محمدرسول الماسی فرد

Today, most large companies in developed countries use charitable marketing to increase their popularity and show their responsibility towards society (Hamidizadeh et al., 2017; Bakhsham et al., 2022). Charitable marketing exposes the organization's attention to social issues in the eyes of customers and beneficiaries. Also, charitable marketing can increase brand awareness, improve the company's image, and strengthen the company's brand name (Patel et al., 2017). Charitable marketing allows the general public to learn about a company's social responsibility and its interest in charitable goals and ideals; at the same time, through charitable marketing, cooperation between an economic enterprise and charity will be in line with the interests of both parties (Bakhsham et al., 2022). Logically, before using charitable marketing strategies, it is necessary to measure the reaction of consumers towards them. For this purpose, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether charitable marketing activities are effective in promoting the brand of commercial companies or not. In this study, the effect of charitable marketing activities on word of mouth, purchase intention, and brand image from the perspective of detergent consumers has been investigated. The hypotheses of this research are:Charitable marketing has a positive and significant effect on word-of-mouth advertising from the point of view of customers of detergent companies.Charitable marketing has a positive and significant effect on the purchase intention of consumers from the point of view of customers of detergent companies.Charitable marketing has a positive and significant effect on the brand image from the point of view of customers of detergent companies.

The current research is quantitative and it is practical in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this research is the users of detergents in the city of Kermanshah; considering that everyone uses detergents, the size of the statistical population is considered unlimited. The sample size was 384 people, which was calculated by Cochran's formula. In this research, the questionnaire is the main tool for collecting the required information, which was scored based on the Likert scale, and 384 questionnaires were distributed in person. In this research, content and construct validity have been used among the various methods of determining the validity of measuring the validity of the questionnaire. First, the articles related to the topic were carefully studied and the variables and questions of the questionnaire were identified from the combination of three questionnaires in the articles (Mirabi et al., 2015; Bilgin & Kethüda, 2022; Ahmad et al., 2014). To test and evaluate the hypotheses, partial least squares analysis was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS software at the descriptive level and Smart PLS 3 at the inferential level.

To check the variables of the model and research hypotheses, the goodness of fit indices of the model are used. The degree of conformity of the research conceptual model with reality is measured by model fit indices. At the 95% confidence level, considering that the value of the t statistic is greater than 1.96, it can be said that the dimensions of charitable marketing have a positive relationship with word-of-mouth advertising, purchase intention, and brand image. Based on this, all the variables with a positive path coefficient indicate a positive relationship between the variables, and the effect of the dimensions of charitable marketing on the three variables of word of mouth, purchase intention, and brand image is confirmed and significant.

In this research, the impact of charitable marketing on word of mouth, purchase intention, and brand image was investigated from the perspective of customers of detergent companies in Kermanshah, and as the research results show, charitable marketing has a positive and significant effect on word of mouth, purchase intention and brand image in detergent companies. According to the results, hypothesis 1 based on the existence of a meaningful relationship between charitable marketing and word-of-mouth advertising is confirmed. This hypothesis is consistent with the research results of Bakhshizadeh Bori (2017) and Patel et al. (2017). Also, according to the results of the research hypothesis test, the second hypothesis based on the existence of a positive and meaningful relationship between charitable marketing and purchase intention is confirmed. This hypothesis is consistent with the research results of Khenifer et al. (2021), Bakhshizadeh Borj (2017), and Sinčić Ćorić et al. (2011). Finally, according to the obtained results, the third hypothesis based on the existence of a positive relationship between charitable marketing and brand image has been confirmed. This hypothesis is consistent with the research results of Bakhshizadeh Borj (2017), Hamidizadeh et al. (2017), and Ebrahimi et al. (2016).

The aim of the current research is to present a model for the development of academic entrepreneurship in Iraq using the interpretative-structural modeling approach.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. In order to collect data, 15 factors were identified as the most important factors by first reviewing the theoretical foundations and the views of 20 experts as members of the Delphi panel. It should be noted that the statistical population of the research is Al-Qadisieh University in Divaniye city, and the target sample was selected by purposive sampling method and applying indicators such as experience, proficiency participation willingness and ability as well as accessibility. The tool of data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, structural interpretive modeling method was used.

The results of the research showed that senior management support for entrepreneurial activities, supportive organizational structure in order to facilitate creative and innovative behaviors and commercialization measures, and establishing supportive and flexible laws in the field of entrepreneurship, intellectual property rights and commercialization as the most important effective factors. In the development of academic entrepreneurship in Iraq, it is known in the present research.
 

