محمدباقر تاج الدین

The present study seeks to understand the lived experience of girls in the city of Tehran from the generational gap that have taken place in the society. In the last few decades, according to the changes in the cultural structure of the society, a favorable environment has been created for changes in the values and attitudes of social groups, especially the new generations of the Iranian society. The conceptual framework in the current research is based on the views of thinkers in the field of generational difference and value changes of generations. The qualitative research method is an interpretive phenomenological type, based on which 20 girls from the 70s were interviewed through the purposeful sampling method, and the data were analyzed and interpreted using the thematic analysis method. The results show that the girls of the 70s of Tehran, as a new generation, have special lived experiences such as: being cosmopolitan, religious modernism, becoming secular, modern lifestyle, modernity and modern identity, living in a plural and distinct world, and homeless mind. . In general, the generation of the seventies adjusts its life based on the values and beliefs of the modern world and adjusts and organizes its lived experiences accordingly.

Despite the importance of the issue of empowerment, insurance organizations in Iran do not seek to empower their insureds due to reasons such as the lack of clarity in the meaning and concept, ignorance of the involved and influential factors, and the lack of scientific and functional status. For this reason, the present study was carried out to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the empowerment of the insured of the Iran Health Insurance Organization.

This study was conducted using a mixed method with a sequential design (first the qualitative Delphi method and then the quantitative survey method) and the participation of 15 health insurance and empowerment specialists in the Delphi method and the participation of 414 insured people of the health insurance organization. In accordance with each of the mentioned methods, sampling and validation methods were also used. Exploratory factor analysis technique was used to discover factors and Friedman’s test was used to compare factors.

After determining 60 important variables and identifying 10 main factors influencing the empowerment of the insured, which are: self-reliance, job satisfaction, feeling of alienation, social health, decision-making power, health education, access to services health and treatment, quality of life relationships, power of foresight and improvement of the level of health-oriented attitude, it was found that “improvement of the level of health-oriented attitude” and “power of foresight” had the greatest and least effect on the empowerment of Iran’s health insurance policyholders, respectively.

The insured people of the Iran Health Insurance Organization believe that in order to empower the insured people, the level of attitude of all levels involved in this field should be improved and “health-oriented approach” should be replaced by “treatment-oriented” in the society.

Violence is one of the most important factors that is considered a serious threat to people's health, security and rights and has irreparable negative consequences. The aim of the current research was to identify social violence and social exclusion of Tehran citizens in the context of social ethics and to present a grounded theory.

The current research is of qualitative type and was done with grounded theory method. The statistical populations of the research are women and men living in Tehran who have experienced at least one case of social violence. The sample size was 27 people who were selected by multiple purposeful (homogeneous, theoretical) sampling method. An attempt has been made to interpret the interview and observational data and conceptualize these data by in-depth interview and entering the mental and semantic world of the interviewees, and the interviews with people continued until reaching theoretical saturation in terms of concept. In the following, open, central and selective coding was done, and then by determining the core category, theorizing was done.

Factors such as poverty and unemployment, lack of access to social and educational services, lack of social participation, inefficiency of education and training programs of formal and informal institutions, revenge and grudge, inappropriate environmental conditions and inappropriate role modeling, feeling of social and economic injustice, failure to study, social insecurity and mistrust, etc., have formed causal, contextual and intervening conditions..

The creation of the phenomenon of "social distance and injustice" in the studied society has objectively created a kind of gap and sense of distance with other groups, especially the people of the higher classes of the society and safer neighborhoods, which causes resentment and social annoyance and the increase of social violence and psychological and social insecurity are of its consequences.

The present study seeks to understand the generational changes and interactions between the two generations 40 and 70 based on their lived experience. In recent decades, due to changes in the socio-cultural structure of society, there is a favorable environment for changes in the values and attitudes of Iranian society. The theoretical perspective (lens) in the present study is based on the views of thinkers on generational differences and value changes of generations. The research method is qualitative and interpretive phenomenological, based on which 20 women in their 40s and 20 girls in the 70s were interviewed through purposive sampling method and the data were thematic analyzed. Were analyzed and interpreted. The results show that these two generations have very different and sometimes contradictory life experiences in relation to themes such as: Iranian culture, religion, modern, traditional lifestyle and modern lifestyle. In sum, the generation of the 40s is based on the values and beliefs of the traditional world, and the generation of the 70s is based on the values and beliefs of the modern world.

