محمود شیخ

The purpose of this study was the effect of a course of aerobic exercises with different volumes on BDNF of autistic children. In this semi-experimental study, 36 children from 7 to 10 years old with autism disorder in Tehran were selected as available to participate in the present study, and they were randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic exercise with high volume, aerobic exercise with low volume and control. they got. The study included pre-test, intervention and post-test stages. 24 hours before and after the start of the exercises, in the pre-test and post-test stages, fasting blood was taken from the participants. The intervention phase was carried out for fifteen weeks and 5 sessions each week, where the respective groups did their respective exercises and the control group did their usual daily activities. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that high-volume aerobic exercises have a significant effect on the increase of BDNF in children with autism; While aerobic exercise with low volume has no significant effect on BDNF in autistic children. In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of the amount of aerobic exercise on the BDNF of autistic children.

Sports performance is influenced by many cognitive, psychological, and physical factors. Reaching peak performance is one of the most important goals of athletes and coaches. Many studies show that it is possible to improve the performance of athletes by enhancing the executive functions of the brain. Executive functions impact motor learning because people progress by learning better motor and cognitive skills, and faster learning leads to faster progress in performance. Professional sports are characterized by constantly developing and reaching higher skills in their sport, which can affect their neuropsychological performance. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the nervous function and the ability of the brain to achieve optimal sports performance. So, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory and sports performance of teenage gymnast girls.

This study method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. Among the 12– to 15–year–old skilled female gymnasts in Yazd Province, Iran, 24 qualified volunteers were included in the study in a simple random manner. Then, 12 were assigned to the intervention group and 12 to the control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: the girl is a professional gymnast, aged 12 to 15 years, and lacks a chronic sports injury. The exclusion criteria included an absence of one session from tDCS and not completing the questionnaire during the study. Moreover, based on the individual report of the subject's companion and the subject herself and her medical record, it was ensured that they do not have any other convulsive and psychiatric diseases. The working memory by N–back Test (Kirchner, 1958) and sports performance by Sports Performance Questionnaire (Charbonneau et al., 2001) were assessed before and after electrical brain stimulation treatment. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis in SPSS version 17 software. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The data analysis showed that the score on working memory test and sports performance among teenage gymnasts in the intervention group and after treatment increased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.001).

According to the findings, transcranial direct current stimulation of the brain can be used as a rehabilitation tool along with other training methods to improve athletes' working memory and sports performance.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity are the two early symptoms in children with Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Mindfulness–based interventions are among the strategies used in various studies in recent years to treat this disorder. Despite promising evidence of their efficacy, no consistent results have been obtained regarding the possible treatment outcome. A recent meta–analysis on the effectiveness of mindfulness–based therapies has shown a moderate reduction in ADHD symptoms. Recent studies highlight the relevance of noninvasive brain stimulation for modulating cortical excitability. On the other hand, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a brain stimulation technique by which a weak direct current applied on the scalp modulates cortical excitability by shifting resting neuronal membrane potential. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions and transcranial direct electrical stimulation on symptoms of children with ADHD.

This quasi–experimental study employs a pretest–posttest with a 1.5–year follow–up design. It was conducted among children aged 7 to 10 years with ADHD referred to the Children's Psychiatry Clinic in Kermanshah City, Iran. A total of 45 boys and girls were selected to participate in the present study and were randomly assigned to three groups: tDSC stimulation, mindfulness training, and sham stimulation. In the pretest phase, parents completed the standard questionnaire on attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. The intervention phase was carried out in 15 sessions where the training groups dealt with the desired interventions. Immediately after the 15th stimulation session, the posttest stage and follow–up were conducted in 1 and 6 months. The data was analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements (composite analysis of variance) and post hoc Bonferroni test in SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

Analysis of variance with repeated measurement (3 groups x 4 measurement steps) was used to analyze attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms. Results showed that the main effect of time and group were significant for attention deficit and hyperactivity (p≤0.001). The post hoc Bonferroni test results showed that in both intervention groups, the scores of attention deficit and hyperactivity in the posttest and follow–up stages significantly decreased compared to the pretest (p≤0.001). This decrease was significantly higher in the transcranial brain direct electrical stimulation group than in the mindfulness program group (p≤0.001).

