محمود شرفی

This study examined the effectiveness of life-skills training, with regarding an Islamic approachview, on the social capital and mental health of junior female students at junior high schools in Larestan, Iran. The research design was a semiexperimental two-group, two-stage )pre-test - post-test with control group( format. The statistical population included all junior female students mentioned above in Larestan. Among this population, 30 students were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups )15 students for each group(. The experimental group received lifeskills training with an Islamic approach in 16 sessions of 45 minutes over two months, while the control group did not receive any training. Both groups completed the Islamic Teachings-Based Mental Health Questionnaire )AboulmaÇali & Mousazadeh, 2017( and the Social Capital Questionnaire )Paiva et al., 2014( before and after theskill training. Data were analyzed using one-way ANCOVA with SPSS version 24. The results showed that life-skills training significantly improved social capital and mental health.

The current research aimed at investigating the level of attention paid to the key elements and basic principles of the Iranian Islamic model of progress in the textbooks of the junior high school.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of method, and in view of its nature, the descriptive research method of content analysis type was used. The statistical population of this research includes the content of all the textbooks of the junior high school in the academic year 1401-1402 SH. The statistical sample included 10 books in 3 titles (Messages of the Heaven, Thought and Lifestyle, and Social Studies) in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades, selected by purposeful sampling. In this research, the researcher-made content analysis checklist and the content validity method were used to determine the validity of the research tool and the Shannon entropy method was used to analyze the data.

The findings of the research showed that among the studied books, the highest frequency of indicators of key elements and basic principles is related to Social Studies textbooks with a frequency of 1496 units and 49.45 percent, and the lowest frequency is related to Thought and Lifestyle textbooks with the frequency is 630 units and 20.83%. Among the indices of key elements and basic principles of the Iranian Islamic model of progress, the index of key elements with a frequency of 2105 units and 69.59 percent has the highest share, and the lowest share is related to the index of basic principles with a frequency of 920 and 30.41 percent.  Also, the most attention is given to the key elements of the eighth-grade Thought and Lifestyle textbook (both for girls and boys) with a frequency of 110 units and 52.13 percent, and the least attention is related to the eighth-grade Thought and Lifestyle textbook (only for boys) with a frequency of 6 units and 2.84%. In addition, the most attention related to the basic principles of the 7th grade Social Studies textbook with a frequency of 72 units and 41.86% and the least attention was related to the 8th grade Social Studies textbook with a frequency of 49 units and 28.49%.

 Considering that the studied indicators did not have the same distribution, we hope that the lesson planners and the textbook producers increase, by equal strengthening of these indicators, the indicators of the key elements and basic principles of the Iranian Islamic model of progress among students.

The Zagros sedimentary Basin has long been considered by geologists because of the presence of the hydrocarbon reservoirs and source rocks. Variable sedimentology and facies studies in this basin especially in Jurassic and Cretaceous successions have displayed their high potential as hydrocarbon source rocks. The Sargelu Formation is one of these successions that consist of abundant thin-shelled bivalves. Pelagic disarticulated bivalves concentrations in the deep marine sediments have been introduced as filaments that have recorded in variable middle Jurassic sediments around the world. In this study diversity and abundance of the Posidonia-dominated faceis have applied to differentiation of the sub-environments and reconstruction of the palaeoecological conditions of the Sargelu Formation. Because of the importance of the Sargelu sediments as source rocks, the achieved results are useful for reconstruction of the paleogeographical condition and hydrocarbon exploration in the Zagros Basin.  

The studied outcrops of the Sargelu Formation throughout Zagros fold-thrust belt including the Lorestan Zone consists of Tange-Havandeh, Kezi, Dowdan, Bizel, Tange-Mastan and Homajgah. To evaluation and determination of the sedimentary facies and sedimentary environment of the Sargelu sediments, a detailed sedimentary parameters include sediment/package/layers thickness, bedding boundaries (gradational, sharp, erosional), sedimentary structures, variable grain size, type and preservation mode of macrofossils (fragmented, whole, disarticulated, articulated) were recorded in the field. Based on microscopic asses on 500 thin-section, eight carbonate facies were identified in the Sargelu sediments in the studied area. Carbonate facies were classified/named according to Dunham (1962) classification. Identification of the facies/facies associations and their sedimentary environments were based on Wilson (1975) and Flugel (2010) scheme. 