The growing trend of Apathy political has challenged most of the political systems of the contemporary world to such an extent that they have inevitably undertaken a serious investigation of the conditions that created it. In this regard, the present study has sociologically explained the social determinants (social justice, relative deprivation, political distrust) of Apathy political. This research is quantitative type, in terms of fundamental purpose and in terms of survey method. The statistical population of the study included 431288 young people 18 to 29 years old living in Kermanshah in 1400. Using Cochran's formula and cluster sampling method, data were collected through the distribution of 400 researcher-made questionnaires. Structural equation model and Amos software were used to test effect of social determinants on Apathy political in the form of an experimental model. Findings showed that the rate of Apathy of the studied youth was (80.82) percent, which was higher than average. Also, according to the results of affirmative factor analysis test, social justice with factor Load (0.71), relative deprivation with factor Load (0.68) and political distrust with factor Load (0.55) while having a significant effect on Apathy political, In total, explained 52% of the changes as Apathy political.

Religion is supposed to play its role as a unifying factor, while religious beliefs sometimes lead to anti-social and destructive behaviors. The present study examines the social conflicts based on religion in the last half century in Kurdistan province and studies the role of religion in weakening or intensifying social conflicts. Emile Durkheim, Merton and Passons give religion a role of cohesion and consider the function of religion to protect society. On the other hand, Marxists believe that religion not only does not eliminate social contradictions, but also aggravates them. The current research has used the constructivism approach and library historical methods, oral history and ethnography and has studied the lived experiences of the society based on existing theories with documentary tools such as books, newspapers and interviews with knowledgeable people. According to the findings, conflicts in Kurdistan were sometimes between individuals, sometimes between sects, religious or secular groups. Sometimes these contradictions are intellectually and sometimes physically and coercive forces are strengthened or weakened in the long or short term. The results indicate that in the researched society, religion affects social conflicts in seven ways. Among them, in one case, religion reflects the conflict, in three cases, it destroys, covers and weakens it, and in the other three cases, it is the origin, strengthening and continuation of the conflicts.

The goal of this study was to investigate the religion-based social conflicts over the past half century in Kurdistan province, Iran. The research uses a qualitative approach and interviews with key experts in this regard. In addition, documents including biographies, books and newspapers have been used. Findings are based on geographical dispersion and distribution of the conflicts among different groups. Social conflicts related to religion in Kurdistan are divided into the following seven categories of religion-based social conflicts in Kurdistan including “religion as the eliminator of conflicts”, “religion as the concealer of conflicts”, “religion as the representer of conflicts”, “religion as the perpetuator of conflicts”, “religion as strengthener and intensifier of conflicts”, “religion as source and origin of social conflicts” and “religion as underminer of conflicts” are extracted. Each of the said conflicts has arisen between intellectual groups with different religious attitudes or religious groups with secular thinking attitudes. These conflicts have sometimes been embodied in the form of conflicting views, and sometimes in the form of physical and force majeure. These conflicts are sometimes strengthened and undermined by religion in the form of a process and long term, or are immediate and short term.These conflicts are sometimes strengthened and undermined by religion in the form of a process and long term, or are immediate and short term.

The evolution of women's religiosity in different generations is the main issue of this study. The methodological, qualitative research approach in this study was narrative analysis and data collection was done using narrative interview with participants selected through snowball sampling. Forty women of two generations (mothers born in the 1960s and 1970s and girls born in the 1980s) were selected for the interview. A comparative study of religiosity developments between the mothers and daughters showed that the girls, for reasons such as attending university, improving literacy and education, strengthening the spirit of questioning and criticism, have experienced the transformation of religiosity and have criticized and rethought their religiosity, so that they have discarded an important part of the religious beliefs and practices that were performed easily and without any question in the past. In contrast, the mothers had little rethinking of their religiosity, as they had different social experiences and living worlds, and for some reason, were not able to attend college. As a result, their religious developments were not as dramatic and comprehensive as those of the girls.

The present study tries to investigate the relationship between culture and economics in development discourses after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Revolution development discourse as a standard discourse and by analyzing the relationship between this discourse between culture and economy, post-revolutionary development discourses have been analyzed as a practical aspect of revolutionary discourse. The method of the present study is discourse analysis based on constructivism and with combined approaches of Laclau, Mouffe and Fairclough. Findings show; The development discourse of the revolution was formed with the semantic system of development in the construction discourse based on the central signifier of moderation and economy-oriented development. The reform discourse with the central signifier of cultural development and tolerance emphasizes cultural development, and in the fundamentalist discourse, the semantic system is formed based on the central signifier of justice and the Islamization of science. The discourse of justice-oriented development, with the central signifier of development in the context of a resistance economy, defined economic development as its priority. As a result, the post-revolutionary development discourses, which all claimed to act on the ideals and goals of the revolutionary development discourse, each sought to form a distinct meaning from the meanings promoted by other rivals and to establish a different relationship between culture and economics; Therefore, the meaning of development and the relationship between culture and economy after the Islamic Revolution was never established, and this leaves the way for constant conflicts over the relationship between economy and culture in development discourses.