: By showing its desire and motivation in the development of academic entrepreneurship and manifesting this motivation in  terms  of a series of key actions, the university  could   be very fruitful in advancing the intended goals and developing academic entrepreneurship, and considering the nature of academic entrepreneurship, the university   will play the main role in this process and until this desire and motivation from the university towards  academic  entrepreneurship is not seen by the government and other actors, we  may not  expect to advance the goals of  academic  entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship, as the economy's driving force, plays a vital role in job creation, livelihood improvement, and economic growth. In developing countries, which face numerous economic challenges, strengthening the entrepreneurial environment can effectively reduce unemployment and increase social welfare. Therefore, this study examines the government governance model for improving the entrepreneurial environment in Iran, emphasizing enhancing the entrepreneurial culture. This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-correlational method of structural equation modeling for data collection. The statistical population of this study included all managers and experts active in universities and government in the field of entrepreneurship, from which 196 individuals were selected as samples. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. This study's results emphasize the government's crucial role and its six key roles in improving entrepreneurship. The government should act as a policymaker, leader, and supporter of entrepreneurial culture, alongside media and educational institutions, by implementing targeted and extensive actions to develop an entrepreneurial culture. The current government programs, mostly focused on economic factors, may not yield the desired results due to their one-dimensional nature and require attention to cultural variables. This study provides practical recommendations for planners and policymakers in the business environment sector.

Knowing and being aware of the future is a dream that has focused many people's efforts since long ago. In this regard, the use of the science of future study is a set of efforts that use the analysis of sources, patterns, and factors of change or stability, envisioning potential futures and planning for them (Eskandarinezhad et al., 2023; Szabo, 2014). The need for future study and knowledge of the future in all fields, including good affairs, is of great importance. Today, due to the decrease in donations and the number of volunteers, the future of charitable institutions at the local level is unfavorable (Zarei, Sharafi, & Maleki, 2020; Alcock, Butt, & Macmillan, 2013; Fuller, 2019; Du, 2022). Future scenario planning can help charity sector managers, institutions, and stakeholders to manage uncertainties. Currently, charitable institutions in Kermanshah city are facing all kinds of internal and external problems such as mismanagement, reduction of public donations, lack of specialization and concentration of activities, etc. Now, due to the existence of respectable and caring benefactors in the province and benefactors' assembly establishment, it is necessary to do this research, because such research can greatly help the future and future success of the charitable institutions of Kermanshah. According to the above statements, the main problem of the research is: Considering the current situation of charitable institutions, what futures can be imagined for them? What are the alternative policies aimed at achieving the desired future of charitable institutions in Kermanshah?

The current research is qualitative and aims to research the future of charitable institutions in Kermanshah; therefore, according to its purpose, it is considered developmental-applied research, and since the results of it can be used in drawing the desired future of charitable institutions in Kermanshah and providing solutions to improve their role in Charity affairs and it enables Kermanshah charity institutions to plan and improve their activities, it is considered applied research. Also, the research uses the Delphi questionnaire and semi-in-depth interviews to obtain information, so the Delphi method using theme analysis was used to analyze the data obtained from the interviews (Abedi Ja’fari et al, 2011) and future research and scenario writing methods were used to draw the future. The statistical population of this research includes experts and specialists in the field of charity in Kermanshah city, including managers and experts of related organizations such as State Welfare Organization, Awqaf and Charity Affairs Organization of Iran, and managers and founders of charitable institutions in Kermanshah city. Interviews were conducted with 23 managers and experts in the charity field of Kermanshah. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study, the Lincoln and Guba (1985) evaluation method was used. 

Based on the theme analysis, the concepts identified from the interviews revealed that there are 4 possible futures for the charitable institutions of Kermanshah: developing organizational activities, maintaining and strengthening the current position, strengthening the organizational position, and reducing the activities of charitable institutions. According to the main drivers: dependence of charities on the government versus their independence and the specialized and chain activities of charities versus their insularity and the results of the interview, 11 scenarios were designed. According to the scores to the scores of research, the future development of organizational activities has the priority, then maintaining and strengthening the current position, strengthening the organizational position, and reducing the activity of institutions are the next priorities. Figure 4- Future and scenarios prioritization matrix of Kermanshah charities 

