محمد زیبایی

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common bacterial infections of childhood. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains, with the ability to successfully colonize the urinary tract, are recognized as the main cause of UTI. The aim of this study is to investigate UPEC strains in children with UTI in Karaj city during 1400-1401.

In current study, 146 UPEC isolates were collected from children with UTI referred to Karaj Hospitals, Alborz province during January to August 2022. The identification of isolates as UPEC strains was confirmed using standard microbiological methods and biochemical tests. PCR method and amplification of 16SrRNA gene were used for confirmation of diagnosis. Statistical data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 23. Statistical comparison between groups was done using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.

The results showed that out of 146 children suffering from urinary tract infections caused by UPEC strains during the study period, 30 (20.5%) were male and 116 (79.5%) were female. In addition, 16 (11.0%) had underlying kidney disease and 130 (89.0%) had no underlying kidney disease.

The present study showed that urinary infection with UPEC strains constitutes more than half of the cases of UTIs in children over one-year-old in Alborz province. In addition, the infection is almost 3.9-times more in girls over one year old than in boys. Although male children with underlying kidney disease are more likely to get UTI with the UPEC strains than female children with underlying kidney disease.

Isolation of genomic DNA from bacterial cells is one of the processes typically performed in most biological laboratories and there are different methods to do it .In this study, two methods including phenol-chloroform, and magnetic nanoparticles, were used to extract genomic DNA of Staphylococcus aureus.

In the present study, the standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used for extraction of genomic DNA by phenol-chloroform and magnetic nanoparticles methods. Nanodrop and electrophoresis on agarose gel were used to evaluate the quality and concentration of extracted DNA.

The concentration of extracted DNA by phenol-chloroform and magnetic nanoparticle) SiO2/Fe3O4) methods were obtained 550.4 and 131.6 µg/ml respectively.

From the findings of this study it can be concluded that due to the thick wall of Staphylococcus aureus, genomic DNA extraction by magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4/SiO2) have acceptable concentration and purity for molecular processes such as PCR, and can be used as an alternative to other extraction methods.

Rodents are the reservoir of many zoonotic diseases, including some helminth infection. The necessity to identify rodents and parasites which are transmitted through in different geographical areas of Iran and control and prevention measures can be very important from a health point of view.

In this study 40 rodents were caught from different parts of Alborz province from autumn 2018 to autumn 2020. Internal organs and viscera of mice erer examined after dissection using direct parasitological methods and parasites isolated from each rodent were identified in terms of genus and species.

Of the 40 rodents killed, 57.5% were infected with parasitic helminth. Detected worm species include Hymenolepis diminuta (17.5%), Hymenolepis nana feraterna(7.5%), Syphacia obvelata(7.5%), Syphacia muris(2.5%), Aspicularis tetraptera(7.5%), Trichuris muris(15%), Cysticercus fasciolaris(Taenia taeniae formis Larva Stag)(2.5%), Trichosomoides crassicauda(2.5%).

The results indicate the infection of rodent in Alborz province with different types of worms. Isolation of some zoonotic worm parasites from rodents in urban and rural communities reminds the neceeity of more attention for control and prevention measures as the most important action to prevent spread of parasitic disese in province.

Hydatid cyst disease (Echinococcosis) is caused by species of the parasite genus Echinococcus. The infection is present in many countries where animal husbandry is common. The treatment of the disease was based on surgery, which was accompanied by an adjunctive drug treatment. It is harmful to use the protoscolicidal effect of parasites during surgery to reduce the recurrence of the disease. The aim of this study was to confirm the protoscolicidal effect of nanoparticles of silver oxide, methanolic and acetonic extracts of Gal Ghalghaf due to the antimicrobial effects of plant in vitro on hydatid cyst protoscolices.

Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices were collected from 60 liver of sheep infected with hydatid cyst. The hydatid cyst fluid was drained using a syringe and concentrated after centrifugation. The lethal effect of normal saline group of 0.9% and the first, second and third groups with concentrations of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001% of silver oxide nanoparticles and methanolic and acetone Gal Ghalghaf extracts and their integration on protoscolices, respectively. Hydatid cysts are determined at exposure times of 1, 5, 10, and 20 minutes. After data collection, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Among the examined extracts, the concentration of 0.1% nanoparticles of silver oxide in 20 minutes and the combination of nanoparticles of silver oxide and methanolic extract of Gal Ghalghaf in 20 minutes had the most protoscolicidal effects, respectively. Also, the lowest lethal effect was obtained at a concentration of 0.001 nanoparticles of acetonic extracts of Gal Ghalghaf at 1 minute.

