محمدسعید نجاتی

Drawing upon historical evidence and the hadiths transmitted from Imam al-ʿAskarī, this article analyzes his role in institutionalizing the khums within the Shia community during a period of significant challenges to this obligation. According to the available hadiths, the Imam emphasized the rationale behind the obligation of khums, highlighted its comprehensive scope (including all of one’s income), and underscored its practical importance. He also clarified where khums should be spent by distributing it among Hashemite needy and managed a network of deputies to handle Shiite affairs on his behalf.Undocumented accusations have emerged regarding the reception of khums from sources other than war spoils, such as business profits. Given the lack of research on this issue concerning each Shiite Imam and the historical analysis of various periods of khums, this article contributes by explaining these developments during the Imamate of Imam al-ʿAskarī. This study, conducted using an analytic, historical, and hadith-based method, addresses a previously unexplored area of scholarship

In this study, the role of the “Caliphate” Movement in India is examined in relation to the Hijaz’s developments at the beginning of Baqi’s second destruction (1344–1345 AH). During this time, there were protests by Muslims across the country against the Wahhabis’ actions, disputes between the Meccan sharifs and the Sultan of Najd, attempts by Islamic nations to mediate, the ascent to power of Sultan Abdulaziz Al Saud, the devastation of the Baqi Shrine and other tombs of the Holy Shrines, and the establishment of the Caliphate Council in the Hijaz. The following incidents are discussed based on the role of the Indian Caliphate Council: organizing protests, releasing declarations and resolutions, distributing food in the Hijaz, sending pilgrims from India to the Hijaz, sending a delegation to the Hijaz, meeting and conversing with the Sultan of Najd and the Sharif of Makkah, and interviewing and questioning the Hijaz residents regarding the Wahhabi’s actions, publishing the delegates’ reports, stressing the establishment of a republic in the Hijaz, holding Islamic summits with the attendance of representatives of Islamic nations, attempting to maintain the Islamic tombs, and reconstructing the deconstructed tombs. For the first time, the aforesaid themes are analyzed and discussed in this study, which employs a historical, narrative, and analytical approach, as well as the rare Urdu language sources. One of the innovations of this study is the examination and analysis of the reports from these uncommon sources.

This article analyzes the reactions of the United Kingdom (UK) to the pursuit al-Baqīʿ’s issues by Muslims. The research is based on several recently published papers that offer fresh details about the UK’s actions in relation to the responses of the Muslim populations of the specified countries to the reconstruction of al-Baqīʿ. Based on evidence, the UK not only assisted Āl Saʿūd in assuming power but also stayed silent about their crimes under the guise of a policy of non-interference in the Two Holy Mosques and refused to give minimal assistance to Wahhabi crime victims (even transferring the Indian Muslims’ letters to Reza Shah) and stopped Iraqi scholars’ attempts to write letters and express their opposition to Wahhabism. Additionally, by giving them money and air power, the UK assisted the Saudis in repressing those who stood up in opposition to Wahhabi crimes, like the devastation of holy tombs. The strategic objective of backing Wahhabism to infiltrate the Muslim world and the Hejaz and further their own interests in the region was the driving force behind the UK’s positioning. This research is novel since it includes fresh information and documents based on fresh, unpublished records. It is done using a historical-analytical method and based on library papers.

 The conquest of Mecca (Fatḥ Makkah) is one of the most important battles of the Messenger of God (PBUH), with everlasting effects on the history of Islam. In this article, with a new look at the major resources of the sirah of the Messenger of God (PBUH), the facts of this event are reviewed and its ambiguous parts are analyzed and discussed. The reason for the conquest of Mecca and the details of the massacre of Khuzāʿah as the element in breaking the treaty of Quraysh, the details of Abū Sufyān’s trip to Medina, the details of passing the way to Mecca, the details of the campaign at the entrances to Mecca, the presence of the Messenger of God (PBUH) in the Sacred Mosque and his meetings in Mecca, the introduction of those sentenced to death and their fate, and the political and social consequences of this battle are just a few of the topics that will be discussed.

