محمد مهدی محمدی

Proper physical activities play an important role in reducing disease and mortality in old age, and is one of the main causes of active aging; however, the fear of falling is a barrier to having proper physical activity. Due to the difference between the elderly living in urban and rural areas regarding the risk factors of fear of falling and the amount and type of physical activity, this study aims to investigate and compare the fear of falling, physical activity, and activities of daily living (ADL) in the elderly living in urban and rural areas of Konarak County, Iran.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, 350 elderly people  aged ≥60 years, who were under the coverage of comprehensive rural and urban health service centers in Konarak, Sistan and Baluchestan province (224 from rural areas and 126 from urban areas) were selected using a random sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition to recording their demographic information, their fear of falling, physical activity, and ADL were measured by the Persian version of falls efficacy scale-international (FES-I), Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA), ADL scale, and Instrumental ADL scale (IADL), respectively.

The mean overall age of the elderly was 68.48±7.84 years (69.53±8.29 years in the rural group and 66.62±6.61 years in the urban group), and there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P<0.001). Pearson correlation test results showed that the FES-I score had a statistically significant negative relationship with the scores of ADL, IADL, and RAPA1 in total and in each group (P<0.001), but there was no statistically significant relationship between the FES-I score and the RAPA2 neither in total (P=0.40) and nor in rural (P=0.38) and urban (P=0.81) groups.

The fear of falling is significantly higher in the elderly living in rural areas of Konarak county compared to those living in urban areas. The RAPA1 and basic ADL of the elderly living in urban areas are higher compared to those living in rural areas, but there is no significant difference between them in RAPA2 and IADL. In addition, fear of falling has a significant relationship with physical activity of the elderly in overall and in rural and urban groups.

In this study, the effect of laminate type and number of layers, fiber angle and modulus of elasticity in combination with the effect of global and local geometric defects has been investigated as a new combination in the field of aeroelasticity. Using the principle of virtual work, by directly integrating the problem-solving boundary, the governing equations are determined based on Kirchhoff thin-plate theory. Then, using the assumption mode method in Galerkin's theory, the partial differential equations are converted to ordinary nonlinear differential equations. The final nonlinear equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta numerical method and the time domain results are extracted to determine the flutter and post-flutter behavior of the plate. The results of the analysis showed that the geometric defect with non-uniform and asymmetric load production, the type of layering, the number of layers and mechanical loads are effective on the plane flutter boundary. The effect of local geometric defects in determining the flutter border is not necessarily destabilizing, but in some cases, depending on the size and location of the defect, it is also possible to increase the stability of the plane flutter boundary. In addition, the dynamic behavior of the plate under the effect of local geometric defects with different shapes and dimensions is very diverse and different from the of general defect (first mode shape) or shell with small curvature.

DNA translocation/sequencing through a solid-state functionalized graphene nanopore with the aid of constant velocity steered molecular dynamics simulation was studied. Hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl molecules have been used to functionalize the nanopore. Phosphorus atom of the DNA backbone has been pulled during translocation and then the pulling force variation was tracked to verify the distinction between bases. Besides, the rotation of the base plane with respect to the graphene plane, called beta angle, was also evaluated during translocation. The results show that cytosine, guanine, and thymine are distinguishable by this method. Employing the capabilities of the current method and considering the unique potentials of two-dimensional solid-state nanostructures, can shed light on the design of a new generation of protein sequencing machines for the Human Genome Project (HGP).

 

Job burnout is a delayed reaction to chronic stressors in the workplace, which has many adverse effects on the nurses and the organization in which they work. The present study aimed to predict job burnout based on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, emotional intelligence, and the types of nurses’ personalities.

The current study was cross-sectional analytic research conducted using quota sampling on 250 nurses working in Teaching Hospitals in Kermanshah, Iran. Initially, Maslach’s job burnout questionnaire was completed by all the people studied in the research, and then the people who had high job burnout entered the second stage of the research. Then, they completed Berfield’s job satisfaction, Neo’s 5-fold personality traits, Schering’s emotional intelligence, and Blaw’s job commitment inventories. Data were entered into SPSS software v.23 and were analyzed statistically.