The findings of the present study showed that methanolic and acetonic extracts of Gal Ghalghaf after combining with silver oxide nanoparticles, especially methanolic extract, can be used as a suitable protoscolicidal agent during hydatid cyst surgery using PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Re-aspiration of protoscolices).

In the recent century, the improper use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant isolates that pose a serious threat to the health of human populations. In order to deal with this phenomenon, various approaches have been used, including the use of natural herbal extracts to treat infectious diseases. Ghalghaf Gall is caused by abnormal growth of plant tissues under the influence of living factors such as bees on various organs of the oak tree. Laboratory findings obtained from the evaluation of this plant indicate its high potential for antimicrobial properties. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Ghalghaf Gall extract on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated.

This study was performed on standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Aqueous extract of Ghalghaf Gall was obtained by Soxhlet method. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth-macrodilution method.

The MIC value of the extracts of Ghalghaf Gall obtained for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 3125 µg/ml and 98 µg/ml respectively. Also The MBC value of the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained 50000 µg/ml and 1562 µg/ml respectively.

The results of this study showed that the herbal extract of Ghalghaf Gall has a very good antimicrobial effect on the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Also, although relatively strong bacteriostatic function of the above extract was observed on Staphylococcus aureus, but there was a significant difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic concentrations.

The increasing development of agricultural and aquaculture activities along the rivers has reduced the quality of running water. The aim of this study was to evaluate Chehel-chai River water quality with national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI), Iran water quality index for surface water (IRWQISC), Canadian water quality index (CWQI).

This descriptive-analytical study, was performed on all of 7 sampling stations based on standard factors such as availability, land use type, geology and dispersion along the river, 12 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, organic phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total soluble solids and electrical conductivity and 5 cations (sodium, calcium and magnesium) and anion (chloride and sulfate) along the river for summer and autumn seasons 2018 (42 sample) with the standard method was measured.

The amount of phosphate and turbidity increased from station 2 to downstream due to the existence of fish ponds and agricultural drainage. BOD, COD and fecal coliform values at station 6 have increased significantly with due to urban effluent output. River pollution in the summer has increased due to reduction of river flow and after station 3 (promenade) to the downstream, which is due to the entry of agricultural fertilizers and urban wastewater discharge. According to the average of IRWQISC and NSFWQI, the water quality of Chehel-chai River in the sampling station in the area of Minoodasht city (station 6) is in bad class. The CWQI index showed that the water of the Chehel-chai River is suitable for drinking and aquaculture at the border of the class, for agriculture in the bad class, and in terms of recreation and livestock use in the higher class.

The mean values of the above indices indicate high pollution quality class, and since this river is used for water supply for agricultural and aquaculture, management strategies are necessary.

Surface water is usually highly variable in chemical composition due to contact with different geological formationsand other surface and groundwater resources.  Knowledge on water quality and the impact of human activities are particularly important for sustainable management and planning of water resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and hydrochemical quality of Chehelchai river water in Golestan province.

In this study, 6 sampling stations were selected based on standard criteria including land use type, accessibility and standard distributions along the river in 2018. 10 river water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium - were measured according to standard methods for one year period. Piper, Schuler, Durov, Wilcox and Gibbs diagrams were applied for hydrochemical analysis using RockWorks.17 software.  Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.

 Results indicated the abundance of major ions was found in the order of HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+. The river water type was predominantly determined as calcic bicarbonate. The findings revealed that the water of the study area is acceptable for drinking purpose based on Schuler diagram and also appropriate for agricultural uses considering Wilcox diagram (80% of the samples in class S1-C3 (saline - usable for agriculture)) and the average sodium uptake ratio (0.79).

The presence of dolomite ores, the absence of factories and domestic sewage and adhering to hygiene regulations by the residents, are the main reasons which have increased the quality of Chehelchai river water.