In this report, after a brief introduction of the history of Morocco and its Hajj pilgrimage, we will deal with the contemporary Moroccan Hajj pilgrimage, mainly based on the internet data from the site of the Moroccan Endowment and Religious Affairs Organization. No research has been done so far on the contemporary Maghreb (Moroccan) pilgrimage. Therefore, this article is innovative in its data and will lead to a better introduction of this country and its pilgrimage.

Referring to various sciences such as history, hadith, jurisprudence, law, and ethics, this study first describes the duties of the custodians of the Holy Shrines as the ruling government which has accepted the hosting and organizing the Hajj and Umrah affairs. The current services to the Holy Shrines are evaluated by indexing these criteria and comparing them with the existing situation. The current state of giving services to the Holy Shrines is documented by scientific and press sources as well as the author’s observations during his visit to the two Shrines. In addition to this critical evaluation and discussing the existing shortcomings of the services to the Holy Shrines, certain proposals are made to improve the services to achieve the desired status in terms of Islamic teachings and culture. This is a library-based, experimental and interdisciplinary study that tries to offer new proposals in religious, welfare, cultural, and political management of the services to the Holy Shrines.

This article, uses the method of libraries and historical analysis in response to the question that what were the functions of Hamza's mention in the words and manners of the Holy Prophet and his family? is written. The answer to this analytical question and from the perspective of social functions; Emotional; Cultural-epistemological and political in the age of the Infallibles, these notes are in various forms, giving titles, mentioning virtues, crying and mourning, pilgrimage, blessing, remembering in times of suffering and hardship, arguing for kinship with Hamza and being proud of it, and so on Which is unique in terms of analysis and perspective and has a new comment.

The Hajj of the poor is a long-standing ritual in the Islamic Maghreb.Introducing this ritual based on field data and explaining its origin based onvarious continental, cultural, religious, and social factors is a task that thislibrary-based narrative and analytical research intends to do. Providing alist of different parts of the Islamic Maghreb where the ritual of the Hajj ofthe poor is held, the article introduces three areas of Asfi area (SidiShashkal shrine), the tombs of Sidi Bo Khiyar and Idris I in Walili in theMaghreb, and the pilgrimage of Khajeh Ahmad Yasvi in Turkmenistan andSheikh Bomba in Africa based on the reports. While reporting the criticismof the opponents of this ritual, with a religious analytical approach, thisarticle investigates the misunderstanding of religious texts, the agreementof the jurists of the region for the temporary closure of the Hajj, and thespecial difficulties of the Hajj travel from the Maghreb as the mostimportant religious grounds for the emergence of this ritual in the IslamicMaghreb. This research is interdisciplinary and can be classified in thegroup of the theology and Hajj studies, based on religious literature, hadith jurisprudential data, and Internet reports with an approximate approach.The result of this article is a phenomenological recognition of this ritualand the like and their contexts in religious literature, unprecedented andnew in its kind in the Hajj literature.

The Association of Algerian Muslim ʿUlamā is one of the most famous religious-cultural organizations in Algeria. The reputation of this Association, in the history of the reforms and culture, goes beyond Algeria and covers many countries around the world. There are dual perspectives about the relationship between this Association and the Salafi movement which has led to doubts about the subject. The discussion of the reasons for this relationship, based on the words and deeds of the prominent members and the founders of this Association, is the main topic of this article proven by a narrative-historical analysis. The explicit expressions of many prominent members of this Association with regard to the reliance of the Association on the Salafi movement, supporting the Wahhabi movement in Algeria through vindicating and legitimating it in many works and articles of these members, acknowledging the closeness and equality of the intellectual and ideological foundations at the roots of the most fundamental issues like monotheism and polytheism, and the mutual support and relationship between Wahhabi rulers and the members of the Association are among these reasons. Based on this analysis, an initial denial of the attribution to Wahhabism by the members of the Association and a public call for anti-Wahhabi groups at the beginning of the formation of this Association are based on the public hatred of the traditional Algerian society towards Wahhabism as an extremist sect which is beyond the framework of Islamic religions and getting an opportunity to set up and stabilize the place of the Association in the traditional Algerian society which is strongly influenced by Sufism.