The findings showed that 84% of nurses had burnout. The level of job satisfaction, emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, and scores of five personality traits in the nurses was higher than the average. None of the variables of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, emotional intelligence, and personality type could predict job burnout, and job burnout was higher in the group of nurses with less than five years of experience than the other groups. Also, job commitment had a significant relationship with age and work experience. Regarding the five personality traits and in all five categories, most people were in the average group. The most job burnout was in female and married people and in nurses with low income.

The present study showed that none of the variables of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, emotional intelligence, and personality type could predict job burnout, and no significant relationship was found between these variables and job burnout. The results of this study help nursing managers and officials to consider the lack of relationship between the variables in the management planning of the health organization to reduce job burnout in this way and preventing wasting of financial and time resources in the wrong direction to reduce job burnout.

Accurate duplication of casts is necessary to fabricate a proper prosthetic appliance with good adaptation. Alginate is an inexpensive impression material and is available in most dental offices. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the casts duplicated using alginate impression mold.

In this in vitro study, at first, a metallic tray and condensational silicone impression material were used to prepare 60 master impressions of a maxillary dental model. The impressions were poured using stone gypsum, and their dimensions were measured via a digital Vernier caliper with accuracy of 0.01 mm. Then, the casts were fixed on the floor of a flask filled with alginate with two folds volume of cold water recommended by the manufacturer. The resulting impressions were immediately poured, and the measurements were repeated. The data were analyzed with SPSS 26 using MANOVA and ICC index (p<0.05).

Statistical analyses showed that dimensional changes of the duplicated casts were not significant relative to the master casts (P=0.90). In addition, insignificantly, the duplicate casts were smaller than the master casts and the dimensional changes in the transverse dimension were more than those in the anteroposterior dimension.  

The results indicated that alginate duplicate impressions taken using the alginate molding technique had good dimensional accuracy when they were poured immediately. Since alginate is inexpensive, this technique can be used in the dental office by saving time to decrease laboratory costs and avoid using expensive impression materials.

The entry of pollutants from agricultural land into water bodies is one of the most environmental issues connected to the tile drainage systems. Also leaching of drain water may cause the required nutrients for crop growth becomes out of reach. Thus, applying Best Management practies (BMPs) to relief the side effects of agricultural tile drainage systems is crucial. Over the past few decades, several BMPs have been introduced and studied with the aim of manage and control the volume and pollutants amount of tile drain water in agricultural lands, of which Controlled Tile Drainage (CTD) is one of them. Due to difficulty and costly nature of long-term monitoring programs, which is often used to assess impacts of applying BMPs on non-point source pollution, the AnnAGNPS model developed by USDA is a reliable alternative to simulate an effect of applying CTD at the watershed scale. AnnAGNPS, a comprehensive computational model that evolved from AGNPS, was designed for evaluating non-point pollutant loadings in agricultural watersheds and river basins. Briefly, AnnAGNPS is a distributed parameter simulation model that subdivides a watershed into small, homogeneous subwatersheds called “cells.” Cells are interconnected by stream channels called “reaches” In this study, an impact assessment of applying CTD on Total Suspended Sediment (TSS), Total Nitrogen (N total), Dissolved Nitrogen (N dissolved) and Surface Runoff were evaluated by AnnAGNPS at the Qharesu Watershed.

Qharesu watershed with an area of about 1670 square kilometers is one of the watersheds of Golestan province, which is surrounded by the Gorganrud watershed area from the north and east, Nekarud watershed in the south and the Gorgan Bay from the west. Finally, it is discharged into this bay. An average meteorological data of 5 statistical years of 2016 to 2020, used as a model input data in order to further adapt to the climatic conditions of the region in future, when tile drainage system is operated. The surface runoff data and suspended sediment load were also obtained from the Siah-Ab hydrometric station (outlet point of Qharesu watershed). Calibration and validation of the model performed by runoff and TSS observation data, in which the degree of confirmity between observation data and model output data performed by using three indices of Nash-Sutcliffe, RSR, and PBIAS.Two tile drain depth scenarios were examined in detail to mimic tile drainage control: The depth of 0.2m (CTD0.2) as an extensive controlled drainage and the depth of 0.6m (CTD0.6) as the recommended depth in the growing season for controlled drainage. The depth of the drainage base considered 1.1m as a reference condition as well.

