicrobial properties and inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli in infected wounds and thus can accelerate the wound healing process.

Cryptosporidium is one of protozoan parasites. Cryptosporidium is important in human public health. This parasite has many species, some of which are common in animal and human hosts. One of the animal hosts of this parasite is pet bird. This parasite causes digestive and respiratory problems in pet birds. This study was performed for molecular identification of Cryptosporidium as a zoonotic pathogen of pet birds.

In this descriptive laboratory study, fecal samples of 114 cages (50 Passeriformes and 64 Psittaciforms) from all over Isfahan city in Iran were collected by collecting history and after extracting the genome; the Cryptosporidium was detected by specific primers, based on ssrRNA gene.

In 16.66% of the canaries with gastrointestinal symptoms and 4.54% of apparently healthy canaries the ssrRNA gene of Cryptosporidium was detected. In addition, the gene was detected in 10% of cockatiel and 4.16% of budgerigars and in other species of Psittaciforms was not detected.

Pet birds in Isfahan can be considered as a source of Cryptosporidium infection.

Antioxidants can disrupt the production of free radicals by neutralizing oxidative stress and increase the proliferation of testicular germ cells and then improve the quality and quantity of sperm fertility indices in breeder chickens. The knotgrass extract (Polygonum avicular) has high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and has high antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of knotgrass extract on the biological parameters of sperm in roster. In this study, hydroalcoholic extracts of knotgrass was prepared in four concentrations of zero, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/L and added to drinking water for adult Golpayegan official breeders for one week. After one week, the effect of different doses of the extract on the biological parameters of sperm (number, mobility, survival and normal sperm morphology) was evaluated and compared. The Papanicolaou staining was also used to evaluate the sperm abnormalities. The most number of live sperm with the highest motility and normal morphology was observed in group receiving 2000 mg/L of knotgrass extract. Also, application of high dosage of extract significantly reduced the head, middle piece and tail abnormalities of sperm (P≤0.05). The highest number of live sperm with the highest motility and normal morphology was observed in the group receiving 2000 mg/L of knotgrass extract. Also, using high dose of extract significantly reduced head, medulla, and sperm motility abnormalities (P≤0.05). In overall, the use of hydroalcoholic extracts of knotgrass improved some of the biological parameters of sperm. It can be concluded that knotgrass (Polygonum avicular), due to high amount of phenolic and flavonoid antioxidant compounds, improves the sperm quality in fowls.