According to the research findings, direct transcranial electrical stimulation of the brain in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region of the brain was superior to the mindfulness program in improving and perpetuating the symptoms of attention deficit. DLPFC hypoactivity is hypothesized to underlie attention deficits, impaired inhibitory control, and executive dysfunction in ADHD. Therefore, the pathophysiological rationale for therapeutic tDCS is to increase DLPFC activation by anodal stimulation.

Considering the prevalence of visual-motor disorders among preterm children and the importance of visual-motor skills in performing daily tasks, A reliable and valid tool is needed to measure these skills in preterm children. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the test of visual-motor skills- 3rd edition (TVMS-3) in preterm children.

For this purpose, 2100 students were selected from 7 to 12-year-old students across the country by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Among these students, 376 preterm children who were born before 32 weeks of pregnancy or with a very low weight (1500 grams) were included in the research. The measurement tool of this study was the Persian version of TVMS-3, which was implemented in two stages, three weeks apart, on the research samples Also, the Bender Gestalt test was performed on the subjects in the first stage. Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine internal consistency or internal reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient method was used to determine temporal reliability, and a one-way analysis of variance was used to determine construct validity and differences between groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was also used to check the convergent validity.

The results of this study indicate the appropriate validity of the TVMS-3 for all 7 to 12-year-old age groups of preterm children. Also, the results of this study indicate the desirable and acceptable internal consistency and temporal reliability or reproducibility of this test.

The TVMS-3 has appropriate validity and reliability for screening and identifying preterm children with visual-motor skills disorders.

In the relation between spiritual wayfaring (Suluk) and mystical intuition (Shuhud), two general aspects play a crucial role: Righteous Spiritual Wayfaring Leading to Divine Intuition: Proper spiritual wayfaring serves as the cause for genuine mystical intuition and a connection to the source of divine intuition. The Influence of Spiritual Wayfaring on the Quality of Intuition: The quality of mystical intuition is also affected by the manner of spiritual wayfaring.
While these two primary facets in the theory of the correlation between spiritual wayfaring and intuition do not claim to explain all the reasons for the authenticity of intuition or demonstrate the rationale behind all its characteristics, as elucidated, a clear alignment between the features of spiritual conduct and mystical intuition can be established in specific instances. This alignment has been demonstrated in various aspects of Ibn Arabi's mysticism.
The correlation between academic spiritual wayfaring and detailed mystical intuition, secretive spiritual wayfaring devoted to the knowledge of letters and numbers, and mystical intuition grounded in the numerical and alphabetical aspects of the world; instrumental spiritual wayfaring and a world based on the system of Names and Divine names; the stages of existential knowledge in spiritual wayfaring and graded and detailed existentialism in the process of creation; and finally, the prominence of knowledge in the attributes of a perfect human being, all correspond harmoniously with Ibn Arabi's knowledge-centered spiritual wayfaring. therefore, his intuitive knowledge aligns proportionately with his spiritual conduct, as depicted in the researched model within Ibn Arabi's mysticism.

Work means a process of human activity that leads to the creation of wealth and prosperity for oneself or others by producing a product or providing a service. The study of the classic Sufism texts of Khorasan (case study of Bayazid, Siraj, Kharqani and Abul al-Khair) with a qualitative method shows that: firstly, among them there were people who worked and earned their livelihood by way of sacrifice and also those who were engaged in austerities and prayer lived by alms. And they live on waqf property. The valuable source of the work for the first ones is the teaching of halal food and the virtue of eating food, which is implicitly included in this teaching Was the way of earning a (licit) halal livelihood. Of course, eating endoments and vows(nadhr), if it is lawful (halal) with the consent of one who is aware of it, is not only harmless, but also has some social benefits, and the fact that some Sufis have taken advantage of endoments and vows for their sustenance does not mean that they eat unlawfully (haram).The valuable source of conduct (solūki) style based on giving up work is the teaching of reliance (tawakkul). The virtue of reliance is the basis of the way which based on giving up the work. In partly reliance, there is no opposition between earning and trusting, but in absolut reliance, any kind of attention to earning is considered neglecting God and His sustenance. Therefore, some Sufis have dictated acquisition (kasab) and used offerings and alms only as much as possible to continue rituals and worship. On this basis, there are many evidences of financing the monastery(sufi convent) by taking loans from The rich and the powerful, and even in some cases of mendicant, as well as believing occult conquests