In this article, first, the stories of the first destructions of the Baqī Cemetery and its reconstruction between the two destructions are discussed. Then, the shrines of the Imams buried in the Baqī Cemetery are described in a number of the travelogues written before the second destruction. After reviewing the second destruction of the cemetery, Iran’s relevant reaction, especially the role of the Howayda family, is examined based on historical documents. The method of this article is narrative-historical and relies on library references

In this article, Allameh Mohammad Hussein Sharaf al-Din’s correspondence on the destruction of the Baqī Cemetery is examined and accordingly his role in the reaction of Shiite scholars to this event is analyzed. Sharaf al-Din played an important role in informing, consolidating, and boycotting Hajj by Islamic countries, as well as trying for militarily confronts of Islamic countries led by Yemen with Al-Saud. His only recent measure failed due to his wrong thoughts about Imam Yahya of Yemen. In this article, Sharaf al-Din’s correspondence in forms of press releases, his correspondence with the scholars of ʿAtabāt -i ʿAlīyāt, and a letter to the court of Imam Yahya, King of Yemen, were all chronologically translated for the first time and analyzed according to the historical method.

In the present study, the author, referring to the historical evidences, explores the argument over the indemonstrability of the obligatory Khums on the profits of earnings at the time of Holy Prophet (PBUH). While acknowledging the availability of adequate legal evidences for the obligatory Khums on the profits of the earnings at the present time, criticized and rejects the historical evidences concerning the obligatory nature of Khums on the profits of earnings during the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s period. The findings of this research may be applied in the field of the jurisprudence in the line with the obligatory nature of Khums on the profits of earnings, even though the research approach adopted due to the evidences to which the jurisprudents refer in order to support the obligatory nature of Khums on the profits of earnings in the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s period is a historical analysis. In this study, the most important evidences found concerning indemonstrability of the obligatory Khums on the  profits of earnings in the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s period include the lack of evidence for supporting the Khums on the profits of earnings in the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s period, the poverty among the Muslims in the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s period, the shakable faith of newly Muslim people, and the contradiction between the obligation of Khums payment applied to the profits of earnings, while not excluding the annual expenditures, and the philosophy of Khums at that period of time.

Attempting to prove that there are important and valuable information, along with the incorrect accounts and analysis in the works orientalists in the period of colonial rule, this article makes a case study of the performance of John Lewis Burckhardt, a Swiss orientalist, in his book "Travels in Arabia". The main concern of this study is to examine the characteristics of the work of Burckhardt as a nineteenth-century orientalist. To answer this question, the mentioned book uses an analytical method based on library sources in its historical study of the subject. After giving a brief account of Burckhardt, the article points to the strengths of his argument in this work regarding the comprehensiveness and diversity of content, the attention given to the social history of the two shrines, making a field of study and not just resting on the transmitted accounts, his perseverance and tireless efforts, and accurate citation, measurement and location of sites; and then investigates the weaknesses of this book, which fall in two categories: unauthentic narration and unsound analysis. Among the shortcomings of this work are those related to Hajj rituals; the incorrect analysis of historical errors concerning the historical places related to Hajj and Umrah rules, incorrect analysis of slavery in Islam, the rite of Ihram, the Quranic view about the People of the Book, the dowry of the Meccan, the picture he gives about the schools of thought in Islam and fanaticism towards Islam. The positive points alongside the shortcomings contained in his work corroborate the view of "the possibility of scientifically benefiting from orientalists’ scholarly works" provided that the reader should be well aware of the shortcomings they make and of their orientation towards certain religious and political thoughts.