The most important researches in molecular and genetic engineering fields are the finding of optimal methods for extraction of the genomic content of microorganisms and cells using them, can achieve the most amount and purity with the least time and cost. There are several methods for the extraction of bacterial DNA and the use of magnetic nanoparticles is one of the novel methods of nucleic acid isolation. The aim of this study is to compare DNA extracted from Escherichia coli using two techniques including phenol-chloroform and magnetic nanoparticles.

In this study, Escherichia coli strain ATCC25922 was used to compare the two extraction methods. For genomic DNA extraction the phenol-chloroform methods as well as the technique of using bilayer SiO2/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were used. Both products were analyzed by nanodrop and following agarose gel electrophoresis.

The results of optical density (OD) evaluation with nanodrop spectrophotometer showed that the concentration of extracted DNA with conventional phenol-chloroform method and magnetic nanoparticle extraction technique were 761.4 µg/ml and 531 µg/ml respectively.

According to the obtained results by comparing the optical absorption of the two products and comparative evaluation with control groups in magnetic nanoparticle extraction method, also by comparing different factors such as the amount of time required, costs, ease of use, it can be concluded that due to the time-consuming and dangerous nature of the phenol-chloroform method, the using magnetic nanoparticles is an appropriated method for extracting the genomic content.

Parasitic helminthic diseases are one of the most common diseases of humans and animals that threaten the health of human societies. Nowadays, different methods are used for recovery of eggs parasites from soil samples. Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of mistakes caused by the artifacts (waste and disposable materials for diagnostic purposes), it is necessary to design and use a special device to collect more accurately the eggs of helminthic parasites.

The purpose of this study was to design and use a rapid method for collecting different Toxocara spp. eggs in order to determine the prevalence of soil contamination.

In this study, for recovery of Toxocara parasite eggs from collected soil samples, a sieve screen was used with plastic body (polyvinyl chloride compressed plastics) in a cylindrical shape with a mesh of 150 µm (can be changed), as well as the cap and holder,for the use of modified sucrose flotation method to isolate and identify Toxocara species eggs.

In the current study, single cell, multicellular, and infective Toxocara eggs were recovered from collected soil samples. The results of prevalence of Toxocara eggs in collected soil specimens showed that 38.5% (CI: 95%, 32.03-45.40%) were recovered using vertical sieve screening and using the traditional technique and flotation method 21.5% (CI: 95%, 16.37-27.70%) were recovered, which showed a significant difference between the two groups (P˂0.05).

Compared to the conventional and standard sucrose flotation method, using the sieve screen in addition to recovery of Toxocara parasite, it can be used in epidemiological studies to investigate the presence of eggs of nematode parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichocephalus, as well as other eggs of zoonotic helminths in soil samples, and the percentage of true egg parasites in the soil samples in epidemiological studies.

Strongyloides stercoralis is one of the most common human pathogenic parasitic nematodes that is able to complete a life cycle and proliferate within its host. The majority of patients with strongyloidiasis have an asymptomatic infection or mild disease. Nowadays, with increasing the incidence of autoimmune diseases and as well as corticosteroids therapy and increase in diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), cancer has been a source of concern for secondary disorders. These individuals are more likely to develop microbial diseases including bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viral infections, and if they are affected may be endanger the patient's life. Amongst the parasitic infections of Strongyloides stercoralis is very important in the life cycle of the parasite due to the specificity of the infection (Hyperinfection). Our case represents chronic strongyloidiasis with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

One of the neglected soil and/or food-borne diseases with international public health importance is toxocariasis. Human cases are being increasingly reported from Asian, African, Oceania, European and the American countries. Hence, human toxocariasis (HT) is now considered as a major zoonosis with global and regional importance. In Iran, human and animal toxocariasis is an endemic disease with clinical and epidemiologic health problem aspects. Doubtless, understanding the epidemiology and the trend of this important parasitic disease and its affecting factors will provide the establishment of effective prevention and control programs. To better understand the trend of toxocariasis researches in Iran, this study was performed to analyze different aspects of this zoonotic disease including history, life cycle, species, human animals and environmental studies, diagnostic aspects and treatments to find out the gaps, including different aspects of clinical sings in human patients, new and specific recombinant antigens based on the native antigens, new diagnostic tools, especially rapid diagnostic tests, paratenic hosts status and new treatment procedures which is necessary to be investigated in the future studies on this important zoonotic disease.

