فهرست مطالب محمد نریمانی

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Mindful Self-Compassion Therapy (MSCT) on psychological distress and sleep quality in employed women suffering from migraine headaches. The present research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test and control group. The population of the study included all employed women suffering from migraine headaches in Rasht city in the year 2023. Sixty individuals were deliberately chosen from this pool and then randomly allocated into three groups, each consisting of 20 participants: experimental group 1, experimental group 2, and a control group. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI, Buysse et al., 1988) were used to collect data. Both experimental groups received interventions of ACT and MSCT once a week for a duration of 8 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS24. The results indicated that, after controlling for the pre-test effects, there was a significant difference in the post-test mean scores of depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep quality among the three groups (P<0.01). Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the post-test mean scores between the ACT and MSCT groups at the 0.05 level (P>0.05). Based on the findings of this study, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of ACT and MSCT.

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on improving cognitive emotion regulation in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

The current research design was experiment with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population included children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in Ardabil city who referred to the psychiatric center of Fatemi Hospital in Ardabil city in 2023. From this population, 60 children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly replaced in three groups: experiment 1, experiment 2, and control (20 people in each group). Data were collected using Connors Parent Rating Scale (1978), Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (2000) and cognitive emotion regulation scale (2002). The subjects of the first experimental group received Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation (tDCS) for 10 sessions and twice a week for 20 minutes. The second experimental group also received Captain Log's computerized cognitive rehabilitation intervention for 10 sessions and twice a week for 45 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 25 software and with covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in emotion regulation (P<0.05). The experimental groups of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation had higher emotion regulation compared to the control group. Also, by controlling the effect of the pre-test in the two experimental groups, there is no significant difference between the two methods of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation (P<0.05).

According to the results, it can be said that the intervention of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation were effective in improving the cognitive regulation of emotion in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, both interventions can be used to improve the cognitive regulation of emotions in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

Most of the children involved with mental health problems come from broken families. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to predict the psychological well-being of divorced children based on Components of parenting with the mediation of the guardian's personality traits.

The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population includes primary school students (second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades) of Qom province in the academic year of 2022-2023 whose parents were separated. The sample group included 200 students (100 girls, 100 boys). The samples were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. Divorced children participating in the study completed the "Psychological Well-Being Scale (Children's form)" and the "Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". As well as the "NEO Five-Factor Inventory" by the guardian parent of each child was answered. The validity of the instruments was measured using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using the structural equation model method using SPSS v. 26 and Lisrel 8.8.

Based on the fit indices, the proposed model has a good fit (x2/df =1.64, 2.64, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.056). Also, the results showed the components of parenting with psychological well-being. Divorced children have a direct, positive and significant correlation (P<0.01). Also, the personality traits of the guardian parent between the components of parenting and the psychological well-being of divorced children have a positive and significant mediating role (P<0.01).

Components of parenting increases the psychological well-being of divorced children directly and indirectly through the personality traits of the guardian parent. Therefore, it is suggested that educational authorities hold workshops and training programs to teach the parenting, sometimes raise parents and try to improve the psychological well-being of students.

Adolescents who are abused and neglected face many challenges, and it is imperative to pay attention to their mental health.The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of art therapy focused on compassion on the distress tolerance of abused and neglected adolescent girls.

This study is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population was all abused and neglected female adolescents of Bushehr City in 2023. The sample size was 30 people selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups (15 people in either group). The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 90 minutes of compassion-focused art therapy, while the control group received no intervention. The instrument to gather data was Simons and Gaher's (2005) Disturbance Tolerance Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

Art therapy focused on compassion was effective in tolerating the turmoil of abused and neglected adolescents. Eta squared showed that 18.5% of tolerance variance, 18.7% of absorption variance, 16.9% of evaluation variance, and 20.6% of adjustment variance are due to the effectiveness of art therapy focused on compassion (p<0.001).

Art therapy focused on compassion has been effective in increasing tolerance of emotional disturbances in abused and neglected adolescent girls. Therefore, it is recommended that this treatment be used in organizations interacting with injured people to increase the tolerance of disturbance and increase their mental health.