The results showed that the model is reliable for simulating the studied parameters. The indices of E, RSR and PBIAS for runoff were 0.85, 0.48 and -2.6 for the calibration period and 0.76, 0.44 and -10.9 for the validation period respectively. These numbers were 0.73, 0.43 and -31.7 (calibration) and 0.66, 0.54 and -29.1 (validation) for sediment data.The AnnAGNPS model predicted a slight decrease in runoff and total nitrogen and a moderate decrease in dissolved nitrogen at the outlet of the Qharaesu River under the CTD0.6 scenario (during the growing season). Also, the increase in sediment load due to CTD0.6 was almost negligible. Based on the model results, Controlled drainage to a depth of approximately 0.6m below ground level is a suitable equilibrium point for reducing nitrogen and sediment loads at the watershed scale. Considering the importance of the outlet point of Gharesu, which is discharged to Gorgan bay, and since a significant part of tile drainage system in this watershed has not been impelemented yet, applying controlled tile drainage system is possible at a lower cost and more comfortable. Therefore, the possibility of applying CTD0.6 scenario should be on the agenda of authorities.

The ability of baffles in increasing the hydrodynamic damping of sloshing in circular cylindrical containers is investigated in this study by analytic, numerical, and experimental methods. Baffles as separate components are installed in tanks containing fluid and can change various aspects of dynamic characteristics of sloshing. The primary objectives of this study is to examine the relative effectiveness of baffle arrangements to provide experimental data for the verification of the numerical models and to recommend a practical baffle arrangement that would be effective over a range of frequencies. The results show that the proposed baffle arrangement has a very effective effect on the damping and sloshing frequencies, and satisfies the anticipated design requirements optimally. The results also display that at liquid height close to the bottom of the container, the theoretical curve predicts that the fundamental frequency of the sloshing will decrease, while the experimental frequency not only decreases but also shows an increasing average. In addition, the results of finite element method and finite volume method in calculation of sloshing frequency and damping are highly consistent with experimental results.

With the increasing utilization of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells in cars, ships and airplanes, the study of vibrational behavior of fuel cells has gained particular importance.In this paper, modal analysis of 400-watt 4-cells fuel cell with an active surface area of 225 〖cm〗^2 has been performed numerically and experimentally. Time domain method has been used to extract the global fuel cell frequencies. This method has found widespread applications for models that do not have finite element simulation before the modal test.The considered fuel cell model has been excited from several directions and the output data of the sensors were recorded at several points. Then, by interpreting the results in the time domain and using the phase response angle, two natural frequencies of the model were extracted. The results of the test showed that the first transverse and longitudinal frequency of model is 500 Hz and about 2500 Hz, respectively.Then, simulation of finite elemental fuel cell components was studied in detail.Comparison of the frequencies obtained from the test and numerical analysis showed that maximum difference is about 8%. Therefore, numerical analysis of the model with sufficient detail can adequately cover the vibrational properties of the real model. Also, the results showed that by changing the geometrical and mechanical properties of the membrane by 45%, the natural frequency of fuel cell changes through 4%. Furthermore, Removing the membrane plates, in addition to reducing the number of model elements, reduces the contact constraints.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder with an unknown etiology. Some recent studies report the presence of a microscopic inflammation in people with IBS. This micro-inflammation can be due to an alteration in the pattern of recognition receptors especially in Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this systematic review, we reviewed an evaluated existing studies related to TLRs and their changes in patients with IBS.

Three science citation index databases including Web of Science, Pubmed and Embase were searched for related keywords from September 2000 to September 2018. There was no language restriction. Two reviewers screened and extracted data independently.

A total of 178 records were retrieved and eight eligible studies (265 patients) were included for data extraction and analysis. The results showed that, compared with the healthy group, the expression of some of the TLRs such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 increased whereas the expression of some others including TLR7 and TLR8 decreased significantly.

 Alteration of TLRs in patients with IBS can be due to changes in microbiota causing a micro-inflammation. This alteration can have a potential role in pathophysiology of IBS.