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) display slowness, inaccuracy, and insufficient coordination in the performance of motor skills. Compared to children with normal development, they generally have poorer performance in tasks that require visual-motor integration. We evaluated the effect of tDCS stimulation on visual-motor integration in children with DCD. In this quasi-experimental study, featuring a pre-test-post-test design, 40 students with DCD aged 7-10 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned into two groups: tDCS stimulation and artificial stimulation. In the pre-test, participants took a visual-motor integration test. The intervention phase was administered for 5 consecutive days. Each day, the subjects underwent either electrical stimulation in the motor cortex (anode at C3 and cathode at Fp2) or artificial stimulation. The post-test was administered in the last session. Short-term and long-term follow-ups were performed 1 day and 42 days after the post-test, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The results showed that electrical stimulation of the motor cortex significantly improves the visual-motor integration of children with DCD. The follow-up results supported the persistence of motor-visual integration in these children. In general, the results emphasized the effectiveness of tDCS exercises on motor-visual integration in children with DCD.

This research aimed to examine the gesture production ability of motor praxis among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and children on the verge of developing DCD and compare it to typical children of the same age and younger.

For this reason, 91 boys (6-12 years old) were selected as sample size and divided into five groups (20 children with typical development, 14 children with DCD, 17 children on the verge of developing DCD, 20 typically-developed children aged 8-9 years, and 20 typically-developed children aged 6-7 years). To find the children with DCD, we employed the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 7th edition (DCDQ-7) and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor Proficiency. The Dewey gesture production test was performed to investigate motor praxis. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis and an independent t test.

Comparing the subjects’ performance in different conditions showed that their performance in transitive motor praxis was better than intransitive one (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of verbal command and imitation position showed that between the two DCD groups, the performance in the imitation movements was significantly better (P<0.05). While in the same age control group, no significant difference was seen between motor praxis in two conditions (P>0.05). The between-group comparisons showed that the performance of two DCD groups was disrupted compared to that of the control group at the same age. The performance of the DCD group compared to lower-age children with typical development (8-9 years old) was not different at the verbal command condition. In the imitation position condition, the DCD group performed significantly better than the lower-age children groups (P<0.05).

These results show that DCD subjects have developmental delays in performing motor praxis under verbal command.

 Physical and mental disabilities and diseases increase with the onset of old age. On the other hand, the observation of older people who have considerably maintained their cognitive and physical abilities by changing their lifestyle rejects the belief that old age is always associated with profound physical and mental defects. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Tai Chi exercises on balance, fear of falling, working memory, and selective attention in older women.

 The present study is an applied study in which 47 older women with a mean age of 62.91±0.580 years from Tehran City, Iran, announced their readiness to cooperate after responding to a cyberspace call. Of them, 40 eligible women were selected. After performing the pretest (static and dynamic balance tests, working memory and selective attention, and falling efficiency questionnaire), they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental group participated in the Tai Chi training program online for 8 weeks, and the control group performed their daily activities. Finally, the post-test was performed, and the results were recorded. Data analysis was performed by statistical method of analysis of covariance and combined analysis of variance using SPSS software at the level of P≤0.05.

 The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the effect of Tai Chi exercises on static balance (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001), fear of falling (P=0.001), working memory (P=0.022), and selective attention (P=0.002) was significant. Comparing the groups, the results showed that in all components studied, the participants in the experimental group performed better than the control group (P=0.001).

 According to the findings, Tai Chi exercises are a useful way to improve balance, reduce fear of falling, enhance working memory, and increase selective attention in older women.