The scenario method is one of the key future study methods and is a way to improve decision-making against possible and probable futures. Charities address some of society's most important and neglected problems, but overall, the future of the charity sector is uncertain, by staying up-to-date on key future trends and adapting and responding to change, charities can ensure that they are well positioned to make a positive impact in the future. Considering the future trends and drivers of charity, it can be said that the future of charitable institutions in Kermanshah will be in a general direction and this future will be influenced by the organizational development of institutions and their professional management. According to the most important scenario based on the development of organizational activities, the following suggestions are presented to the managers of charitable institutions and institutions in charge of good affairs:The public participation attraction unit should be set up in mosques, Quranic field and doctors' building.Charitable institutions should operate in a chain and specialized way, not like islands far from each other.Financial support from the government in the form of cash aid, loans and facilities, tax deduction or remission, and completion of employee insurance.The use of expert managers and expert consultants in the field of administration of institutions should be put on the agenda.Education and Institutionalization of culture for clients should be considered for their self-sufficiency and independence.

The main purpose of the current research was to design a model for the development of organizational entrepreneurship in banks supporting cooperative organizations in Iraq.

In order to achieve the goal in the current research, a sequential exploratory mixed method was used, and the data were collected in two phases. In the qualitative phase, the required data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 34 experts in the form of the Foundation's data approach. . In this section, in order to check the validity of the combination of the four-stage framework and the six key questions model, and the within-subject agreement method was used to check the reliability, and finally, the data was collected and using the systematic design of Strauss and Corbin, codes and components were used. The pattern of organizational entrepreneurship development in banks supporting cooperative organizations was obtained and compiled in the form of a conceptual data model of the foundation. With the participation of experts in the field of entrepreneurship and banking management of Razi University in Kermanshah in Iran and Al-Taqanieh Al-Wasati University in Baghdad, a questionnaire was designed and through random sampling with the participation of 103 people among experts and human resources of the Bank of Agriculture branches in Baghdad. The country of Iraq was distributed. In the quantitative phase of the research, by using the confirmatory factor analysis method and the use of factor loading criteria, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, average variance explained and the significance level of Bartlett's test, the validity of each of the components of the obtained model was examined in the qualitative part. found thvelopment of organizational entrepreneurship), strategies also have components of behavioral strategies and structural strategies. In the background conditions, the components of structural characteristics and syste, and finally, in the c

The world registration of the Oramanat region as the 26th World Heritage of Iran in the UNESCO organization has doubled the importance of this region from the west of the country. Considering the many capacities of the Oramanat region to attract tourists and the proper use of the world registration point to make this region known as a tourism hub at the international level, this research aims to find the influential factors in branding the Oramanat tourism destination in the form of a model, and it is a Model. Regarding the objective type, this study is applied research conducted using a mixed exploratory method during two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the qualitative section, interviews were conducted with 15 experts in the field of tourism, including university professors, officials, and activists in this field, first in a targeted manner and then in a snowball. In the quantitative section, paired comparisons were given to the same sample people in the qualitative section of the questionnaire. Finally, a hierarchical analysis was performed to analyze the data. Based on the research findings, nine main factors were identified for the international tourism branding of Oramanat, which obtained the most points in the order of the importance of infrastructure and facilities, attraction factor, and marketing and advertising factor. Administrative, political, and legal factors, tourists and agencies, brand building, stabilization, sociocultural, and economic factors were also placed as the following priorities. Finally, according to the results of the interviews, the factor of infrastructure and facilities is the region’s weakness. The attraction factor is its strength, so it is necessary to create facilities for accommodation, healthcare, communication, and transportation in the region and should be strengthened. Oramanat’s destination brand should be created around the attractions of the region that have the necessary capacity by using various marketing and advertising methods. Holding various conferences and forming a specialized committee to develop the branding program of the region are also essential and practical suggestions for facilitating matters.

Employment of human resources, especially university graduates, is one of the most important and basic goals of economic-social planning of any society. Based on this, the present study examined and analyzed the causes of unemployment among the graduates of Kermanshah province. An explanatory sequential mixed method was used to achieving the research goal. The statistical population in the qualitative phase was included of experts who were selected using special cases sampling method until reaching theoretical saturation (n=28). Data were collected using the in-depth interview method and analyzed using the three-level coding technique. In the quantitative phase, to determine the most important influencing factors on the graduate's unemployment, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the research tool in different phases were confirmed using triangulation, interviews with experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α≥ 0.86). The findings showed that solving socio-cultural, economic, governance and academic problems related to the unemployment of graduates (such as weakness in entrepreneurial culture, desire for government employment, the prevalence of degree orientation, excessive inflation, failure to attract investors to the province, inconsistency between market needs and university outputs) can significantly contribute to reducing the graduates unemployment rate.