Adolescents on hemodialysis are faced with problems of mental health and academic failure; therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on mental health and academic achievement of adolescents under hemodialysis.
A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 80 adolescents under hemodialysis in dialysis centers of Imam Khomeini and Imam Reza hospitals of Kermanshah by convenience sampling method; then the samples were randomly divided into intervention (n=40) and control (n=40) groups. Data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of mental health and in relation to academic achievement, students’ Grade Point Average (GPA) was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and Chi-square, the independent  t test and the paired sample t tests.
In the intervention group, the mean scores of anxiety (10.37±5.44), depression (15.43±7.34), physical complaints (8.99 ± 6.18), significantly decreased into (6.71±2.82), (11.23±2.87) and (4.82±2.24) respectively (P<0.05), and social activities score increased from (12.29±5.41) to (16.27±6.67) scores (P>0.05). The students’ GPA, before intervention (15.02 ± 2.09) compared with the results after intervention (16.72±1.13) significantly increased (P<0.05).
This study indicated that life skills training can promote the different dimensions of mental health and academic achievement of adolescents under hemodialysis. In this regard, it is suggested that the plan of lifestyle training should be considered during the treatment of adolescent under dialysis.

Study habits of a person determines the academic progress, therefore, this study aimed to determine study habits among students at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and its association with demographic characteristics, too. This descriptive-analytic study encompassed 669 students including 330 graduate students and 339 under graduate and doctoral students. The sampling method in graduate group was census, but stratified random sampling was used in another group. Data were gathered using study habit inventory questionnaire PSSHI) and then were analyzed by SPSS16 through independent t test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The total mean score of the students’ study habits estimated 47.38±4.85 that the lowest average score among the different fields was related to the scope of the taking notes (41.85±21.14) and time management (42.36±15.71); moreover, students in the fields of health had the lowest average in taking notes and learning motivation. There was a significant relationship between some subscales of study habits and sex, marital status, field of study, exam preparation time (P0. 05). The study habits among students studying at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was in moderate level that was so far from an ideal level, therefore, it is recommended that principles of correct study should be considered at the initial entrance to university education.

Understanding the identity styles of adolescents with cancer can predict the progress in their academic self-regulation. The present study was performed to determine the relationship between identity styles and academic self-regulation in adolescents of Kermanshah city in school year 2015-2016.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 269 adolescents with cancer that were covered by the Mahak institute in school year 2015-2016. Data sampling method was simple random sampling method. The main tool for data collection contains Berzonsky Identity Style questionnaire and Ryan & Connell questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS version 22, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and regression test).
Significant positive relationships were found between academic self-regulation and informational identity style (r= 0.397 and p=0.0001), normative identity style and academic self-regulation (r= 0.309 and p= 0.0001), identity commitment and academic self-regulation (r= 0.287, p=0.0001). However, there was a significant negative correlation between confusion / avoidance and academic self-regulation (r= -0.189 and p=0.002). The informational identity style and confusion/ avoidance style predicted academic self-regulation significantly (regression coefficient 0.259 and -0.147).
The results showed that among identity styles, informational style and avoidant identity style had a greater share in anticipation of self-regulation. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, special workshops for parents and teachers and young people in secondary schools should be held to help identify processes (especially education and informational identity style).

Objectives Attitudes of health care providers towards patients can be an important underlying factor for providing efficient and effective care. Positive attitude of the nurses towards the patients coupled with more motivation and determination can be a mantra to better clinical services. The present study was conducted to determine the attitude of nursing students in relation to the care of the elderly.
Methods & Materials This study is a descriptive study conducted on 211 students in Nursing and Midwifery, in Kermanshah Province, Iran in 2015. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 21 questions. Data analysis, including independent t test was done using SPSS 22.
Results The mean (SD) age of the participating nursing students was 97.5 (63.72) and nurse practitioners 27.7 (6.74) years. There was a statistically significant difference (P 0.05).
Conclusion Although the majority of students have average attitude (not good) toward the elderly, it is felt that more specialized training is needed to improve knowledge and attitudes of aging. Considering that the nurse practitioners had a more positive attitude, teaching them is effective to create a positive attitude.

Blood exchange as a method for treating of abnormal increase of bilirubin in the first week of life, has always been faced with serious potential side effects. Therefore prevention and early detection of these complications is important. Given the higher prevalence of jaundice in preterm neonates, this study was done to compare the complications of transfusion in term and preterm neonates with jaundice..
This cross-sectional study was done on 50 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and treated with blood transfusions using available sampling method. Samples were investigated for several variables such as platelets, calcium, glucose, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate and clinical signs during transfusion, and up to 24 hours after it.
FINDINGS: From total of 50 neonates in this study, 22 neonates were preterm (44%) and 28 neonates were term (56 percent). The most common complication of blood transfusions in all neonatal was thrombocytopenia (48%). The most common complication in term neonates was reported thrombocytopenia (85.67%) and metabolic acidosis (2.57%) in preterm neonates, respectively (p The results showed that thrombocytopenia (in term neonates) and metabolic acidosis (in preterm neonates) are the most frequent complications of blood transfusion.