"Sarat" is one of the words of the Holy Qur'an, which mystical commentators have given many meanings to according to their mystical thought and method. This research is descriptive-analytical and according to library sources; To examine the concept of "sarat" in the verses of the Qur'an and its interpretation and interpretation from the mystical interpretations of five scholars before Ibn Arabi: Sahl ibn Abdullah Tustari, Abu Abd al-Rahman Solami, Abu Qasim Qashiri, Rashid al-Din Meibudi and Rozbahan Bagli Shirazi, as well as a brief comparison The findings of the research show that several concepts and examples have been mentioned for "Sarat" such as: guidance and happiness, establishment of servitude, knowledge of the truth, observation and revelation, general and specific calling, mystical path and conduct, and divine law. All these things; It represents the path that is in line with divine knowledge, to reach the guidance, evolution and happiness of man, which can be considered in accordance with the opinions of hadith interpretations. Ibn Arabi's opinion in some explanations of Sarat agrees with the opinion of the mystics before him, but according to the basis of existential unity, his interpretation of Sarat is applicable to all creatures and human beings, whether believers or non-believers. However, in some of his analyzes, he considers the path as a special path or Muhammadiyah path for some people.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of resistance and cognitive training on shooting performance and executive functions of semi-skilled shooters. The implementation method was semi-experimental, with a practical purpose and was carried out in a pre-test-post-test manner with a control group. 30 students of a military center in Tehran were the statistical samples of this research and were placed in two experimental and control groups. The pre-test included the task of 60 shots to evaluate the shooting performance and N-back and Stroop tests respectively to evaluate memory. Work and prevention was done. Then, the experimental group performed 2 sessions of combined resistance and cognitive training for 6 weeks. Analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in shooting performance, working memory and inhibition variables (p<0.05). The general result of the research showed that a course of resistance and cognitive training interventions has a positive effect on the performance and components of the executive function of shooters. In fact, the performed interventions improved the working memory component and inhibition as the underlying and basic components of various cognitive and motor functions, including shooting.

The trade-off between speed and accuracy in process-oriented tests of fundamental motor skills development has always been a challenge in motor development screening plans. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial sensors (IMUs) based on artificial intelligence algorithms to assess kicking skill. Thirteen children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 8±1.37) (boys = 58%) participated in this study. The subjects were asked to do at least ten repetitions of the kicking skill according to the TGMD-3. Trials were captured with video recording and three wearable inertial sensors installed on the ankles and lower back. K-Nearest Neighbor artificial intelligence algorithms automatically classified the linear acceleration and angular velocity signals. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated between expert scores and the artificial intelligence algorithm. All tests were done at a 95% confidence interval. The classification accuracy of the KNN algorithm (k=7) for kicking was 95%, ICC =0.90 (CI=0.86-0.95). The scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes per trial (in an expert-oriented way) to less than 30 seconds (using artificial intelligence). As a result, this method was a reliable and practical way to assess the fundamental motor skills. Also, by maintaining relative accuracy, it was possible to reduce test time for research, clinical, sports, and educational purposes.

The main elements of shamanism is ecstasy and intuition for matters such as healing and divination and the use of mysterious spells for national and sometimes individual interests, confronting enemies and communicating with supernatural beings; which are similar to Jewish mysticism as well. The similarities between Jewish mysticism and shamanism creates a good situation to understand and compare them. Jewish mysticism is full of secrets subject to discovery and ecstasy and necessary preparations for having the honor of visiting, including "Merkabah", "Qabalah" and "Hasidism" and also the book "Ma’aseh Bereshit", the texts "Hekhalot" and the "Sword of Moses". It also has prescriptions of magical spells to achieve goals such as treatment and prediction, and harming to their enemies. Therefore, a shaman can be seen in Jewish mystics who use such a method to acquire the necessary transcendental techniques and skills for their national interests; yet the difference is that they consider themselves devoted to a more complex religion such as Judaism at the same time.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders that has attracted the attention of psychologists and psychiatrists. The main features of this disorder include: inability to control motor behavior, learning deficits, aggression, academic problems, sedation, and motor dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual perception training on depth perception in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of quasi-experimental post-test with control group. For this purpose, 5 boy children referred to the clinic in the age range of 6 to 12 years were selected and available based on research objectives, Rats were randomly divided into two groups. The findings of this study showed that a period of visual perception training had a significant effect on reducing the symptoms of ADHD. The covariance analysis test was used to find the differences between the groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in comparison with the control group in reducing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (P≤0/05). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that visual perception training can be a useful method in reducing symptoms of ADHD or at least one of these methods and in combination with other methods used in the treatment of ADHD children.