Treatment of hydatidosis in humans, mainly surgery with the use of drugs is combined. During surgery, the risk of fluid leakage hydatid cyst that was content to adjacent tissues, resulting in recurrence of the disease. Ephedra is a plant that grows in various regions of Iran and used to treat as antibacterial and antifungal in certain diseases. The aim of this study was to in vitro evaluate the effects of different concentrations of aqueous extract of Ephedra major at different times.
Infected liver to hydatid cysts were collected from slaughterhouses. Protoscoleces viability was assessed by staining Eosin 1.0 percent. Protoscoleces activities of aqueous extract 1/0, 01/0, 001/0 mg/ml at 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes were analyzed. Saline and saturated brine were used as positive and negative controls.
The highest percentage of household protoscoleces dilution of 0.1 (13.58%) was observed (P= 0.001). Protoscoleces lowest scolicidal effect rate was found in the dilution 0.001 (2.47%)
The effect of aqueous extract of Ephedra major plumbing protoscoleces not significant. Therefore, it cannot be used as a cache protoscoleces strong and appropriate.

The development of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of K. pneumoniae is a matter of great concern and horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the most important factors in the creation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of class 1 integrons and their gene cassettes among MDR K. pneumonia strains isolated from clinical specimens.
This cross-sectional study included 181 samples of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from outpatients and hospitalized patients between November 2013 and June 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated samples were determined by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The presence of class 1 integrons and embedded gene cassettes were investigated in MDR strains by polymerase chain reaction assay. Using SPSS 17, statistical analyses were carried out by chi-square (χ2) and Fisher exact tests. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Of 181 isolated samples, 150 (82.9%) were multidrug resistant. The most and the least resistance rates belonged to ampicillin (98.7%) and imipenem (24%) respectively. Class I integrons were seen in 150 (100%) of MDR isolated samples and 147 (98%) of them contained gene cassettes of five different kinds.
We found a high frequency rate of class 1 integrons and embedded gene cassettes in MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae in the hospitalized patients in Kashan which can play an important role in the creation and transmission of antibiotic resistance.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a nosocomial pathogen which especially causes infections among burn patients. Carbapenems are extensively used for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. The emergence of carbapenemases producing isolates is an outcome of increased utilization of carbapenems. The aim of this study was to determine the bla-IMP-1 and bla-IMP-2 genes in metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) -producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients in Isfahan.
Material and A total of 150 P. aeruginosa were isolated from burn patients hospitalized in Imam-Mousakazem hospital in Isfahan. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) was carried out for screening of MBL production in imipenem-resistant strains. PCR assays were used for detection of bla-IMP-1 and bla-IMP-2 genes among metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The purified PCR products were sequenced.
Of 150 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, %100 identified as multi-drug resistant strains. The most resistance rates were seen against ciprofloxacin, tobromycin, meropenem and imipenem. All of 144 imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were MBL producing by DDST test. Twenty-nine (19.3%) and 8(5.3%) MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates harbored bla-IMP-1 and bla-IMP-2 genes respectively.
According to results of this study high level resistance to imipenem and MBl genes carriage was seen among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patient infections in our region.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is now recognized as an agent of bacterial meningitis in Asia. Polyribosil Ribitol Phosphate (PRP) capsule are in all of the strains and IgG antibodies can be target. Due to limited studies on H. influenzae type b in the country and the lack of sufficient information on the status of carriers, achieve a comprehensive model of the spread of the bacteria in the carrier's most vulnerable children is the aim of this study. In this study, 194 (49% female and 51% male) serum samples were collected from children under 6 years old referred to medical centers in Korram Abad. The serological study of H. influenzae type b was carried using anti-H. influenzae PRP IgG antibodies kit by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of 194 children under 6 years-old screened for H. influenzae-specific IgG antibodies with ELISA, 6 (3 percent) were IgG seropositive. Prevalence of bacteria in children under 2 years was 67% that demonstrated no significant association between seropositivity in subjects and place of residence of children with the prevalence of bacteria. The prevalence of H. influenzae type b seropositivity in our study was 3% of the total sample. In current study, a higher percentage of males than females were seropositive and frequency of predominant bacteria in patients younger than 2 years. The age factor is a variable that positively affects serum. Regarding to non-Hib vaccination in children, the presence of the bacteria in children can be important.