Based on the microscopic and field analysis, eight facies have been identified in the Sargelu sediments that were related to two facies associations including basin to outer ramp of a distally steepened ramp system. Mud-dominated, fine-grained facies (calcareous shale, mudstone, pelagic bivalve wackestone/floatstone) including pelagic and hemi-pelagic deposits were deposited in the basin environment below SWB, characterized by long time of the low sedimentation rate, low water circulation and low oxygen level, displayed by high abundance of the organic material in this sediments (Pomar et al, 2012; Bayet-Goll et al, 2018; Sharafi et al, 2016, 2019). Outer ramp association consists of thin- to medium-bedded dark limestone including abundant Posidonia-dominated shell concentration with sharp-based, chaotic to preferentially parallel bed orientation of the skeletal elements and fining up-ward fabrics. These special features display periodically activity of the turbidity currents during deposition of the shell concentration and higher sedimentation rate and relatively favorable environmental conditions (with respect to the oxygen and nutrients) for the benthic communities, displayed by abundance bioturbation in these sediments.

Facies analysis of Sargelu Formation exposed in Lorestan Zone led to identification of two facies associations, representing basin to outer ramp of a distally steepened ramp system. Basin deposits in central Lorestan Zone include pelagic and hemi-pelagic deposits, displayed by mud-dominated, fine-grained facies. These sediments were deposited in an anoxic to dysoxic, relatively deep, sea-floor environment as revealed by the presence of: a) organic-rich shales and limestones, b) undisrupted lamination in most facies, c) absence benthic fauna. In contrast, Posidonia pelagic bivalves are interpreted as the result of the proliferation of this bivalve during periods of favorable environmental conditions on the sea floor. Thin to medium beds of graded wackestone/packstone to rudstone/floatstone and accumulations of thin shells of Posidonia pelagic bivalves indicate sporadic reworking of the sea floor by turbidity currents. Disarticulation, fragmentation, and reorientation of Posidonia pelagic bivalves can be indicative of reworking, by turbidity currents which periodically interrupted periods of lower-energy suspension sedimentation.

The Urmia Lake, which is a tectonic depression in the northwest of Iran, has received a lot of eroded sediments of the geological records of the lake watershed. Because of the constant drought in the recent years, sediments have been subjected to the wind erosion and thus are an important source for local and regional emission during dust storms. In this research the south and west sediments of the Urmia playa lake have studied on the parent rock issue. Bivariate plots such as Th/Co versus La/Sc and TiO2 versus Al2O3 and comparison proportion of the trace elements such as La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co and Cr/Th display mainly the felsic and partly basic rocks source for the studied sediments. Major and trace spider plots of the studied sediments display their depletion with respect to Sc, V, Cr, Ni and enrichment with respect to Th and Sr, confirm mainly a felsic and partly mafic and ultramafic source rocks. Geochemistry of the major elements shows the dry climatic conditions during deposition of Urmia Lake sediments, suggested by bivariate plots of SiO2 against the sum of Al2O3, K2O and Na2O as well as the amount of chemical index of weathering.

Facies analysis of Garau Formation exposed in Lurestan Basin, High Zagros, folded belt Zagros led to indentification of three facies associations, representing basin plain, turbidite floor fan to outer ramp of a distally steepened ramp system. Basin plain deposits in central Lorestan Basin include plagic and hemi-plagic and turbidity deposits were developed in southern part of the Lorestan area. Analysis of depositional environment and facies of the Garau Formation reflect a three stage evolution model: 1) Early stage is represented by ramp drowning and basin plain expansion in an anoxic to dysoxic, low energy conditions with high productivity; 2) The activation of turbidity currents in the basin floor. These intervals are coincided with Leupoldina bloom and Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a). The middle part of the Garau Fm. is interpreted as fine-grained pelagic turbidites on base of their flat shape, sharp base, transitional top, Buma sequence and composition, which are composed mainly of intercalation of gravity flows and pelagic/hemipelagic deposits. The relative influence of sea level falls may result in an increase in sharp activation of turbidity currents and deposition of floor fans. 3) Stage 3 is represented by the recovery in the effectiveness of carbonate factory, favoured by the progressive shallowing of the depositional system and an increase in the abundance of pelagic foraminifers. These deposits reflect the shutdown of the turbidity and subordinate mass flows of the feeder system in the mainland and drowning of calciturbidites stage 2, likely as the result of a relative sea-level rise.