Some Sufis have considered the Qur'anic story of Musa and Khizr, because of the superiority of Khizr over Moses in the appearance of the story, as a proof of the superiority of guardianship, vilayat, over prophethood, nubuvvat. In contrast, some others have spoken about the superiority of Moses' status over Khizr. Khizr's superiority over Moses creates theological problems, and to solve this problem in the words of the commentators and following them the Sufis, some cases have been proposed, some weak and some strong. Some of the cases may be counted as: Moses who was assigned to meet Khizr was not Moses, the prophet; Khizr was an angel of God and the prophet Moses was assigned to talk to an angel; Khizr's superiority over Moses was relative, not absolute; Khizr himself was a divine prophet and Moses' obedience to him is the obedience of one prophet to another prophet. The last answer is accepted by most commentators. Khidzr himself was a prophet and Moses' use of Khizr is similar to his use of Shoaib's companion. From the first interpretations of Sunnis and Shiites to our time, this opinion is mentioned by great commentators such as Tabari, Samarqandi, Beidawi, Andalusian Abu hayyn, and Sufis such as Bukhari, Qushairi, Hijwiri, Ghazali, Sana'i, Ain al-Qudat and Alaa al-Dawlah Semnani. It seems that among these sayings that help us in solving the issue of Khidr's superiority over Moses, this saying has more narration, because: firstly, it is confirmed by the narrations of the parties; And secondly, it does not contradict Islamic prophetology, and thirdly, it is in harmony with other verses of the Holy Quran.

Developing fundamental movement skills (FMS) as the building blocks of complex sports skills and daily physical activity is crucial. The mechanically optimal performance can be determined by qualitative changes in the sensitive aspects of the skill. Accurate scoring of this process is time-consuming and requires minimum training and experience. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial units (IMUs) based on artificial intelligence algorithms (AIA) for objective assessment of catching and throwing skills.Thirteen children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 7±1.84) (boys = 53%) were asked to do at least ten repetitions of two hands ball catch and underhand throw according to the Test of Gross Motor Skills Development- third edition (TGMD-3). Trials were captured with video recording and three IMUs, simultaneously. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) artificial intelligence algorithms automatically classified IMU signals. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated between expert scores and the artificial intelligence algorithm. All tests were done at a 95% confidence interval. The classification accuracy of the KNN algorithm (k=7) for two hand catch was 73%, ICC =0.51 (CI=0.25-0.69), and for underhand throw was 70%, ICC= 0.559, (CI=0.314-0.717). The algorithm accuracy when using lower back sensor data was 72% for the tow-hand catch and 78% for the underhand throw. The scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes per skill (in an expert-oriented way) to less than 30 seconds (using artificial intelligence). A close examination of the artificial intelligence classification revealed several aspects of performance that did not play an influential role in trials but were artificially consistent with the TGMD-3. Locating the sensor in the waist area for these two skills will save the cost and time in screening plans. This instrument assessment provides instant feedback, is portable, economical and easy-to-use, and is suitable for educational setting. In the future, more research should be conducted on IMUs' real-world applications by teachers, researchers, clinicians, and coaches.

Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000), who was the most Process philosopher-theologian after Whitehead (1861-1947),believed that the traditional theism emphasizes on the transcendent, which prevents the creation of a two-way relationship between God and the world. For this reason, Hartshorne proposes a model in which God has two poles: abstract and non-abstract or real. The abstract pole is absolute and immutable and the real pole is relative, in motion and changeable. God is connected with the world through his real pole, or in other words, he contains the world. This attitude led to the approach of "Panentheism " in theology. Present paper on the basis of analytical–critical method, in the first step, gives an analysis of  Panentheism; In the second step, extracts its characteristics from Hartshorne's works. In the third step this article examines dipolar theism as the main basis of panentheism; and in the final step, discusses two questions: can panentheism be a suitable alternative to traditional theism? Can this approach be considered another form of pantheism on the presence of God in the world? Panentheism has resulted in consequences such as God and His knowledge are affected by temporal processes, the changeability of God's perfection, God's being influenced by creatures, and that God  does not have absolute power. For these consequences, Panentheism, with a special emphasis on the changeability of God, not only is not an attractive alternative to classical theism but also cannot be defended  or accepted by Classical theists. Also, since in Hartshorne's cosmological system, God and creatures are recognized as distinct identities from each other, panentheism is distinguished from pantheism in which God and the world are the same