Since different nations have emphasized reusing their traditional methods in medicine over the last two decades، and the World Health Organization’s recent approach has also focused on restoring traditional medicine in different parts of the world، those methods that are more compatible with the popular culture of a country should be considered. In our country، the traditional medicine، with its rich resources and scientific support as well as its considerable compatibility with the health orders of Islam، and the recommendations of the Holy Prophet and Imams، has been regarded by scientists and people for a long time. Using Iranian traditional medicine and the rich and valuable treasures of this precious heritage has useful and researchable issues in order to enrich human knowledge and scientific advances، and to open new windows into the field of medicine. To be expanded، the traditional medicine needs to be organized، its education has to be centralized، and its educational content should be based on scientific documents and evidence so that academic communities could be satisfied and possible misuses in the field of complementary and traditional medicine could be prevented. Establishing the secretariat of the complementary and traditional medicine educational council in the Ministry of Health، medicinal herbs center، and traditional medicine school seems to be an effective measure to institutionalize and organize theses sciences in Iran. Necessary planning to employ the essential and efficient staff can be one of the important duties of this secretariat، and it can be operational by compiling educational planning for MSc and PhD courses on traditional medicine. The aim of this major is to train specialists familiar with popular principles and methods of prevention، treatment، education، and applicable researches in Iranian traditional medicine. Consequently، in addition to using the newest information of the classical medicine، this method can be used to provide، restore، and promote health in patients and societies when its application is useful for them and it promotes human knowledge. Ultimately، the three factors affecting organization and development include compiling the curriculum and teaching these sciences in universities considering academic standards، extracting results based on researches and reliable documents and evidences، and informing academic communities clearly، properly، and precisely.

Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus spp. is a major zoonotic infection that is detrimental to both humans and animal hus‌bandries in many countries. Treatment of hydatid disease is mainly surgical, with medical treatment being reserved as a coadjuvant treatment. Use of effective scolicidal agents during surgery of cystic echinococcosis is essential to reduce the recurrence rate. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vitro scolicidal effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Punica granatum root on hydatid cyst protoscolices. Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices were collected from the liver of sheep infected with the hydatid cyst. Various concentrations of plant extracts(a.b.c) were used in different exposure times for viability assay of protoscolices. Among the root extracts tested, 0.1% con‌centrations had strong scolicidal effects in 6 hr. 0.1% and 0.01% concentrations of pomegranate root had protoscolices activity against in 4hr and 6 hr, respectively. The finding suggests that Punica granatum root might be used as a protoscolices agent in treatment of hydatid cyst.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease which is caused by a protozoa named Toxoplasma gondii. There is no clear information on the prevalence of this infection in cattle and sheeps in Lorestan province. Therefore, in this study we intended to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma infection in domestic animals (sheep and cattle) slaughtered in khorram Abad. In total, 446 blood samples were collected from sheeps (286) and cattles (160) which were slaughtered in Khoram Abad’s abattoirs. Sera were separated and tested for the presence of specific IgG anti-toxoplasma gondii by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. According to the guidelines of serologic kit manufacturer, 16.1% of sheeps and 11.9% of cattles were infected by Toxoplasma gondii. There was a significant relationship between seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii and the age of animals (P=0.002). The infection rate was higher in older animals. The seroprevalence rate of infection was lower than the reported rates for many parts of the country. But, the true infection rate may be slightly different from the value we determined, because serological tests may have some problems.

Quinolone-resistance in Escherichia coli is ordinarily associated with mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) was increasingly identified in Enterobacteriaceae family worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of qnrA gene among quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates in Khorram Abad، Iran.

In this cross-sectional study، one-hundred forty E. coli isolates were collected from urine samples of the patients. Isolates were screened for ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance using disk diffusion method according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. Moreover، PCR was used to evaluate the presence of qnrA gene in quinolone-resistant isolates.