In this study, by integrating sedimentologic data with geochemical data, the sequence stratigraphy framework of the Sargelu and Najmah formations in the Hawraman region of NW Kermanshah were studied. Three depositional sequences of the type “T/R facies cycles” including TR1–TR3 were recognized in the Sargelu Formation. The occurrenceof dark, organic-rich shale and bituminous limestone in these sequences together with depleted δ13C values with some striking negative excursionsin intervals with outer shelf/basin facies indicates a rapidly enhancing accommodationspace during the development of these depositional sequences leading to the prevalenceof deep marine deposition, particularly during the transgressive systems tracts (TSTs). In addition, three other T/R facies cycles were recognized in the Najmah Formation. Facies stacking patterns and internal architecture of these depositional sequences along with the existence of peaks in the δ13C to heavier values suggests their deposition during limited accommodationspace. At the contact between the Sargelu and Najmah formations, there occurreda positive peak in δ18O, which most likely is an indication of a local climate change at the Middle-Late Jurassic interface. The correlation of depositional trends of the TST and RST with that of δ13C may show that eustatic acted as the main control on the variations of δ13C.

An Islamic university is a university where all the sublime Islamic values ​​and Quranic culture, the best scientific thoughts, mental creativity, scientific innovations and intellectual products appear in the behavior and personality of academics as desirable social models. to be The purpose of the article is to explain the components and characteristics of the Islamic University in Imam Khomeini's thought, using a descriptive-analytical qualitative method in which data collected from Islamic sources and Imam Khomeini's menus are used, and by analyzing the findings, said; After the Islamic revolution and with the Islamization of universities, with the elements mentioned in Imam Khomeini's thought, such as accompanying education and refinement in Islamic universities, teaching and learning Islamic science... and also the characteristics of Islamic universities from Imam Khomeini's view includes; He knew the physical structure of the university, the administrative and managerial structure of the university... According to the mentioned points, it can be seen that universities have problems in almost most of the infrastructures. The development of global thinking, scientific mutual communication, political dependence that is rooted in scientific needs, and the creation of digital networks and scientific pluralism require that the educational structure of the country be changed.

Paleocene-Miocene sediments in the central part of the Gorgan Plain were studied to evaluate lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and reconstruction of the paleogeography of the South Caspian Basin (SCB). Based on nannofossils distribution in the studied interval, the following points were identified: Foram layers equivalent sediments have Thanetian –Eocene age and Upper Maykop- Diatom equivalent sediments have Middle-Late Miocene age. Evaluation of the nannofossils distribution in the studied interval has clarified a major unconformity between lower Paleocene-Eocene sediments and the upper Middle-late Miocene sediments. This unconformity is coincident with collisional event of the Afro-Arabia and Eurasia Plates and rising of the surrounding mountain ranges around the Caspian Basin including Alborz and Kopet-Dagh Mountains. Nannofossils distribution of the studied succession displays that the SCB was connected to the Black Sea and Mediterranean Basin in the lower Middle Miocene and was isolated in the Middle-Late Miocene. The interpreted east-west running seismic lines displays a clear increase in the sediment thickness and accommodation space from eastern to western part of the Gorgan Plain. The higher available accommodation space from east to west of the Gorgan Plain led to a delay in the subaerial exposure in the western part of the Gorgan Plain due to rising of the Kopet-Dagh and Alborz Ranges. This interpretation is consistent with the lack of the Paleocene-Eocene sediments and presence of the Cretaceous sediments below the major unconformity in the eastern part of the Gorgan Plain and presence of the Paleocene-Eocene sediment below the unconformity in the studied area.   

The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating and analyzing the amount of attention paid to the components of revolutionary identity in the content of textbooks of the second secondary school. The study method is descriptive and content analysis type. The statistical population includes all the textbooks of the second secondary course that were published in 2020. Six book under the titles; "Defensive Preparedness", "Sociology", "Religion and Life", "History", "Cultural Analysis" and "Social Identity" with 16 book covers were purposefully included in the sample.The findings of this research show that in the textbooks of the second secondary course in the field of humanities, the most attention is paid to the component "Sacrifice and Martyrdom" with a frequency of 500 (29.2 percent) and to the components "Fighting with stonewalling and "Eclecticism" with 28 frequencies (1.6 percent) and "support for the underprivileged" and "awareness of the constitution" each with 12 frequencies (0.7 percent) have received the least attention, and in experimental fields and In mathematics, the components of "sacrifice and martyrdom" with 454 frequencies (26 percent) received the most attention, and the components of "supporting the needy" with 10 frequencies (0.57 percent) received the least attention. The abundance of the components "Belief in Imam Khomeini ", "Spirituality", "Awareness of the events and history of the Islamic Revolution" and "Fighting with stonewalling and eclecticism" in the content of the textbooks of experimental sciences and mathematics are significantly more than the textbooks of the field of humanities.