Contemporary researchers pay less attention to the intellectual principles of the spiritual movements of Islam in matters related to the worldly life and lifestyles. “Work” is one of these principles, which has gained special importance in the contemporary era and the Islamic spirituality also paid attention to its ethical and spiritual dimensions. The Malāmatīs of Khorāsān, who were one of the most authentic Iranian spiritualists in the Islamic era, had a special attitude towards work as a spiritual matter. Paying attention to the intellectual principles and the practical method of the most prominent representatives of Malāmatīs (Ḥamdūn Ķaṣṣār, Abū Ḥafṣ Ḥaddād and Abū Uthmān Ḥīrī), with the method of textual analysis, shows that their focus on the self-blame (malāma) and at the consequence, hiding the conduct (solūk) and fighting against hypocrisy, made them to criticize those who have advised to leave the work and business under the pretext of asceticism and reliance (tawakkul). Few reports show that the Malāmatīs, both in the field of opinion and in the field of action, have considered the work as a means to promote the inner self (bāṭin) and fight against the ego (nafs). In their opinion, the work is the best way to earn lawful (Ḥalāl) sustenance, and by working, the wayfarer (sālik), in addition to self-blame, will be freed from falling into the trap of hypocrisy, and it is not only compatible with the two doctrines of reliance (tawakkul) and poverty (faqr), but also is necessary to be considered, because it is the best way to hide one's conduct (solūk).

The trade-off between speed and accuracy in scoring process-oriented tests for fundamental movement skills (FMS) has always been challenging for a screening project. The aim of this study was the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) and artificial intelligence algorithms to automatically assessment of FMS. 123 overhand throwings were performed by children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 7±1.84) (53% = boys). Three IMU (Shokofa Tavan Vira) sent signals of angular velocity, linear acceleration of the preferred hand, non-predominant ankle, and lumbar region of the children. Each performance was scored according to the criteria of the third edition test of The Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) by reviewing the video of the performed skills. The "k nearest neighbor" algorithm was used for automatic data classification. The minimum difference between test signals and training signals was calculated and classified. Two issues were assessed: false acceptance, in which an “incorrect” performance was classified as “correct”; and false rejection where a “correct” performance was classified as “incorrect”. The classification accuracy of the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm was 85%. The automatic scoring algorithm also correctly classified 93%, 78%, 93%, and 76% in criteria 1 to 4, respectively. Low-back IMU data analysis shows the model's accuracy of 75%. Further, the total scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes to less than 30 seconds. The use of artificial intelligence in the signal processing of only three IMU was a reliable and practical method for the assessment of FMS. This approach means the monitoring and evaluation of children's movement skills can be objective. In addition, while maintaining relative accuracy, the time involved in the process-oriented analysis of FMS for research, clinical, sports, and educational purposes was reduced entirely.

Sleep disturbances are common among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), adversely affecting their overall well-being and functioning. Physical activity and neurofeedback training have been proposed as potential interventions to improve sleep quality in this population; however, research on the effectiveness of combined interventions is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combined physical activity and neurofeedback training in improving sleep quality in children with ADHD.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving children diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were randomly assigned to either a combined intervention group receiving physical activity training and neurofeedback sessions or a control group. Sleep quality was assessed using Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (Owens et al. 2000) before and after the intervention period. Data were analyzed in SPSS-21.

Preliminary analysis of the data indicates a significant improvement in sleep quality among children in the combined intervention group compared to the control group. Specifically, children who underwent combined physical activity and neurofeedback training indicated reductions in sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, and improvements in sleep efficiency and overall sleep quality.

The findings suggest that combined physical activity and neurofeedback training may be an effective intervention for improving sleep quality in children with ADHD. Integrating these interventions into clinical practice may offer a promising approach to addressing sleep disturbances in this population.

Balance ability is a critical component of independent daily activities among the elderly. Balance disorder is one of the major risk factors for falls and related complications. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of the the comparision of the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NT) and exercise environmental affordances (EEA) on static and dynamic balance and the fear of falling in the elderly. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included elderly men aged 60 to 80 years living in Ilam, Iran, among whom 36 people were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly assigned into three 12-member groups of NT, EEA and control. In the pretest and posttest stages, the participants completed the Yardley et al.’s fall self-efficacy questionnaire-international form, and having completed the questionnaire, they performed the static (Carlsen et al.) and dynamic (Tsang et al.) balance task in 3 attempts. In the intervention phase (exercise), carried out in form of three 30-minute sessions per week for eight weeks, NT and EEA groups performed the relevant exercises, and control group carried out their usual and daily activities in this time. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that EEA and NT have a significant effect on posterior and central-lateral displacement of the center of pressure as well as the time to reach anterior-posterior, lateral stability and the time to reach total stability of elderly men. EEA had a significant effect on the risk of fear of falling, but NT did not have the same effect. Besides, the results revealed that EEA, compared to NT, had more effect on static balance (anterior-posterior displacement and central-lateral displacement of the center of pressure) and dynamic balance (the time to reach anterior-posterior stability, the time to reach lateral stability, and the time to reach total stability) in elderly men. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested to geriatric trainers and specialists to pay attention to the enrichment of the environment to improve the static and dynamic balance of the elderly and the risk of falling.