Nursing process leads to the coordination of nursing services but today we see that this process is not applied at clinical fields, therefore this study aimed to determine the nursing process barriers from the view of the nurses and nurse managers in surgical wards in imam reza hospital at kermanshah.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 nurses (73 nurses and 17 nursing managers) of surgical wards of Imam Reza hospital in Kermanshah city in 2015 . Data collection tool was nursing process barriers questionnaire that its validity by view of experts of this field and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha 0/84 and 0/86 was confirmed. Data using SPSS version 17 and chi-square test and Fisher's exact test in significant level of 0/05 were analyzed.
The lack of sufficient information about concept of the nursing process was the most important individual barriers from the view of nurses (72.6%) and nursing managers (88.2%) respectively. The most important management barriers from the view of nurses were lack of enough time for doing the nursing process due to excessive number of patients (93.2) and from the view of nursing managers were submitting non-nursing duties to the nurses (88.2%.(
Despite the nurses are faced with several obstacles to provide nursing process, nurses are expected to increase their knowledge about the concepts of the nursing process more than before, and nursing managers should remove administrative obstacles that exist in management aspects, in addition the managers should provide practical and functional education to create a clear understanding of the concept of the nursing process.

The gap between theoretical knowledge and practice provided challenges in a critical way in clinical services. Therefore, current study aimed to determine the factors affecting the gap between knowledge and practice in 2015.
This descriptive study was conducted on 375 people (217 nurses from Imam Reza hospital, and 158 nursing students from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences) in 2015. The data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire consisted of 23 questions about the factors affecting the gap between knowledge and practice. Pearson correlation and t-test were employed to analyze the collected data using SPSS 16 software.
Total average of the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical nursing services was reported 51.67±11.22 (based on 100 points) that was in the range of high. Shortage of nurses (84.28), support from head nurse (77.62) and lack of adequate facilities (73.67) from the perspective of nurses, and clinical instructors teaching style (88.25±17.09), shortage of nurses (79.18) and lack of updated knowledge of nursing (31.73) from the perspective of nursing students was reported to be as the most important factors influencing the gap between theoretical learning and clinical nursing services.
There is a high gap between theoretical learning and clinical nursing services, therefore in order to fill this gap; it is recommended to amend both educational and clinical aspects. In educational aspect, clinical education style should be reformed and also experienced coaches should be used. In clinical aspect, it is necessary to employ more nurses and to support nursing managers and head nurses.

Dialysis adequacy is one the leading causes of mortality in hemodialysis patients. On the other hand, type of vascular access is considered as one of the effective variables in dialysis adequacy. This study was performed to compare dialysis adequacy in three types of vascular access, namely permanent catheter, fistula, and graft.
This sectional study was performed in 151 hemodialysis patients, who were chosen through convenience sampling and were allocated to permanent catheter (n=66), fistula (n=66), and graft (n=19) groups. The study was conducted in the Hemodialysis Ward of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. Dialysis adequacy was evaluated and compared in the three groups using urea reduction ratio (URR) and Kt/V criteria.
FINDINGS:Based on URR and Kt/V criteria, the mean of dialysis adequacy was 58.46±20.13 and 1.26±0.34, respectively, mean differences of URR and Kt/V criteria were not significant in the three groups.
Our findings demonstrated that there were no differences between permanent catheter, fistula, and graft types of vascular access in terms of dialysis adequacy; thus, any of these methods can be applied in its specific indication without being concerned about dialysis inadequacy.

Test -anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems among the students that can impair performance and leads to failure of the exam. So، this study aimed to determine the rate of exam-anxiety among Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences'' students. This cross sectional-analytic study was conducted on 510 students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences by convenience sampling method in 2014. In this study، data collection tool was Test-Anxiety questionnaire includes 25 questions. Data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation and t-test using SPSS 16 software. 198 students (38. 8%) had mild exam-anxiety، 140 students (27. 5%) moderate exam-anxiety and 172 students (33. 7%) had severe exam-anxiety. The difference between the mean of anxiety scores was significant at various fields of study (P <0. 05). Midwifery students experienced more stress in comparison with the students of other fields. There was a significant relationship between exam anxiety level، and the variables of gender، location، age and total grades average of students (P<0/05). There was not a significant relationship between exam anxiety level and marital status، parental occupation، semester entrance and employment of students. Due to the high level of exam anxiety among the different fields of medicine as well as the negative effect of this type of anxiety on academic performance of students، the necessity of the use of psychological services، counseling، identification of causes of anxiety، and planning for decreasing this problem was recommended. Obviously، in this regard، more attention should be paid to the highest-risk groups such as female midwifery students.