Hope for the future is one of the most important duties of Islamic societies, especially Islamic Iran. One of the most important actions of the enemies against the target communities is to create a spirit of hopelessness and despair in other communities by repeatedly emphasizing some points that can be improved and highlighting some shortcomings. The purpose of this article is to explain the hopeful indicators of expectation in the Islamic model of progress in the thought of Imam Khamenei, by analyzing his discourse and inferential approach, his statements are examined with descriptive-analytical method and the desired indicators are calculated. The findings show that the key indicators of the statements of Qalab leaders about creating hope should be in axes such as; Hope and progress, hope and the enemy, encouraging actions of officials, hope and media, hope and revolution, and hope and promise. It will be a bright and glorious future and we can establish a new Islamic civilization. The main and general characteristic of this civilization is the benefit of human beings from all the material and spiritual capacities that God has embedded in the world of nature and in their existence to ensure their happiness and excellence.

The tectonic depression Urmia Lake in the northwest of Iran is receiving a lot of erosional sediments of the geological structures and waste materials of the industrial, mining and agricultural activities. Fifteen surface samples including sandy and muddy sand sediments of the studied area have selected and analyzed by ICP. Based on average values of heavy metal concentration the ranking of intensity of heavy metal pollution of the studied area sediments is as follows: Al> Fe> Mn> Ba> Cr> Ni> Zn> Cu> Co. The concentrations of Ni, Mn and Cr are much higher than Consensus-based PEC (probable effect concentration) and Iran Standard (especially in south and southwest sites of the lake) that display very high probability of the harmful biological and environmental effects of heavy metal in these sites. the mean concentration EF in the studied sites displays industrial and mining effects in enrichment of the heaviest metals especially Ni, Cr and Cu (moderate to moderately severe enrichment) in the south and southwest transects and Cu (moderately severe) in the Jabal transect. the mean contamination factor value display considerable enrichment for Ni, Cr and Cu and partly for Mn especially in south and southwest transects. The modified degree of contamination for all of transects with the exception of the Jabal Kendy site in the southwest lake that have moderate contamination, displays low contamination. Geoaccumulation index for all of transects displays no to moderate enrichment. In general, concentration of the toxic metals of the studied sediments displays low biological hazard (except for Cu and Ni).

The carbonate Sargelu Formation (Middle Jurassic) in the Lorestan area mainly consists of black calcareous shales and thin- to thick-bedded limestones with remarkable organic material. Integrated binary diagrams of trace elements and stable isotopes such as Na-Mn, Sr-Na, Sr/Na-Mn and petrography, SEM and CL suggest an original low Mg calcite  (LMC) composition of the carbonate Sargelu Formation. Deep-sea sedimentation of the Sargelu Formation and its outer ramp to basin depositional settings are consistent with the formation and preservation of the LMC carbonate sediments. Binary diagrams of 1000Sr/Ca-Mn and δ18O-Mn as well as the presence of the framboidal and cubic pyrites, organic material and pseudocement infilling the bivalves display a predominant anoxic to the sub-oxic condition of the sedimentary substrate of the Sargelu Basin and marine and burial diagenetic effects in a closed to the semi-closed diagenetic system. The high content of the Mn of the studied sediments supports the anoxic condition in the sedimentary substrate as this condition facilitates incorporating Mn within calcite composition. Greenhouse condition in the Middle Jurassic period, which led to the stratification of the seawater of the Sargelu Basin and as a function of low water circulation, poor ventilation and formation of the anoxic condition, caused this high-temperature degree.