The present study seeks to design an empowerment model for health insurance policyholders to achieve an acceptable level of capability. The reason for choosing this group of insured is their large and considerable population including about 50% of Iranian. The methodological approach is qualitative and of the grounded theory, deep and semi-structured interview data retrieval techniques. For data mining, theoretical coding method was used, which aims to achieve the main and sub-categories to set the theoretical model. The sample number is 15 specialists and experts in the field of health insurance and empowerment who have been purposefully selected. The results show that the central phenomenon is community-based empowerment, which is based on causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions and strategies. The most important strategies are the right of the insured to access insurance services and opportunities. In discussing the underlying conditions, important components such as: agency, sense of equality and inclusion (integration) and capacity building are emphasized. Findings also show that components such as protecting the rights of the insured, empowering and efficient resources and the quality of insurance services are considered as causal conditions. According to the findings of the present study, the three main categories of education and information, social participation and social support have been proposed as intervening conditions. Complementing the chain paradigm model of the present study is based on the data theory method of the Consequences Foundation, which has examined empowerment in four main sections: social empowerment, cultural empowerment, economic empowerment and psychological empowerment of the insured

In today's world, the world of human life has become diverse, and people no longer live in a predetermined world; constantly choosing between different ways of life. In a similar situation in Iran, different lifestyles are formed during the last two decades, Iranian society has experienced many structural changes in terms of family relations. The body of evidence suggest that the Iranian families have undergone many structural changes during these developments. The widespread participation of women in education and employment sectors has brought many changes in their lifestyle apart from being a developing index. The results obtained from the studies conducted in recent years illustrate an increase in establishing independent life or so called neolocal residency among girls. Based on this, the current study examines the lived experience of neolocal girls using Interpretative Phenomenological approach. The statistical population consisted of 17 neolocal girls living in Tehran and the data were obtained using in-depth semi-structured questionaries. Some of the themes obtained from the findings are; forced family acceptance, difficulty of gaining people's trust to rent a house, pessimism and bad mental image, loss of family support over time, instrumental and opportunistic view of men, coverup lifestyle, self-centeredness, feeling of uncertainty and isolation.

Nowadays, the most important social component in societies, which takes a big step in individuals’ life and playing their role in society, is the need for social security. Social security is not a simple concept, rather it is the main infrastructure and structure of a person in the personal, family and community realms. The present research is aimed at exploring the social exclusion and social security of people in Tehran and analyzing the factors involved in the social exclusion of people that cause their social insecurity.

Qualitative method was used In this research, and 27 people living in Tehran who were socially excluded were interviewed. Through using grounded theory technique; open coding, central coding, and selective coding of the interview data were done, respectively; and then by determining the core category of theorizing the process was done.

The findings of the research indicated that social exclusion has a significant impact on social security, and those who suffer from social exclusion have very little social security.As a result, the higher the level of social exclusion, the more it causes consequences such as depression, isolation, social damage and even social violence among individuals. Factors such as economic and cultural problems, as well as personal and social trainings also have a significant impact on individuals’ social exclusion. Proper training in childhood, creating an environment for growth, education and good facilities in adolescence and adulthood may prevent social exclusion. Enjoying social security has a significant impact on the structure of growth and productivity of society.

The present study tries to analyze the relationship between cultural development and economic development after the Revolution of 1957 in Iran in the form of development discourses and discourse analysis. Post-revolutionary development discourses have been considered as a practical aspect of revolutionary discourse and have analyzed the meaning associated with the signs of revolutionary development discourse. Findings show; The discourse of the development of the revolution, regarding the relationship between culture and development, culture as an effective set on the development process and the set that is formed in the development process and considered a product of development, is a dialectical relationship between development and culture. The semantic system of development in the constructive discourse neglected cultural development in this discourse and was similar to the discourse of modernization. In the discourse of reform development, the meaning of cultural development, which indicates the growth of spirituality, did not correspond to the attitudes and views of people in society. Cultural goals in the principled discourse were rejected by some social groups while accepted by others. In the justice-oriented discourse, the axis of development is based on economic growth and the creation of equality, which requires the use of cultural tools to monitor and control the atmosphere of society and advance its goals. The conclusion is that antagonism (conflict) over identification with development has been an obvious feature of post-revolutionary discourses and has been the determining element of post-revolutionary development developments.