The article presents a historical review of the belief that the payment of khums was exempted by some of the Imams (AS). For this purpose, first the narrations that cite the exemption of khums by each Imam (AS) have been categorically gathered and their validity have been assessed. Next, its conditions that caused this phenomenon during the era of the Imam (AS) have been analyzed. Further, other historical evidences have also been mentioned which reject this belief; evidences like the belief that zakat can be replaced by khums for the family of the Prophet (PBUH), the existence of ahadith that affirms the payment of khums  from Imams (AS) that quoted narrations of tahlil. In addition, the creation and support of a wide network of representatives along with the duties including collection of khums by the succeeding Imams (AS) are among other proofs that reject the historical viewpoint of khums being absolutely exempted. Therefore, it seems that alongside the general rule of khums exemption, concerning khums of transferred property through dealings of non-Shi’a with Shi’a, the political, social, and security conditions of some the Imams (AS) caused the Shi’a to temporarily be exempt from paying khums on their surplus belongings according to these ahadith. The exemption of khums has been occurred in specific cases given the specific conditions of the people that referred to Imams (AS) for this purpose and it never has been generalized to all people at all times.

Briefly introducing Seyyed Abdul Hussein bin Yousef of the Sharaf al-Din family and his scientific and cultural dimensions, this article explains the important roles played by this Shiite social pacemaker in the holy shrines in details. Sharif Hussein’s roles with regard to Haramayn were in two categories: “the Hajj journey with his reception in 1340 A.H” and “his extended international objection due to the destruction of Baqi’ and trying to prevent it”.  During his pilgrimage, he was the Imam of the congregation prayers in Masjid al-Haram and the famous mosques of the sanctuaries; and the sighting of the crescent of Dhu'l-Hijjah was being announced with his approval. During his pilgrimage, he had debates and held fruitful meetings, there are the reports of these events. Sharif Hussein’s formal invitation and royal reception of Sharaf al-Din was due to the latter’s political stance in supporting the formation of an Arab state headed by King Faisal, the son of Sharif Hussein in Damascus that will be discussed in details. The article also explains Sharaf al-Din’s international efforts in the condemnation and formation of a united front of Iran and Yemen against Al-i Sa’ud, after the destruction of Baqi’ and the fatwa to call for the forbidding the Hajj to defeat the Saudis and force them to reconstruct it.

In this article, a summary of the book written by Michael Pearson is presented that addresses the social, political, and cultural dimensions of performing the Hajj by Indians during the 10th-13th centuries A.H. Here, the analyses and statistics presented in the book are discussed. Introducing the references and researches related to the topic of the research, as well as the purposes, significance, and limitations of the research based on the order of the chapters, the present article first discusses the date of Hajj at the beginning of a new era, i.e., the period which is under the discussion, then it focuses on the Hajj’s focal position in Muslims’ social and spiritual thoughts; and finally, it analyzes the relationship between the Mughal king of India and the Hajj and Holy Shrines in that period. Explaining the western perspectives on performing the Hajj in general and performing the Hajj by Indians in particular, introducing the influential components in performing the Hajj by Indians in the concerned fiṭrah and analyzing it in a historical way, and presenting new information about performing the Hajj by Indians are the innovations of this research.

In the present paper, different aspects of the new scheme of Qurbani (sacrifice of a specific animal) in Me’aisem in accordance with the information accessible on the website of the said scheme are explored and the questions raised on this regard are to be answered. In addition, an incident occurred, in 2018, in one of the outdoor slaughterhouses designated for this scheme shall be discussed. Providing the list of centers in charge of distributing Qurbani meat in Saudi Arabia and other countries, the sheep providing and selling system, the reason behind the low price of sheep,  the way one can buy a sheep, the number of Qurbani practices (sheep sacrificed) made by Iranina Pilgrims in the last Hajj rituals, a brief investigation into the cooperation bewteen the Iranian bank of Hajj development and officials in charge of Qurbani practice, and so on are among the major issues, which shall be touched in this paper. The information to be provided is presented as an evidence on the responsibility of the Saudi party towards providing and practicing Qurbani services.