Petrography and geochemistry analysis of the sandstones of the Ojaggheshlagh Formation (Late Eocene-Early Oligocene) of the Moghan Basin, was carried out to evaluate their tectonic setting, climate, weathering degree, and parent rock. Sandstones include litharenite and feldspathic litharenite and minor arkose and greywacke. In a general view, sandstones are immature, characterized by the poorly sorted and poorly rounded grains including volcanic fragments and feldspars and minor heavy minerals, mica, monocrystalline quartz and clay minerals. Geochemical diagrams including discriminate function, TiO2 vs. Al2O3, TiO2 vs. Zr, as well as trace elements diagrams/data as La/Th vs. Hf, Zr/Sc and Th/Sc indicate a predominantly basic to intermediate (and minor acidic) volcanic parent rocks for the Ojaggheshlagh sandstones. Low chemical index of alteration plus SiO2 vs. Al2O3+K2O+Na2O and Al2O3-CaO+Na2O-K2O diagrams emphasis sub-arid climate and short transportation distance of the Ojaggheshlagh sandstones from the source area, which led to the preservation of the unstable minerals and poor compositional and textural maturity of the Ojaggheshlagh sandstones of the Moghan Basin. Al2O3/SiO2 vs. Fe2O3+MgO, K2O/Na2O vs. SiO2 and La-Th-Sc diagrams and La/Th and Th/Sc content reveal an island arc tectonic setting The archived results of the paper are useful for the paleogeographical and tectono-sedimentary reconstruction of the Moghan Basin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the "Innovation and Entrepreneurship Workshop" textbook in terms of attention to the components of entrepreneurship. The research method was content analysis. The study population included, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Workshop textbooks eleventh grade Secondary secondary school in school year 2020 Considering the nature and logic of the research, the entire text of the book was examined as an example. Measurement tool, self-made content analysis checklist Consisting of 13 Index was, the validity of the use of professional judgment (validity and content) determined using retest reliability 0.89 respectively. results using descriptive statistics were used in the process of Shannon entropy analysis. Based on research, "Innovation and Entrepreneurship Workshop", textbooks eleventh grade Secondary secondary school 270 times concepts of entrepreneurship, focused The index distribution of its importance. In this book, the component of "creativity and innovation" with 90 frequencies (37%) has received more attention and the component of "responsibility" with 5 frequencies (2%) has received the least attention. In terms of coefficient of importance index, the component of "success" with a coefficient of importance of 0.138 had the highest coefficient of importance and the component of "risk-taking" with a coefficient of significance of 0.027, had the lowest coefficient of importance.

Social progress and in parallel the challenges ahead in the Islamic Republic have always been a point that has been considered by the Imams of the Revolution during these years, in terms of the importance of the issue in this article with the aim of extracting indicators and advanced social components. By drawing its challenges in the social dimension, it has been done by relying on the security thought of Imam Khomeini. For this reason, the main issue of this research is to know the social ideas of Imam Khomeini; Because by recognizing the social ideas of Imam Khomeini (ra) and its progress and challenges, it is possible to obtain theories in different dimensions and use them in practice.This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical type that content analysis technique has been used to analyze the findings. In the field of research findings, the progress of this field was explained by examining the social pillars of Imam Khomeini's thought, which include the Islamic government, people and statesmen, and challenges and weaknesses were expressed. Imam Khomeini's thought was drawn and explained.

The Carboniferous sedimentary sequence at the Mighan section with 450 m thickness are studied with respect to the microfossils specially foraminifers and biozones. Based on the stratigraphic distribution of the index species, the age of the Mobarak Formation in the studied section is identified as the Late Tounaisian (Ivorian)- middle Visean (Moliniacian). With studying and identification of the foraminifers, Tounaisian- Visean stages boundary and their evolution trend until the end of the Lower Carboniferous sedimentation are studied. Five foraminifer biozones, GZ1-GZ5, are introduced for the Mobarak Fm. in the studied locality, which can be compared to the Belgium and the north France biozones, respectively. The most important ecologic and environmental factors that directly affect the distribution, abundance and lifestyle and the mode of preservation of biota and trace fossils are consist of oxygen level, light, salinity and nutrients during the deposition of the carbonate sediments of the Mobarak Formation. Achieved results in this research provide valuable information of the distribution of the bio/ facies associations, lifestyle and manner of the prevailing organisms (benthic, feeding and suspension feeding) and their reaction to the dominated sedimentary processes and changes in the sedimentary environment conditions in the various parts of the carbonate systems and their controlling factors.

The Kopet-Dagh sedimentary Basin that crops out from NE Iran to Turkmenistan was formed as an intracontinental Basin due to the southeastern extension of the South Caspian Basin by Neotethyan back-arc rifting after the closure of the Palaeotethys and the early Cimmerian Orogeny (middle Triassic). A thick sedimentary package (10 kilometers) consisting of five transgressive- regressive super-sequences from Jurassic to Miocene time is deposited in the Eastern part of the sedimentary basin that is mainly controlled by NW-SW running major faults. The Cretaceous sequence in the Kopet-Dagh Basin is divided into nine formations, mainly composed of sandstones, conglomerates, mudstones, limestones, and dolomites with minor amounts of evaporates (Afshar-Harb, 1979). The regional trend of the Kopet-Dagh sedimentary basin was northwest-southeast during the Cretaceous. After the deposition of thick, red siliciclastic sediments of the fluvial system during the Early Cretaceous, a suitable condition for the deposition of carbonate sediments (named as Tirgan Formation) was provided as a result of major marine transgression during the Barremian-Aptian stages. The Tirgan Formation is one of the most widespread Upper Cretaceous formations in the eastern Kopet-Dagh that unconformably overlies the fluvial sediments of the Shurijeh Formation and is overlain by a sharp contact of the Sarcheshmeh Formation.