One-hundred sixteen (82. 8%) and 63 (43%) out of 140 E. coli isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin، respectively. The results showed that 14 (12. 1%) nalidixic acid- resistant and 9 (14. 3%) ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were positive for qnrA gene.

The identification of qnrA gene among quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates shows that the emergence of PMQR in this region requires serious preventive measures.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)، as one of the most important food-borne pathogen، in human may lead to deadly syndromes، like hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS). Occurrence of HUS following urinary tract infection (UTI) has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to identify stx1، stx2 and eaeA genes in E. coli strains isolated from urine samples in Alashtar (Lorestan، Iran)

A total number of 144 bacterial isolates were collected from three hospitals in Alashtar during a six-month period. One-hundred E. coli isolates were identified using the standard biochemical tests as well as the selective and differential media. The multiplex PCR method was used to evaluate the presence of stx1، stx2 and eaeA genes.

Two out of 100 E. coli isolates carried both stx2 and eaeA genes and one isolate (1%) only sxt1gene. Moreover، the three genes were not found in any of the isolates tested.

Detection of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (e. g. O157: H7 and non-O157: H7 serotypes)، which may lead to life-threatening syndromes such as HUS، from urine samples is of great importance. Further research in this field using the fast and precise molecular methods is recommended.

Parkinson''s disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative disorder with multiple motor and non motor symptoms. These features can cause disability and extensive dysfunction in patients. This study is conducted to evaluate the disabilities of PD patients. The study was case series. Depression، cognitive impairment and disability of patients were diagnosed based on DSM-IV criteria، Mini Mental State Examination and Hoen and Yahr criteria، respectively. Smelling dysfunction was diagnosed with water، rosewater، tobacco and coffee. From 79 patients who were recruited in our study male to female ratio was 3 to 1. The most patients aged 70-79 years. Prevalence of depression and cognitive impairment was 45. 6% and 68. 4%. Prevalence of on-off phenomenon، falling attacks and olfactory dysfunction was 21. 5، 32. 9 and 68. 4 percent، respectively. Duration of disease and treatment was significantly associated with amount of disability. Depression was significantly (p=0. 006) associated with disability and severity of disease. This study showed that motor and non motor abnormalities are common in PD. Disability is influenced by factors such as age، duration of disease and treatment. Hence، diagnosis and treatment of PD should be considered before onset of disabilities.

Education is the main mission of a university and one of the important tasks of faculty members is to enhance the teaching quality, resulting in improving the quality of university education. Teacher evaluation is one of the processes that are done to improve the education quality. This study was conducted to design and evaluate teaching quality assessment form from the viewpoint of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences students in 2010. This cross-sectional study was conducted in two stages using 276 students at Lorestan University of Medical Science. Firstly, evaluation priorities were extracted using the Delphi technique in the fifth episode features including teaching skills, individual characteristics, communication skills, principles of training and assessment skills. In the second stage, the priority and importance of each item was evaluated on a Likert five-option. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS-17, descriptive statistics, chi-square and Kruskal Wallis tests. Teaching skills, self-confidence, communication skills, educational principles and rules, and assessment skills were chosen as the most important factors. There was significant differences among the majority of expressed comments between the sexes (P<0.05). Although students recognize important points in evaluation, they are affected by other factors such as gender, academic GPA, field of study.

Aegyptianellosis is a disease caused by small intraerythrocytic inclusions which is restricted to the area of Africa, Asia and extreme southern Europe. In this study the prevalence of Aegyptianella spp. was evaluated in four genera of domestic poultry in the northern, southern and central regions of Lorestan province from April to September 2008. A total of 275 native adult birds including chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys which were bred in free range pasture condition were used for blood sampling in the rural areas of the regions. Twenty one (7.6%) out of 275 birds used in this study were infected with the organisms. The detected Aegyptianella were found in 7 chickens (33.3%), 2 ducks (9.5%), 7 geese (33.3%), and 5 turkeys (23.9%), respectively. The majority of the records were from the northeastern regions. Therefore, more than one-half of the infected birds with the Aegyptianella species were located in these regions. The structure morphology of Aegyptianella spp. was studied using light and electron microscopy. The results of the study by electron microscopy demonstrated the developmental stage as well as implemented similar and different extra/intra genus.