Disruptions in the children Autism spectrum’s mirror neurons has been challenged by researchers in psychological and motor behavior science for children with autism spectrum. Methods that based on the mirror neuron system, such as cooperatively observation learning, can be used to increase the imitation of autism in children, and use them in teaching. However, few studies have investigated the effect of this educational method on the learning of autistic children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of observational learning by individual and dyad training on mirror neurons function and learning of movement skills in autism spectrum disorder children.

The current research is a semi-experimental one that was designed and implemented in 2017. The statistical population includes 7-14-year-old boys on the autism spectrum (Asperger's and high-functioning) in Tehran, who were selected through purposive sampling. The samples were allocated to two individual and dyad training groups and trained in breaststroke skills twice a week for a period of 8 weeks. The data collection tool includes the Gars Autism Severity Scale (1994); the Chest crawl skill assessment checklist (Galaho and Ozman, 2005), and an electroencephalograph (EEG) sensor used to record brain waves. Data analysis was done by repeated measure covariance analysis, which was done in SPSS software.

The results of covariance analysis showed that both groups improved mirror neurons function, but significantly, the dyad training group improved mirror neurons function in post-test, the difference between two groups was significantly in benefit of the dyad training group (p <0.001). Also, the quality of swimming skill (chest) in the dyad training group was significantly improved, and the difference between the two groups in improving the swimming skill was significantly in favor of the dyad group (p <0.001).

Training through observational learning, imitation, and observational feedback improves the activity of mirror neurons, which is effective in improving motor actions. As a result, one of the suggestions in this study is to focus on enhancing the functional capabilities of the neurons through observational learning in order to improve the motor skill of autism and neuropsychiatric rehabilitation.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of physical training and selective and compulsory observational pattern on the intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning of basketball jump shot skill with the approach of basic psychological demands.

Eighty male students (18-22 years old) were selected voluntarily and based on their pre-test scores, were randomly divided into four Self-Control, Paired, Experimenter-Control, and Control groups (20 people in each group). To examine the motivation level, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI), and to examine the cognitive learning level, Recall Questionnaire (adapted from Knudson, 1993) was used. An educational video of the expert model that showed the movement components was presented to the participants. A retention test was conducted 24 hours later. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data (p≤0.05).

The results showed that in the acquisition phase, the level of intrinsic motivation of the participants to learn the basketball jump shot skill in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions. Also, in the retention phase, the level of intrinsic motivation in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than in other experimental conditions. In addition, in the acquisition and retention phases of cognitive learning (recall success), the participants in the Self-Control observation condition scored significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions.

In general, the results of this study show that motivation affects learning. Also, task demonstration as a whole-part-whole is an effective and efficient method in the cognitive phase.

This article explores the emergence of scholastic mysticism in the Qom seminary, which has been taking place over the past few centuries. Shia scholars in Qom have always had an interest in mystical teachings, resulting in the inclusion of mysticism in the program of seminaries, both formally and informally. The article focuses on the factors that led to the emergence of scholastic mysticism in Qom seminary, specifically during the tenure of AbdulKarim Haeri and the beginning of Seyyed Hossein Boroujerdi's leadership. The article argues that scholastic mysticism in Qom is the result of the migration of mystics from Tehran and Najaf to the city. Those who came from Tehran brought with them theoretical mysticism, while those from Najaf practiced practical conduct. Scholastic mysticism in Qom was able to reach a more complete state by absorbing these two streams of mysticism. One of the most significant factors contributing to the emergence of scholastic mysticism in Qom was the transfer of partial authority to the city during Haeri's leadership, due to the easing of travel restrictions between Qom and other major cities such as Tehran and Isfahan. Additionally, the location of Qom, which has been a cradle of Islamic wisdom and mysticism for a long time, contributed to the influence of Iranian culture and elements of Iranian life within the Shia seminaries. In conclusion, this article sheds light on the emergence of scholastic mysticism in the Qom seminary and highlights its origins and factors. The inclusion of mysticism in the seminary curriculum has enriched the understanding of Islam and its teachings, and the Qom seminary has been instrumental in advancing this field of knowledge.