This study is focused on two stratigraphic sections in the Eastern Kopet-Dagh in northern Iran. Ninety thin sections were examined to identify fine-scale physical characteristics (mineralogical composition and fossil contents). Lithology, grain size, and sedimentary structures were recorded.

Based on sedimentological features, sixteen facies are recognized that grouped within five facies associations consist of deep and shallow open marine (FA), shoal (FB), lagoon (FC), and Tidal flat (FD). Deep open marine facies include green-gray fissile (sandy-silty) shale and shallow open marine facies are mainly consist of bioclastic wackestone, ooid/peloid bioclastic floatstone, sandy intraclastic floatstone, sandy intraclastic bioclastic float-rudstone, and sandy peloid bioclastic grainstone. The main constituents in this association are brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, oysters, orbitolinids, intraclasts, ooids, and peloids. Micrite envelopes and borings are the common features in this association. The skeletal elements display high fragmentation, preferentially horizontal orientation, and fining up-ward fabrics. Green-gray fissile shale is deposited in a low energy depositional setting below weather wave base (SWWB), periodically affected by storm waves, suggested by the presence of the siliciclastic grains. The skeletal elements of the shallow open marine facies offer a shallow full open marine setting between SWWB and fair-weather wave base (FWWB) (Bovar-Arnal et al., 2009). High fragmentation, preferentially horizontal orientation, and fining upward skeletal elements suggest the storm-generated shell concentrations. Low energy periods of the sedimentary environment (post- and pre-storm phase) are indicated by micrite envelopes and borings. Shoal association consists of ooid grainstone and sandy ooid grainstone facies with predominantly well-sorted fabric. The main sedimentary structures in this association are sigmoidal cross-beds, wave ripples, cross lamination, and planar cross-beds with the erosional surface. These sediments are deposited in medium-high energy shoal settings above FWWB in the inner ramp environment suggested by well sorting of the elements and predominantly grainstone facies (Bachmann & Hirsch, 2006; Brandano et al., 2012). The sedimentary structures clearly show that tidal currents controlled the association's deposition in a sandy shoal environment. Lagoon association includes sandy mudstone, bioclastic wack-packstone, sandy ooid wackestone, sandy peloid packstone, intraclast, ooid float-rudstone, ooid/peloid pack-grainstone, ooidal bioclastic float-rudstone with main ooids, peloids, benthic foraminifers, echinoderms, and minor content of green algae, bivalves, brachiopods as well as siliciclastic grains that are commonly floated in the micritic matrix. These sediments are mainly deposited in a semi-restricted to restricted (sandy mudstone) lagoon setting above FWWB. The periodical water circulation suggested by the mixture of the open marine (echinoderm, brachiopods) to more restricted and brackish water elements (ostracodes, benthic forams), floated within the micritic matrix (Colombie & Strasser, 2005; Bachmann & Hirsch, 2006; Bovar-Arnal et al., 2009). The tidal flat association mainly consists of peloids, benthic foraminifers, and ostracods surrounded by flat microbial laminations. The flat geometry of the microbial lamination and the presence of the peloids and benthic foraminifers as the main elements in this association demonstrate a flat substrate in a tidal flat setting of the most internal part of the carbonate platform.

In a general view, petrography and field observations, facies associations relationship, and vertical trend of the studied successions suggest Tirgan sediments in the Kopet-Dagh basin are deposited in shallow to the deep marine environment with tidal flat, lagoon, shoal, and shallow to deep marine facies zones. These sediments were deposited in a homoclinal ramp characterized by gradationally vertical changes in the facies associations and abundant storm deposits. This carbonate system was influenced by storm (shallow marine zone) and tidal (shoal zone) currents suggested by the storm-generated shell concentrations, wave ripples, cross laminations, and sigmoidal cross-beds.