Conflict in societies is a pervasive issue that manifests itself in various economic, political, scientific and religious dimensions. Religion, although often cohesive, cannot be denied the contradictions based on it. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the social conflicts based on religion in the last half century in Kurdistan province. This research aims to investigate religious-based social conflicts in Kurdistan over the past half century. The research has a qualitative approach to the subject and uses two historical methods via historical documents including biographies, books, papers and oral history. In this way, informed people in Kurdistan are also interviewed. The second method includes ethnography which the researcher uses the observation and conversation techniques to debate the lived experiences of the studied population (religious people of various religious sects). In the meantime, these experiences are used to address relevant social conflicts. The findings suggest that the distribution of conflicts between groups are identified from a geographical point of view. Seven categories of religion-based social conflicts in Kurdistan including “religion as the eliminator of conflicts”, “religion as the concealer of conflicts”, “religion as the representer of conflicts”, “religion as the perpetuator of conflicts”, “religion as strengthener and intensifier of conflicts”, “religion as source and origin of social conflicts” and “religion as underminer of conflicts” are extracted. Each of the said conflicts has arisen between intellectual groups with different religious attitudes or religious groups with secular thinking attitudes. These conflicts have sometimes been embodied in the form of conflicting views, and sometimes in the form of physical and force majeure. These conflicts are sometimes strengthened and undermined by religion in the form of a process and long term, or are immediate and short term.

This paper aims to investigate students' interpretations of the emergence of religious modernness by referring to the pith of their daily religious life. Religious modernness has also been studied based on Lapland, Kanter and Rambo models. The method used in this research is narrative analysis. Among the students of the University of Tehran, a semi-structured narrative interview was conducted with 31 of them using the theoretical saturation technique. The interviews were finally summarized and analyzed thematically in individual narratives as well as a general narrative. The findings of this study show the occurrence of a complication of change in the religious life of students. Students' narratives of their religious lives contain basic points about the dimensions of religiosity, which show that all of them have been affected by individual and environmental changes and have finally rethought their religiosity. To illustrate this change, the interviews were divided into three time periods: "sustainable religious life", "crisis in religious life" and "religious modernness ", and the most important topics of each stage were extracted. Three fundamental themes were extracted from each of the three stages, including "religiosity as a priori", "crisis of religious identity" and "religiosity as a posteriori". Also, students' understanding and interpretation of religious modernity indicate a clear and decisive understanding. Finally, it should be said that the general narrative of students about their religious modernity indicates a posteriori understanding of religiosity. Among them, modernity is understood and interpreted as a socio-psychological turn that can be analyzed on the historical context of their religious life.

At first glance, choosing an individual lifestyle may seem like a personal decision, but with a deeper look, we can say that the changes in the lifestyle of individuals, in addition to being influenced by the current developments in society, itself It will also lay the groundwork and influence on the formation of future developments in the family and society. The results of studies and researches conducted in recent years show that due to changes such as increasing education and migration of girls living in dormitories in Tehran has increased. This study, with the interpretive phenomenological approach of Smith, Flower and Larkin, has studied the understanding and interpretation of girls living in the residence and their life experience of this lifestyle. The statistical population of the study is 16 girls living in a residence in Tehran. Data were obtained using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results showed that excessive loneliness, feeling of suspension in life, aimlessness, reduced relationships with relatives are some of the experiences that these girls go through.

This study deals with students’ lived experiences of the emergence of modernism in their religiosity by conducting an inquiry into their religious life and observing the dynamic quality of their religiosity. The method of this research is analysis of narrations. Of University of Tehran students, 26 students were chosen for a validity and semi-structured interview in accordance with the theoretical saturation technique. The interviews were condensed into individual narratives as well as a general narrative and were thematically analyzed. The findings of the research indicated the emergence of a change in the students’ religious life. The students’ narrations of their religious life indicated that they have been influenced by personal and environmental changes and, in consequence, they reconsidered their religiosity. To illustrate this change, the interviews were divided into three periods—“sustainable religious life”, “crisis in religious life”, and “religious modernism”. Three fundamental themes were derived, which includes “religiosity as a priori”, “crisis of religious identity”, and “religiosity as a posteriori”. In the end, it can be said that the students’ overall narration of their religious modernism indicated a posteriori understanding of religiosity. Religious modernity is neither a fully conscious action here nor a fully structured phenomenon.