The most common problems of concussions are disorders of neuropsychological skills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of direct electrical stimulation of the brain from the skull and psychodrama on the neuro-psychological skills of adolescents with mild concussions.

In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population was all teenagers with brain damage in Ardabil Province who referred to Fatemi Hospital in Ardabil City in 2021-2022 and received a score of 13-15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Forty five people were selected from this statistical population by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 people (experimental groups 1 and 2 and a control group). The experiment group 1 underwent electrical stimulation intervention (10 sessions of 15 minutes), the experiment group 2 underwent psychodrama intervention (13 sessions of 90 minutes), and the control group did not receive any training. Continuous Performance Test, Tower of London Test, and Crawford et al.'s Retrospective and Prospective Memory Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference across the treatment methods. Electrical stimulation sessions were able to positively affect the components of sustained attention (correct response F=4.961, p=0.012 and response time F=2.398, p=0.001), Tower of London Test (errors F=6.518, p=0.004), and dimensions of memory functioning (prospective memory F=12.943, p<0.001 and retrospective memory F=5.984, p=0.005) and improve cognitive dysfunction.

Based on the findings of the current study, the use of electrical stimulation of the brain as a neuro-rehabilitation intervention is recommended to improve the neuropsychological skills of adolescents with mild concussions.

Investigating the role of the personality variable of alexithymia in the marital satisfaction of couples is one of the topics discussed in psychology. Several researches have been done on the relationship between Alexithymia and marital satisfaction, But sometimes their results are inconsistent and contradictory, Therefore the purpose of the current research is to use the meta-analysis method in order to analyze and combine the results of the studies conducted on the relationship between alexithymia and marital satisfaction. In order to perform meta-analysis, among the researches related to the relationship between alexithymia and marital satisfaction that were published in Persian and foreign (English) research journals between 2009 and 2022, 35 studies that were conducted in a descriptive way and the criteria for entering the research were selected and in the next step, the coefficient the effect size has been evaluated using CMA software. The size of the effect or coefficient of alexithymia on marital satisfaction is -0.39 in the random effects model and -0.37 in the fixed effects model , which according to Cohen's interpretation system, this effect is considered above average. The combination of the conducted research shows the negative relationship between alexithymia and marital satisfaction.

Borderline personality disorder is the most common disorder in clinical settings. Due to the complex nature of the disorder and the need for new therapies.

this study was performed to compare the effectiveness of three treatments on reducing symptoms in people with borderline personality disorder. In a quasi-experimental study, in the form of pre-test-post-test design with a control group with two-month follow-up, 60 people based on clinical interview and multiaxial test of three million (MCMI-III) (individuals with a score of <84 <BR) by sampling method Targeted, selected and randomly assigned to four groups (45 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) and on the Borderline Personality Scale (STB), as a diagnostic tool and difficult questionnaires Gratz& ruemer (2004), Barat impulsivity (BIS), Omid Schneider responded as a research tool before and after the intervention program. The interventions were performed in groups for four months with 90 minute sessions per week.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance MANCOVA and Ben Foroni post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference in the symptoms associated with the disorder in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.05).

The mean difference in the emotion distortion variable in favor of the CAT method in the impulsivity variable was different in favor of the DBT approach and in the chronic emptiness feeling variable, the results indicated that there was no significant difference.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of practicing motor games based on Montessori theory on the fine and gross motor skills of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 

 The present research was quasi-experimental. This study was done using a pretest-posttest design on 30 male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. They were randomly divided into the control (15 students with a mean age of 8.1±0.4 years) and experimental (15 students with a mean age of 8.1±0.5 years). Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were diagnosed and found appropriate by psychiatrists. They were also assessed using the Conners’ parent and teacher rating scale questionnaire, whose validity and reliability in Iran were found to be 81%, using the Cronbach method. Then, through the Lichen-Ozeretsky motor adequacy test, both groups were assessed, and the experimental group received motor games based on Montessori theory for 12 weeks (three days per week). Covariance analysis was used to analyze the obtained data. 

The results of covariance analysis indicate a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The subtests of strength (P<0.008), balance (P<0.001, F=31.97), 2-way coordination (P<0.001, F=21.32), motor vision control (F=94.15, P<0.001), agility speed (F=82.5, P<0.023), and response speed (F=10.22, P<0.003) were different between groups.