Carbonate and siliciclastic Aghchagil and Apsheron Formations has been studied in a subsurface section in the Gorgan Plain. The Aghchagil Fm. consists of lower sandstone and upper carbonate units in the studied area. Sandstones petrofacies include litharenite, sublitharenite and feldspatic litharenite. The grain-supported facies is dominated in this Fm. and displays abundant porosity as moldic, vuggy and fenestral forms specially in the carbonate sediments, which indicates considerable lithological differences in Iran and the neighboring countries like Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. These features candidate the Aghchagil sediments as prone reservoir succession, hence emphasizes a comprehensive geological and exploration study in the studied area. The Apsheron sediments can be sub-divided into lower sandstone and upper mudstone units and consist of sandstone with litharenite and sublitharenite petrofacies and ooidal/bioclastic limestone and gray/brown mudstone/claystone. Based on the youngest nannofossil species the late Pliocene-lower Pleistocene and middle Pleistocene ages are defined for the in the Aghchagil and Apsheron Fm., respectively. Nannofossils distribution of the studied succession displays the SCB was connected to the Black Sea and Mediterranean Basin in the lower Pleistocene and middle Pleistocene and was isolated in the late Pliocene-earliest Pleistocene.

Based on lithostratigraphy analysis, Cheleken Formation in the studied section of the Gorgan plain, subdivided into lower sandstone and upper mudstone/marl units. Based on petrographic analysis, the sandstone sediments include low textural and compositional maturity litharenite and sublitharenite. Conglomerates are polymictite orthoconglomerate with variables carbonate and chert grains. High percentage of the porosity as vuggy, channels and fractures in the sandstone and conglomerates and even mudstone deposits displays high reservoir potentional for the studied sediments and hence necessitates the exploration studies in the Iranian part of the SCB. Based on the youngest nannofossil species, a late Miocene to middle Pliocene (?) age is defined for the Cheleken Fm. in the studied area. Nannofossils distribution of the studied succession displays the SCB was connected to the Black Sea and Mediterranean Basin in the late Miocene- early Pliocene and the Pleistocene and was isolated in the main part of the Pliocene.

Miocene siliciclastic sediments with 338m thick are studied in the southern Neka of Northern Alborz flank. Detailed sedimentology study allows recognition four facies associations consist of delta plain, distributary channel, delta front and pro-delta. Delta plain and tidal flat include heterolithic shale-silt-sand and limestone with fenestral fabric. Distributary channel and delta front associations consist of thin to thick channel shape sandstone, which display coarsening-thickening upward cycles with pro-delta/offshore association. Scares Ophiomorpha nodosa and Thalassinoides in these sandstones indicate a stressful condition such as sandy mobile substrate, turbidity and highly salinity fluctuation in the sedimentary environment. Shale-silty sediments of the pro-delta association with abundant framboidal and chamber filling pyrite and organic material display anoxic condition of the sedimentary substrate. Introducing Miocene hydrocarbon sediments in the neighboring region like Turkmenistan and Russia and sedimentary characteristics of the pro-delta/offshore shale of the studied succession allow us to introduce those as high potential candidate for hydrocarbon source.

Acquiring environmental awareness is the first step towards sustainability, and basically the condition for the future survival of humanity is environmental awareness, the ability to understand the principles of knowing the environment and living based on them.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the nature school's exploratory training method on environmental knowledge,environmental behavior and attitude ofelementary students at Kavikonj School of Natural Sciences in Mashhad. The validity of these instruments was approved by environmental education experts and professors.   The statistical population of the study consisted of all elementary school students in the academic year of 1396-97 in a number of 75 students. Of these, a sample of 50 students from the second baseline were selected by random sampling method was divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained at the nature school during 10 sessions of 40 minutes. The data gathering tool included Ali and McAnneri's Achievement Questionnaire (2001), Don lop & Johnson Environmental Attitude Questionnaire (2001) and researcher-made Environmental Knowledge Questionnaire. The reliability of this Questionnaire was 0.85, 0.65 and 0.85, respectively. 0.79 was calculated. The validity of these tools was approved by environmental education experts and faculty.The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis. Discussion and The results  showed that the nature school's exploratory education has a positive effect on the environmental knowledge, environmental behavior and attitude of elementary students. Finally, compared to traditional education, it was found that exploratory education had the most impact on environmental behavior. After environmental behavior, there is an environmental attitude and, finally, the least has been the effect of exploratory training on environmental knowledge. As a result, using the environment can be considered as one of the approaches and components of success in teaching and teaching the content of different courses.