In this paper, the incremental hole-drilling method is used to measure experimentally with accuracy non-uniform residual stresses in each ply of fiber metal laminate (FML) composites. Integral method was used for the approximation of residual stress. This method, considered a constant and uniform residual stress analysis at each hole-drilling depth increment. At the first, finite element method is used to calculation of the calibration coefficients matrix of the incremental hole drilling process. The calibration coefficients matrix determined by a finite element analysis can be used directly in the experiment. Calibration coefficients matrix used to relate the measured strain relaxation field with the existing residual stresses prior to the hole-drilling process. Also, for the experimental determination, released strains induced by high speed drilling process on FML composites with a stacking sequence of [AL/02/902]S have been quantified. At the end, the experimental measurements are compared with the theoretical predictions of the classical laminate theory. The good agreements between the experimental and theoretical results show that, incremental hole-drilling technique can be improved to be successfully applied for measuring non-uniform residual stresses in FML composites.

Clinical training is an important aspect of nursing education which transfers students from theoretical training to clinical settings. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of effective clinical Instructors from the viewpoint of nursing students and clinical faculties.
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 305 nursing students and 26 clinical Instructors. The data was collected using a 49-item questionnaire with five subscales of professional, personal, communicative, teaching methods and evaluation characteristics. Pearson correlation and t-test were employed to analyze the data using SPSS 22.
The overall mean of the characteristics of effective clinical instructors from the viewpoint of students was 6.54±0.13 and 6.36±0.26 from the viewpoint of instructors. The highest score of students’ perspective was related to the domain of teaching with a mean of 6.68±0.52, and the subscale of evaluation with a mean of 6.67±0.43 for the instructors.
Considering the importance of evaluation from the viewpoint of clinical faculty, the context of proper evaluation is necessary to be considered in clinical training. For the subscale of teaching and the ability to connect theoretical and practical information, emphasized by the students, experienced teachers are needed in clinical practice.

Micronutrients are essential for the healthy growth and development of body organs and they have important roles in the function of immune and skeletal system. During pregnancy, due to the physiological changes for the normal growth of fetal, the need for minerals is significantly increased. The aim of this study was to find the status of serum copper and zinc and their relation to anemia in pregnant women. In this randomized, cross sectional descriptive study 250 pregnant women (mean age, 27.2±5.5) participated. They attended the medical center (In Jam area, Bushehr, Iran) for routine checkups. Blood was collected from them and serum levels of Copper and Zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrophothometric method. Hemoglobin and other indexes were measured by Automatic Counter analyzer. the mean serum concentration of copper and Zinc were 126.5±56.7 g/dl and 67.6±18.2 g/dl respectively. Also the percentage of their deficiency was 21.2% and 47.2% respectively. The mean level of hemoglobin in the subjects was 11.9±1.2 and the percentage of anemia (Hb < 11g/dl) was 21.6%. There was a significant differences between increases in gestational age and the deficiency of copper and zinc in the participants, which is as the pregnancy progress, the deficiency of Copper reduces (p=0.024) and that of Zinc increases(p=0.036). The results of this study showed that the deficiency of Copper, Zinc and the rate of anemia in the pregnant women of Jam area is significantly high and suggests that a proper interventional program should be planned to monitor such women at risk, before their marriage or in prenatal clinics.

Surrogacy is when another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for the couple who want to have a child. Surrogacy is a modern method of assisted reproductive technology in Iran that has given rise to a lot ofcomplex issues of law. One of the most important questions revolves around the jurisprudential and legal nature of the surrogacy agreement as to whether or not surrogate motherhood is permissible in Islamic jurisprudence in general and in Shiis in particular. This research focuses and elaborates on three types of insemination in surrogacy and concludes in closing that from among the three types of insemination, only two of them (the first and second) are consistent with Shiite Islamic jurisprudence whereas the third one is void and impermissible.