The study’s results showed a significant improvement in strength, balance, 2-way coordination, motor vision control, response speed, speed, and agility after the training period. Therefore, using this training program in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on improving impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

The current research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. 60 children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly placed in three groups: experiment 1, experiment 2, and control (20 people in each group). Data were collected using Connors Parent Rating Scale (1978), Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (2000), and Barrett's impulsivity questionnaire (1995). The subjects of the first experimental group received Transcranial Direct Brain Stimulation and the second experimental group also received Captain Log's rehabilitation intervention. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that experimental groups had lower impulsivity compared with the control group. Also, by controlling the effect of the pre-test in the two experimental groups, there is a significant difference between the two methods of transcranial direct current brain stimulation and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation (P<0.05), and transcranial direct current brain stimulation is more effective in improving the impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

According to the results, it can be said that the intervention of transcranial direct brain stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation was effective in improving impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, both interventions can be used to improve impulsivity in these children.

Online games addiction is a growing concern which the prevalence  is estimated at 1.2 to 8.5 percent among teenagers and young adults.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the relationship between brain-behavioral systems and addiction to online games.

In terms of method, the research was among descriptive-correlation researches of structural equations type. The statistical population included all the students of the first year of high school in the education and training region of Hormozgan Bastak in the academic year of 2021-2022 which 350 people were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They responded to the questionnaires of behavioral inhibition/activation systems (1994), cognitive fusion (2014), acceptance and action - second edition (2011) and online games addiction(2002). Structural modeling was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system have a significant direct relationship with the online games addiction with coefficient values of 0.46 and 0.42, respectively (P < 0.001). Also, the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system are significantly related to online game addiction indirectly with the mediation of experiential avoidance with a coefficient value of 0.17 and 0.15, respectively and the behavioral inhibition system with the mediation of cognitive fusion with a coefficient value of 0.21,. (P < 0.001).

In order to reduce online games addiction, experts should evaluate personality traits on the one hand in order to identify the sensitivity of behavioral inhibition/activator systems, and on the other hand, seek to reduce cognitive biases along with cognitive and retrospective challenges.

Behavioral problems among children are described as serious negative changes in the way children behave and control their emotions and cause distress to those around them. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze children’s behavioral problems with emphasis on the effects of family resources, especially economic factors.

The research method is field study, and the instrument used is questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes households that have at least one school-age child and does not have geographic restrictions. Also, bivariate regression and probit model were used to analyze data and information.

The findings of the research show that assuming the stability of other conditions, the father’s stepfather or the unavailability of the biological father when the child is four years old increases the probability of behavioral problems in the child by 0.165 units. Also, the mother’s full-time employment at the age of eightbincreases the probability of behavioral problems in the child by 0.003 units.

Absence of a father at the age of four, due to the divorce or death of the child’s biological father, increases the probability of behavioral problems in the child. This means that children may spend less time with their parents in single-parent families or in stepfamilies. These findings are different from the results of Nozaki and Matsuura’s (2020) and Rice et al’s. (2019) studies. Also, having a private house when the child is eight years old, assuming the stability of other conditions, reduces the probability of behavioral problems in the the possibility of behavioral problems in children. This result is consistent with the findings of Mahmoudi and Mousavi’s (2019) study.

Social anxiety disorder is considered one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Considering the role of various factors in its creation and continuation, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationships between emotional schemas and cognitive fusion and social anxiety symptoms with the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity.

In terms of methodology, the current research was a descriptive-correlational type of structural equations. The statistical population in this research consisted of all secondary school students of Qazvin City who started studying in the academic year 2023-2024. Four hundred of them (200 girls and 200 boys) were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method and answered the questionnaires on emotional schemas, cognitive fusion, social people, and adolescent experiences. The analysis of research data was done through structural equations modeling.

The results of structural equations modeling showed that emotional schemas with a path coefficient of 0.35 and cognitive fusion with a coefficient of 0.20 have a significant direct relationship with the symptoms of social distress (p<0.001). Also, emotional schemas with a path coefficient of 0.19 and cognitive fusion with a path coefficient of 0.09 have a significant indirect relationship with social anxiety symptoms with the mediation of anxiety sensitivity (p<0.001).