The present research aimed to analyze the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities to develop entrepreneurship and rural employment. The research was an applied study in terms of purpose and a mixed-methods study in terms of approach. The research population included experts and scholars of entrepreneurship and rural employment in Ravansar County. The inclusion criteria of the participants were an academic resume related to the subject matter and a history of executive activity in the field of entrepreneurship and rural self-employment. The sample was taken purposefully by the snowball technique until data saturation was reached. Data saturation was obtained by conducting 12 interviews with the participants. To analyze the data, the content analysis method was used with the inductive approach in the qualitative phase, and the hierarchical analysis process technique was used in the quantitative phase. In this research, entrepreneurial opportunities for the development of entrepreneurship and job creation in rural areas were first identified, and then based on the criteria extracted from the literature (such as the capacity to create employment, ease of financing, ease of exploiting the opportunity, matching the opportunity with the regional capabilities and economic value creation capacity) were prioritized. The identified opportunities were the opportunities for agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry, tourism and handicrafts, home businesses, and processing industries. The findings showed that the opportunities related to agriculture and horticulture were ranked the highest, and the opportunities related to home businesses, processing industries, animal husbandry, tourism, and handicrafts were ranked the next, respectively. The paper is concluded with some recommendations, e.g., increasing financial and non-financial support of rural entrepreneurs by the government, which is one of the most important ones.

The presence of companies and organizations in charitable activities is a necessity. Otherwise, customers in the third millennium will be reluctant to prolong the life of such companies. Increasing the attention of the community and companies to cause-related marketing has led to conducting more scientific research in this field. The purpose of this research was to design a model of the success factors of cause-related marketing in Iran. This study was a qualitative research performed in two stages. First, the success factors of cause-related marketing were identified and interpreted by reviewing theoretical foundations and previous studies through qualitative content analysis. Then, to confirm and validate the identified factors, they were presented to 20 marketing experts. The results showed that the success factors of cause-related marketing in Iran had the following dimensions: product considerations, including the components of product innovation, product quality, and product nature; advertising considerations, including the components of the presence of celebrities, various tools, verbal advertising, and quantity and quality of advertising; customer considerations, including the elements of loyalty, customer income, prior experience, motivation and willingness, customer perception of company ethics, belief, and vision; financial considerations, including the components of financial contribution of the organization, type and method of assistance, and degree of customer’s financial assistance; strategic considerations, including the elements of transparency, duration and frequency of repetition of programs, creativity in programs, and fitness of programs; and public considerations, including the elements of company’s credit, cooperation with charities, and Charity Topic.

The field of university and the field of entrepreneurship have a strong relationship with each other and play an important role in the development of the country, individuals, organizations and companies. Spin-off Companies is one of the companies that have reciprocal relations with the field of university entrepreneurship. In fact, university mechanisms have multiple effects in different dimensions and categories on the development or non-development of these companies, and it is necessary to recognize these effects in order to plan properly for universities and related companies. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the thought patterns that govern the effects of university support mechanisms on the development of university-based companies. For this purpose, three universities of Imam Khomeini, Razi Kermanshah and Yazd University were selected for case study, data were collected from faculty members, administrators, and graduate students, including 62 experts from all three universities, in the form of interviews and questionnaires. To identify and determine the categories of academic entrepreneurship, inductive qualitative content analysis method and to analyze thought patterns, Q analytical model have been used. The results showed that mechanisms and categories of the university were in eight groups: university policy changes, individual factors, university rules, infrastructure, de-monopolization, macro factors, partnerships and barriers to corporate development. Universities also have relatively good effects on the development of companies in general, but the relationship between companies and universities is weak due to the lack of companies.

Considering the importance of job creation in Kermanshah province and also because of its very good capacities and capabilities in the field of sport, it can be further developed by providing an appropriate context in this field, apart from providing citizens with health and related businesses as well as employment. Hence, in the present study, due to the importance of the subject, factors affecting the creation of sport entrepreneurship ecosystem in Kermanshah province were analyzed. This research was applied in terms of type of purpose and by nature in the descriptive-analytical research group using a heuristic mixed approach. The statistical population of the present study included all specialists in the field of entrepreneurship and sports in Kermanshah province. In the qualitative part, purposeful sampling and snowballing were used. After15 interviews with experts, theoretical saturation was achieved and for the quantitative section, 8 members of the same sample of the qualitative section were given a paired comparisons questionnaire to determine the significance of each of the identified factors. According to the findings of the study, the 9 main factors that have significant roles in creating and strengthening the sport entrepreneurship ecosystem in the province are as follows: The government and its policies, economic and financial factors, cultural and social factors, physical and technological infrastructure, laws and regulations, markets and conditions, university and industry and their interactions, management and human resources, natural-tourist attractions of sport.