One of the functions of history science in the domain of jurisprudence or Fiqh is facilitating the preliminary evaluation of independent reasoning. Muslim scientists are of different view points related to the necessity of Khoms toward the amount of incomes in time of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). The historical study of the evidences presented by some Shiite jurisprudents to confirm the Khoms for the individual incomes in time of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) is the main issue of the present article. The findings of this research illustrate that this article can be introduced as a sample in favor of the evaluation of historical prerequisites applicable for the syllogism in Fiqh

This text, for the further development of the Arbaeen ceremony, has engaged in the cultural damages and limitations of this ceremony from the author’s perspective through three approaches including public culture and socialization, strategic and content management, and executive and shape management. Inattention toward cultural differences between the nation of Iran and Iraq, carelessness to the pilgrimage customs and the existence of requirements, the danger of conflict between mourners, weakness of the Arabic language teaching system, focus on the line of Karbala and Najaf, Promoting the spirit of pride and excessive hope, lack of proper and bilingual sounds and existence of inappropriate melodies, the presence of negligence-producing factors, lack of program and human resource for encouragement of children, vulgar and Superstitious mourning, need of orient the vows and charities of mawkibs, the existence of deviant movements, low quality of distributed foods, the existence of some luxurious foods and harmful fast foods, the need for decentralization of Arbaeen day and organization of women’s caravans, huge wastage, creating of the garbage and environmental pollution and producing and stacking of garbage are the damages and limitations which have been studied in this three approaches.

One of the most important events in the history of Islam and somehow the turning point in the history of Shi’ism that has had a great effect on all the uprisings and liberation movements in Islam and even around the world is the bloody uprising of Imam Hussein (AS) in Ashura in the year 61 AH, just fifty years after the death of his grandfather, the Prophet of Islam (pbuh). So far, numerous books and articles have been written about Ashura event and from various perspectives, this important event has been discussed. One of these works, “after fifty years”, is the precious book of the knowledgable scholar, Mr. Dr. Seyyed Jafar Shahidi, in which he investigates the causes behind the formation of this historic event, and regards it to stem from factors such as primitive temperament of Arabs, discord among Muslims, changing of social values and prevalence of nobility in the Muslim community at that time. Present paper, along with explaining the values of this valuable work and providing a summary of it, deals with critiquing this book in four areas of ignoring Saqifah, ignoring big mistakes of the Three Caliphates, ignoring the falsification of Omar council and neglecting to meta-historical aspects of Karbala event.

The present writing is a research on "Takfiris records in destroying Islamic monuments", especially the Two Holy Mosques with the approach of historical and religious importance, "the need to prevent new destructions" and "necessity of respecting rituals and friendship of Dhawil Qurba with demand of reconstruction and rehabilitation of the destroyed monuments by the Takfiris". Especially the tomb of Baqi' where is considered as the common heritage among the Islamic denominations and cemetery of many respected personalities of all Muslims. At the end, practical solutions to deal with the phenomenon of destruction in the current situation of Muslim community will be reviewed.

The required presence of all the pilgrims in Mina was the cause to the late response to the crowd of people, as one of the most important rituals of Mina, should be treated and followed by Islamic jurisprudence with its own crowd, with its own solutions, should get to this destruction. The solutions for this issue that is attracting our attention could’ve been the barrier to this tragedy that till today because of the crowdedness and swarm of people has occurred. In this research these solutions in all with focus on the rites with the mina crowd meaning com posed of Jamarat, sacrifice of the sheep, and night vigil. The analysis of these solutions indicates the attention of the divine laws to the security of the lives of the pilgrims in this ritual and prevention from human tragedies in it. We can split these solutions into three categories: time, place, and people. The fatwa for time extension for rami and extension of place of rami and suggestion of no order in the rituals of Mina in need has been analyzed in the axis of rami. The fatwa for extension of place of sacrifice and the lawyer’s license in the axis of sacrifice and extension of Mina and to relieve of obligation of night vigil for the excused and the extension of place of being empowered between worship in Mecca and night vigil in Mina and the extension of time sufficient night vigils for half of the night .and suggesting obligation in night vigil in Mina is mentioned .

This article introduces the valley of Mina and its historical background in Islamic sources, and also occurred historical events focusing on important happenings and accidents. In the preface causes of appellation, and position and geographical scope and its history in Islamic sources and then the history of settlement and construction in Mina have been investigated to date. Imams’ presence in Mina is from the other topics that are discussed in this paper, and in some cases coincided with important events. At the end the accidents that occurred during its long life to the present era will be checked.