Today, the presence of different individuals and groups with different ideas and behaviors and having a peaceful, nonviolent life is one of the most important factors in society. Irreversibility is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social tolerance and its indicators as independent variables and the incidence of violence as a dependent variable. The research method is survey and the research instrument is questionnaire. The population consisted of 184 to 65 year olds in Tehran, 384 of whom were selected using Cochran formula. The findings showed that there is a negative and inverse relationship between social tolerance and its indicators (public tolerance, ethnic tolerance, religious tolerance, national tolerance) with violence. Therefore, all the research hypotheses are confirmed. The results of structural equation modeling (AMOS) also showed that public tolerance index had the highest effect on violence rate (0/45) among independent variables of social tolerance. Overall, and based on the findings of the study, it can be said that social tolerance has been and has been one of the factors influencing violence in the public space and its absence can reduce or increase violence in the public space.

The present study in terms of goals, is applicable, and in terms of nature and type of study is among qualitative research and a interpretative study that by using the phenomenological research strategy of “Van Mennen”, we seek to explain the essence of experience of the phenomenon ofstudents' Political Culture in Social Networks. The research study field included students from  Tehran Science and Research Branch, and sample selection continued until theoretical saturation of data and reached 21 people. After analyzing the data, the main themes and several sub-themes were obtained, which in total showed that the role of intellectuals as knowledgeable people in society, whether in civil institutions and social organizations , and in the state of belonging to parties and political parties, has been publicly affecting the political culture of society in some form and promoting political culture of societyand enhances the social and political consciousness of students. Ultimately, national thinking and emotion will be formed.

The present study in terms of goals, is applicable, in terms of nature and type of study among qualitative research and among interpretative using the phenomenological research strategy of “Van Mennen”, we seek to explain the essence of experience through the phenomenon of social and cultural activities of intellectuals in virtual social networks and the deep understanding of this phenomenon on students ' political culture. The research study field included students from the Tehran Science and Research Branch. The data of this research were collected through purposeful sampling and in-depth interview with 21 people and analyzed using Van Mennan's phenomenological analysis method. After analyzing the data, the main themes and several sub-themes were obtained, which in total showed that the role of intellectuals as knowledgeable people in society , whether in civil institutions and social organizations , and in the state of belonging to parties and political parties , has been publicly affecting the political culture of society in a form of forms and in the social and social sense of students , students are finally involved in the formation of a national emotional and emotional state .

The young Iraqi government, which is the outcome of the post-2003 state-building process, has always been affected by a number of structural and institutional problems in the social and political fields and has encountered numerous security crises. Employing an explanatory-analytical method and relying on data collected through interviews and documentary studies, this research is intended to answer the question of what the Iraqi security and political-social vulnerabilities are. The social gaps in Iraq, as well as its political-legal system, have resulted in security crises. The erupted social gaps in Iraq have increased social divergence and have prevented the development of national identity as a prerequisite of the establishment of a national government. Furthermore, the associative democracy that has been traditionally imposed on the Iraqi political structure has resulted in deeper social gaps while creating a crisis of inefficiency and illegitimacy.

This study aims to examine the association between internal-external activities of banking system’s social responsibility and the key components of social capital including trust and participation. The results of this paper are based on a survey conducted among two sample groups: 384 clients and 352 staff members of Melat Bank in Tehran.
The results of this study support that there are a significantly positive association between internal-external activities of banking system’s social responsibility and social capital components, that is, social trust and participation. In addition, the results suggest that the dimensions of banking system’s social responsibility are significantly different: humanitarian and non-discrimination dimensions hold the lowest level of importance as compared with other dimensions of internal and external activities of banking system’s social responsibility, respectively.

After the fall of Saddam, active participation of the Shiites and Kurds along with the minimal and passive participation of the Sunnis led to the formation of a new structure based on democratic principles. At a time when it was thought that Iraq will find peace by eliminating one of the biggest dictators of history, the country experienced political and security crises emerging one after another. It disrupted democratic process of state-building and dragged Iraqi government into the abyss of despair. Using exploratory method, library tools and interviews, the paper is to answer the question "what are the obstacles to the process of state-building in Iraq?" In order to answer the question, it was hypothesized that “social gaps activated by ethno-sectarian distribution of the population in Iraq and the lack of infrastructure required for democratization, as well as the tribal and nomadic structure of the country, obstructed state-building process in Iraq”. Besides confirming the hypothesis, the results showed that consensus democracy as a dominated pattern of political system, not only exacerbated social gaps but also led to the ineffectiveness of the political system of Iraq and it is one of the barriers to state-building in the country.