The importance of Knoeledge based Spin-offs and their economic and social impact through the commercialization of university based research has long been a topic of interest to academics and policymakers. The increasing role of knowledge, innovation and technology in economic and social development has caused the relations between academia, industry and government, Both in terms of structure and in terms of today 's conditions, These three institutions, while functional, undergo a fundamental transformation.university, as a base for scienceproduction , should explain entrepreneurial knowledge according to economic and social issusand with careful planning and policy-making and the need for research support, use the results of university research in Knoeledge based Spin-offs. Today, Knoeledge based Spin-offs are considered in the new generation mission of most universities and as a major commercial and economic value, it is considered a factor in the application of academic research and its important role in the transfer of technology and knowledge. The purpose of this study is to introduce and study the concept, role and types of reproductive knowledge based Spin-offs. The results of the study showed that are knoeledge based Spin-offs defined as new firms to exploit the business, technology or research results that were developed at a university. knoeledge based Spin-offs are important for five reasons: they promote their regional economy, they contribute to university technological development, they assist universities in acquiring the core research and training mission, providing more income for universities than allowing technology to come to the outside companies. Also in the classification that has been done for knowledge based Spin-offs, these companies are divided into three categories: inventor-centered; Buyer-centric and investor-centric are divided.

Today increasing the level of education of human resources and reducing job opportunities due to the economic crisis in the current world, has become one of the major challenges of societies around the world. Academic entrepreneurship is increasingly important in order to find new ways to compete, increase job opportunities, succeed in uncertain and unpredictable environments, and find solutions to many challenges at the local and global levels. The purpose of this study is to identify barriers to the development of academic entrepreneurship and commercialization of knowledge in Razi university using a structural interpretive approach. The research method is a quantitative method, in terms of applied purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. the statistical population of the study was university professors and university entrepreneurs at Razi university that who were selected by purposive sampling method according to indicators such as experience, expertise, willingness and ability to participate and availability. in order to prepare the data, first by reviewing the theoretical foundations and using the opinions of 19 university professors and entrepreneurs at Razi university, the most important obstacles to entrepreneurship development and knowledge commercialization in Razi university were identified through delphi method and structural-interpretive modeling method was used for data analysis. the results show that among barriers to entrepreneurship development and commercialization of knowledge, different motivation of industry activists and university and lack of communication and networks between investors, industry activists and academics as the key factors in this study were recognized.

The importance of knowledge based spin-offs and their economic and social impact through the commercialization of university based research has long been a topic of interest to academics and policymakers. knowledge based spin-offs are becoming a major global phenomenon. At the moment, knowledge based spin-offs are considered in the new generation mission of most universities and as a major commercial and economic value, it is considered a factor in the application of academic research and its important role in the transfer of technology and knowledge. Universities are increasingly supporting the creation of knowledge based spin-offs to commercialize their research results. knowledge based spin-offs have important social and economic implications, including creating new jobs and increasing revenue streams. The purpose of this study was to explain the process of formation and development of knowledge based spin-offs and identify the most important factors affecting the development of knowledge based spin-offs. The results of the study showed that starting a knowledge based spin-offs is a multi-step process that begins with academic research and goes through the stages of creation and disclosure, intellectual property decision, technology marketing, and licensing until the company is established. The most important factors affecting the development of knowledge based spin-offs were the characteristics of the university and the founders of the knowledge based spin-offs, environmental characteristics, technology and the final product.