The results of the present study indicated that emotional schemas and cognitive fusion can be risk factors for the symptoms of social anxiety disorder in adolescents. These variables can also intensify social anxiety by increasing anxiety sensitivity. It is recommended that mental health professionals pay attention to these factors in order to improve the quality and speed up treatment in their treatment plans.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive avoidance and fear of failure by mediating difficulty in regulating emotion in predicting academic procrastination. The method of this research is correlation. The statistical population of this study was secondary school students of Bastak. 234 students (122 males and 112 females) were selected using random multistage cluster sampling method. data were collected using Sexton & Dugas’ Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (2008), Conroy, Willow & Metzler’s fear of failure Scale (2002), Gratz & Roemer’s Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004) and Solomon & Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale (1984). The data were analyzed using methods of multiple regression analysis and path analysis by SPSS 20 and Amos 20 software. Data analysis showed that difficulties in emotion regulation subscale including non acceptance of Emotional response, difficulties engaging in goal directed behavior and limited access of emotion regulation strategies mediated to some extent between cognitive avoidance and fear of failure with academic procrastination. Therefore, teachers, trainers and consultants to reduce academic procrastination should challenge with negative and maladaptive cognitive and emotional beliefs(Cognitive Avoidance & fear of failure) and, on the other, to replace more appropriate strategies for management and regulation of emotions.

Overeating as a maladaptive behavior and an inefficient way of emotion regulation is associated with harmful health consequences. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between affective and emotional composite temperament and overeating concerning the mediating role of emotion regulation.

The current research design is descriptive-correlation and modeling type, and its statistical population was all students of the secondary high school of Rasht, Iran in the academic year of 2021-2022, from which 368 people were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect information, the affective and emotional composite temperament questionnaire, emotion regulation questionnaire, and Binge eating scale were used and the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that the research model had a good fit and confirmed the direct effect of affective and emotional temperament (0.93) on overeating. Furthermore, the results of investigating the mediating role of emotion regulation revealed that emotion regulation had a significant mediating role (0.75) in the relationship between affective and emotional temperament and overeating.

Preventive interventions focused on emotion regulation and following the temperamental characteristics of students, it is possible to reduce overeating behaviors and their unpleasant consequences.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigation of the mediating role of implicit learning in the relationship between spatial cueing and visual search with students' dyslexia in the second language. 

The method of the current research was path analysis correlation. Participants were selected from among the students of the first secondary schools of Tabriz in 2022 through purposive sampling. To collect data, the dyslexia subscale of the Colorado learning disability questionnaire and Coglab software were used. To determine the significance of the mediating relationships of the model, Bootstrap and Sobel tests were used in Amos software and SPSS version 24.Resuts: The results showed that the variables of implicit learning, spatial cueing and visual search played a role in explaining the students' second language dyslexia model which in total, 49% of the variance of second language dyslexia was explained through model variables. The direct effect of implicit learning (-0.47) and visual search (-0.34) was significant in estimating students' second language dyslexia. But the direct effect of spatial cueing was not significant at the 5% level. The indirect effect of visual search (t-value = 2.08) and spatial cueing (t-value = 1.98) was significant (P < 0.05) with the mediation of the mediating role of implicit learning.

Considering the role of spatial cueing, implicit learning and visual search in explaining the model of students' dyslexia, it seems that students' dyslexia can be resolved by strengthening spatial marking, implicit learning and visual search.

Online gaming addiction has a negative effect on the physical and mental health of adolescents. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of cognitive fusion in the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and online gaming addiction. 

In the current descriptive study, the statistical population included all middle school  students (boys and girls) in the Education Department of Bastak (Hormozgan Province), who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022, and 350 people were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They answered questionnaires of psychological maltreatment, cognitive fusion, and online gaming addiction. Structural equations modeling was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that emotional responsiveness, rejection/intimidation, unethical/not being honest, high expectations/inflexibility, and isolation are directly and significantly related to online gaming addiction with coefficient values of 0.48, 0.41, 0.28, 0.31, and 0.32, respectively (p<0.001). Also, emotional responsiveness, rejection/intimidation, high expectations/inflexibility, and isolation have a significant relationship with online game addiction indirectly with the mediation of cognitive fusion with coefficient values of 0.24, 0.19, 0.08 and 0.14, respectively (p<0.001).