The Islamic Revolution emerged as a civilizing revolution by creating a fundamental change in the goals and values ​​of Iranian society, as well as influencing the developments in the countries of the region and the Islamic world. A development owed primarily to the role-playing of its civilizing leaders. Imam Khomeini (RA) and the Supreme Leader have played a significant role in creating a civilizational discourse by creating metaphors and words of civilization during the four decades of the Islamic Revolution. It has also been repeatedly emphasized that one of the important concerns of the Supreme Leader and the content of his discourse is the protection of the fundamental values ​​of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the empirical and practical role-playing of the Supreme Leader in building the discourse of civilization and examining the stages of formation and maturation of civilization in the blinds of events and confrontation with the enemies of civilization has a special prominence. This article reviews the discourse-building metaphors of the leadership to explain the new Islamic civilization in the three stages of "civilization-building, civilization-building and civilization-civilization" by review method and using the technique of poststructuralist discourse "Laclof Moff".

The siliciclastic sediments of the Aitamir Formation (Albian–Cenomanian) at the Oghchi locality of the Gorgan Plain consist of a thick succession of the black-grey shales and thin to very thick-bedded sandstone, deposited in a shoreface to offshore depositional system. Four facies associations including offshore, offshore transition, lower and mid-upper shoreface associations are identified in this succession. Offshore facies association consisting of a thick package of the fissile dark shales with the abundance of the framboidal pyrites displays deposition below the SWWB and dysoxic condition. The offshore transition facies association includes the heterolithic sediments of the shale and very thin-bedded sandstones/siltstones. The lower and mid-upper associations are characterized by an increase in abundance and the thickness of the sandstone layers and display a generally thickening and coarsening up-ward trend of a classical shoreface depositional system. The lateral correlation of the studied section and central sections of the Aitamir Formation of the Kopet-Dagh Basin indicates an increase in subsidence effect in the creation of the accommodation space and a decrease in the sediment supply of the N-NW parts of the basin. The presence of a thick package of dark shales with abundant framboidal and chamber filling pyrites of the Aitamir Formation suggests these sediments as a prone candidate for hydrocarbon exploration.

The carbonate- siliciclastic sediments of the Mobarak Formation (Lower Carboniferous) at the Kahang area with 222 m thick, is composed of thick-bedded shale and thin-bedded limestone in the lower part, thin-medium- bedded limestone in the middle part, thick-bedded shale intercalated with limestone in the upper part of sequence and thick, massive conglomerate at the uppermost of the section. Based on petrography, geometry, macrofossil contents and trace fossil evidences (in the fieldwork observations), as well as microfossil and textural characteristics (in the laboratory studies), determination of 15 carbonate and one siliciclastic facies was possible. These facies are deposited in six facies zones include tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and patch reef in the inner ramp, middle ramp, ramp slope and deep ramp. The massive conglomerate facies is deposited in an upper shoreface- onshore setting. Templates facies as slope break related turbidite facies (crinoid packstone), intercalated within deep ramp facies (spiculite mudstone) display this carbonate-siliciclastic sequence is deposited in a carbonate platform of distally steepened ramp. The lateral changes in the facies and thickness of the sedimentary successions of the Mobarak Fm. display a generally deepening trend from south-south western to the N-NE of the Alborz Basin during deposition of the Mobarak Fm. in lower Carboniferous.

This study seeks to investigate the place of the components of the jihadi education in first-grade junior high school textbooks. The statistical population of the study is all 42 textbooks of the first-grade junior high school in the academic year 2019-2020. Since the volume and content analysis of these textbooks were wide and extensive, from three grades three textbooks entitled Farsi, three textbooks entitled Payamhaye Asemani, and three textbooks entitled Motaleʻat Ejtemaʻi were selected as a sample for content analysis. The research method was content analysis through Shannon entropy method, in which the parts of analysis were all the pages of these textbooks (including texts, questions, activities, and images). The tools of this study are the content analysis forms, including two individual and social dimensions for jihadi education. According to the findings, the highest coefficient of importance (95%) in the textbooks Motaleʻat Ejtemaʻi is related to the component of ‘conscientiousness’ in the individual dimension, and the lowest coefficient of importance (0%) in all three textbooks is related to the component of ‘the spirit of hope in a society’ in the social dimension. The assessment of attention to the components of jihadi education showed that, in the content of the textbooks Farsi, Payamhaye Asemani and Motaleʻat Ejtemaʻi of the first-grade junior high school, relatively good attention has been paid to the components of jihadi education, but no balanced and comprehensive attention has been paid to the components of jihadi education in the contents of these textbooks.