Due to the phenomenon of globalization, investors today pay more attention than ever to investing in its global concept. On the other hand, scholars in the field of international relations, especially in the liberal tradition, emphasize the impact of international economic cooperation, such as trade and investment, on the spread of peace and the prevention of war. Accordingly, the present article, while referring to objective examples of international relations, has tried to provide a different answer to the important question of "economic cooperation in the form of international investment while maximizing" by using "game theory". "Investor interests should also prevent war and the development of peace." By presenting a static game between players, the article models the behavior between investors and countries according to the possible strategies for each player. In this regard, first, a situation is considered in which the two countries are indifferent to each other. Then in the second case, two countries are considered to be rivals (enemies) and in the third case, three countries are assumed, one of which is a rival and the other is indifferent. Given the equilibrium obtained in all three cases, the overall result indicates that the investment achieves the best result (Nash equilibrium) by forming portfolios in different markets and the country at home by creating interaction and peace. The results of the research in the language of logic (mathematics) confirm the effect of economic cooperation on the development of peace, where through the development of international investment, governments achieve peace and on the other hand, investors achieve the best results.

The unemployment rate in the Iran between 1384 until 1397 (solar calendar) was about 12 percent and was relatively stable; however, some provinces, including Kermanshah, had a rising rate outside the general trend, far from the country's average. This article is based on a research that has been conducted with the aim of investigating specific variables affecting the exacerbation of unemployment in Kermanshah province using qualitative research interview research method. Fourteen in-depth semi-structured interviews with university, government and private sector experts were conducted to identify the influential variables in various areas of economics, sociology management and political science. Coding of the data based on qualitative content analysis of the interviews resulted in 345 coding that were categorized into 45 categories and finally to 6 factors. The results were then analyzed through consultation sessions as well as a researcher-made questionnaire through a sample of 109 individuals to evaluate the findings of the expert interviews. In summary, the findings of this study confirm the fact that a multidimensional, multivariate and complex set of factors have led to and exacerbated unemployment in Kermanshah province, including cultural, social, political-managerial variables, and firm-level factors and economic factors. They play a range of independent or intertwined influences. What is important is the need for a serious revision and change in the field of bureaucratic political variables to play a role in controlling unemployment in the province, as the results of the study show that the political sphere has been inefficient and unwanted in playing its intrinsic role in the case study. It itself plays a facilitating role in deepening unemployment and on the other hand, the government has the power and responsibility to guide, policy and influence the various areas affecting employment.

The present article examines the impact of human resource activities on the perceived job productivity of teleworkers. Analyzing the data from a survey among 217 Teleworkers in the Ministry of Cooperation, Labour and Social Welfare shows that various activities of human resources in accordance with telework arrangements have significantly improved the job productivity of teleworkers. Results of testing the hypotheses by structural equation modeling indicate that voluntary selection, job involvement, output-based control, electronic monitoring, variable pay and social protection have a positive impact on the job productivity of teleworkers. However, the research data do not confirm the influence of cooperative learning and behavioral training. Based on these findings, the paper emphasizes that managerial contingencies in the field of human resources are critical and in this way policy makers and practitioners should consider them for the successful implementation of telework arrangements.

Technology is one of the greatest characteristics of current century. Issue that has been discussed in the present paper is necessity of responsibility against technology and utilizing from its capacities to ethical and moral actions. This paper aims to reveal the necessity of teleworking implementation from an ethical perspective, by studying social-environmental advantages of teleworking arrangements and linking these advantages to the corporate social responsibility concept. Studies show that macro capacities of teleworking arecomplied with social and environmental responsibility of organizations. Hence, it concludes that organizations can respond to their moral obligations in society and contribute to sustainable development by adoption and implementation of telework arrangements. According to the paper, a teleworker company is a responsible and sustainable organization that besides profitability considers the interests of the planet and the people.

The modern world has been successful in terms of scientific developments as well as providing social welfare for its people. However, it has failed to promote ethics among human be¬ings. Taking into account the ethical and spiritual gaps in the contemporary world and human's per¬manent preoccupation with the philosophy of life, spirituality discourse is one of most impor-tant issues that has been taken into account in order to link the traditional world values and mod-ern ones. Organizations as one of the most prevalent bodies in today's societies are one of the most dominant areas where spiritual-based approaches are developing.

In this library-based research, the necessity of paying attention into spirituality in organiza¬tions and workplaces is demonstrated. In this regard, the dimensions, benefits, and de-velop¬ment of work spirituality will be discussed.

With regard to the omnipresence of organizations in societies and different conse-quences of their operation, the emergence of work spirituality in organizations seems inevitable. Due to the dominance of rational and mechanistic paradigms, workplaces are in dire need of the pro¬motion of spirituality. Different researches demonstrate that organizations are highly wel-comed to this new paradigm and attempt to develop it in their workplaces. The present article empha¬sizes the necessity of conducting empirical studies in this area and implementing their re-sults in Iran.