The present study showed that childhood psychological maltreatment has a significant relationship directly and indirectly with the mediation of cognitive fusion, with online gaming addiction. From a practical point of view, experts can evaluate the communication methods of parents with their children on the one hand, and on the other hand, seek to reduce online gaming addiction and cognitive exploits, along with cognitive and retrospective challenges.

Social anxiety is seen as one of the most prominent psychological symptoms in students. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and experiential avoidance in college students.

In this descriptive research, 253 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University were selected and studied in the academic year 2022-2023 by cluster random sampling method. To collect data, the Social Anxiety Questionnaire of Conor et al., the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – version 2, and the short form of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used. The obtained data were analyzed using the statistical methods of structural equations modeling and Pearson’s correlation.

According to the findings, experiential avoidance (β=0.31, p<0.001), cognitive regulation of positive emotion (β=0.29, p<0.001), and cognitive regulation of negative emotion (β=0.37, p<0.001) had a direct effect on social anxiety. Also, experiential avoidance through cognitive regulation of negative emotion (β=0.130, p<0.001) and cognitive regulation of positive emotion (β=0.122, p<0.001) had an indirect effect on social anxiety

The results showed that experiential avoidance plays a role in creating and maintaining social anxiety directly and indirectly through the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation. Interventions to reduce experiential avoidance and emotional management in students are recommended.

 The purpose of the current research was to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated educational program based on religious-psychological teachings with an Islamic approach on the adjustment of the identity crisis of adolescents with a tendency to risky behaviors.

The current research was a pre-test-post-test design experiment with a control group. The statistical population of the present study includes all male students of the second year of high school who were studying in Ardabil city in the academic year of 1996-1997. In order to sample, first 200 students were randomly selected in a multi-stage manner. After identifying the students with high-risk behaviors using the risk-taking scale of Iranian adolescents, the research sample was finally selected as 30 students with a tendency to high-risk behaviors randomly and based on the entry and exit criteria, and randomly, 15 people in The experimental group and 15 people were assigned to the control group. Identity Crisis Questionnaire (ICQ) and Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale (IARS) were used to collect data. For the experimental group, an educational program based on religious-psychological teachings was held for 10 sessions of 60 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. One week after the end of the intervention, both the experimental and control groups were subjected to a post-test. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to test the hypotheses.

The results of data analysis showed that education based on religious-psychological teachings moderates identity crisis (P≥0.01).

According to the results of the present study, it can be said that integrative psychotherapy based on religious-psychological teachings with an Islamic approach is an effective and efficient intervention in reducing the identity problems of adolescents with a tendency to high-risk behaviors.

academic adjustment plays an important role in the academic achievement and general intercultural experiences of students. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of sense of coherence and hope beliefs in predicting students' academic adjustment.

This study was correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all second-grade male secondary school students of Farsan, who were studying in the year 2018. Of this sample population, 120 people were selected and responded to questionnaires of academic adjustment, sense of cohesion and hope Beliefs. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The results of correlation coefficient showed that the academic adjustment was related positively to agency thinking, pathway thinking and total score of sense of coherence and the components of Comprehensibility and Manageability. The results of regression analysis also showed that variables of sense of coherence and hope beliefs predict about 17 Percent of the variance of academic adjustment in their students.

The results show that hope beliefs and sense of coherence are among the variables related academic adjustment in students, which should be presented in educational programs with ways to increase sense of those.

Addiction to online games negatively affects the physical and mental health of adolescents. The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of metacognitive beliefs in the relationship between behavioral brain systems and addiction to online games.

This research was a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population included all the first-year high school students (teenagers) in the Bastak education district in Hormozgan, Iran, who were studying in the academic year of 2021-2022, and 350 people were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They responded to the questionnaires on behavioral inhibition/activation systems, the metacognition scale of online games, and addiction to online games. Structural modeling was used to analyze the collected data.

The results showed that behavioral activation systems and behavioral inhibition systems had a significant direct relationship with addiction to online games, with coefficient values of 0.41 and 0.32, respectively (P<0.001). In addition, behavioral activation systems and behavioral inhibition systems had a significant relationship with online game addiction indirectly, with a coefficient value of 0.18 and 0.13, respectively (P<0.001) through the mediation of metacognitive beliefs.

To reduce addiction to online games, therapists and specialists should examine and evaluate the behavioral brain systems of people on the one hand and, on the other hand, seek to reduce the mechanism of incompatible metacognitive beliefs, along with cognitive and retrospective challenges.

This research conducted with the aim of investigate the effectiveness of Redecision Therapy on reducing latent marital communication aggression, changing communication patterns and reducing the emotional insufficiency of conflicting couples. The research method was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a testifier group. The statistical population of this study was maladapted couples referring to Bijar city counseling centers (2 centers) in 1398. By purposive sampling method, 30 couples (60 people) were selected as a statistical sample. Experimental group Were located Under Redecision Therapy intervention in 10 sessions of 1.5 hours While the group did not receive any treatment. The Hidden Communication Aggression Scale (Nelson and Cowell, 2006), Communication Patterns (Christensen and Heavey, 1990) and Toronto Emotional Dysfunction (Bugby, Taylor, and Parker) were used to collect data.SPSS-21 software was used to analyze the data and multivariate analysis of covariance was used at the inferential level.The results of analysis of covariance showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test of the experimental and control groups in terms of dependent variables (latent marital communication aggression, emotional insufficiency and mutually constructive communication patterns, reciprocal avoidance, expectation / withdrawal) (p<0/000). These results indicate effectiveness of Redecision Therapy on reducing latent marital communication aggression, changing communication patterns and reducing the emotional insufficiency of conflicting couples.

Conduct disorder is a risk factor for future antisocial behaviors, and evidence suggests the role of temperamental factors in the development and persistence of this disorder.

This study aimed to test the pettern of structural relationships of affective temperaments with symptoms of conduct disorder with investigating the mediating role of moral disengagement in adolescents.

The study utilized a descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population comprised first and second-period high school students in Urmia during the 2020-2021 academic years. Two hundred and twenty individuals were selected through multistage random sampling and responded to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire, affective and emotional composite temperaments scale, and moral disengagement scale. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling via SmartPLS 3. 

The results of structural equation modeling showed that internalized (β=-0.10; t=-2.48) and stable (β=-0.17; t=-2.17) temperaments have a negative direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder, while the externalized (β=0.30; t=2.62) and unstable temperament (β=0.52; t=2.52) have a positive direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder. Furthermore, internalized (β=0.04; t=2.13) and unstable temperament (β=0.03; t=2.20) have an indirect effect on symptoms of conduct disorder via the mediating role of moral disengagement. P<0.05 was considered as a significant level.

These findings indicate that internalized and stable temperaments can act as a protective factor, while externalized and unstable temperaments can act as a vulnerability factor for conduct symptoms. Moral disengagement also mediates the negative effects of temperaments on conduct symptoms, highlighting the importance of addressing temperamental factors in early identification of conduct disorder and the
need to develop skills to address moral disengagement in order to prevent this disorder.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural pattern of difficulty in emotional regulation with conduct disorder based on mediating emotional and cognitive empathy in male adolescents. The research method was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the male students of the first secondary school in Kermanshah city in 2021-2022, 234 students who obtained the highest scores in the pediatric symptoms questionnaire and had the most symptoms of conduct disorder, were selected as a sample group based on the purposive sampling method. the questionnaires were the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS, Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and the Empathy Benefit Scale (EQ, Baron-Cohen, 2003). For analyzing data we used the Pearson correlation test and analysis of structural. The results of data analysis showed that the model has a good fit and there is a significant correlation & difficulty in regulating emotion and emotional & cognitive empathy have a direct and significant effect on the behavioral disorder(P<0.01). Also, difficulty in regulating emotion through the mediation of emotional and cognitive empathy has an indirect and significant effect on students' behavior disorder (P<0.01). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the development of self-regulation of emotion can make it possible to achieve empathy in a person and act as an effective factor in reducing the symptoms of conduct disorder and increasing prosocial behavior in adolescents.