فهرست مطالب محمود قلعه نویی

In recent years, the study of socio-spatial segregation has gained increasing importance within the fields of urban and social sciences, especially with the advent of advanced computational tools that facilitate more precise measurements and analyses. Socio-spatial segregation at the neighborhood level represents one of the most visible and impactful forms of spatial inequality and social injustice within urban settings. By providing tools for effective measurement, researchers and policymakers can better evaluate and analyze the extent and severity of these inequalities, gaining insights into the distribution of resources and opportunities across different social groups.Moreover, tracking the evolution of segregation over time within a specific geographical area allows for a deeper understanding of how urban development, migration patterns, and policy interventions influence the spatial organization of populations. This,in turn, sheds light on the degree to which citizens have equitable access to essential services, such as education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, as well as the overall quality of life in different urban neighborhoods.

Theoretical Framework:

The primary goal of this research is to measure the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within the neighborhoods of Bojnord and to analyze how these patterns have evolved over time. The central research question that guides this study is: What are the socio-spatial dimensions of residential segregation among ethnic groups in Bojnord, and how are these dimensions changing in response to broader social, economic, and political factors?Since Bojnord's designation as the capital of North Khorasan province in 2003, the city has undergone rapid growth and transformation. Its population has nearly doubled, and its physical area has tripled by 2021, largely due to significant waves of migration from nearby villages, other cities, and even regions beyond the provincial borders. These demographic changes have inevitably led to shifts in the social and spatial organization of the city, raising important questions about the nature and consequences of residential segregation in this context.

The research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing the latest population statistics, along with data on the ethnic and religious composition of Bojnord's neighborhoods. This data was collected and analyzed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of residential segregation in the city. In addition, the study draws on population statistics and compositions from previous census periods, particularly those following Bojnord's designation as the provincial capital, to track changes in segregation patterns over time.To measure the socio-spatial dimensions of residential segregation, the study utilizes the Geo-Segregation Analyzer software, which generates detailed maps to visualize the distribution and concentration of different ethnic and religious groups within the city. These maps provide a clear representation of how various social groups are spatially organized within Bojnord, highlighting areas of significant ethnic clustering and isolation.

The analysis reveals that the distribution of populations, particularly those who have migrated to Bojnord in recent years, is heavily influenced by the city's ethnic and cultural diversity. Among the 26 districts of Bojnord, the highest dissimilarity index was observed between the Turkmen and Tat ethnicities, indicating a pronounced level of segregation between these two groups.Despite the high concentration of Turkmen and Tat populations in certain neighborhoods, the Tat group does not exhibit significant spatial isolation compared to other ethnic groups. However, the clustering of the Turkmen population within Bojnord's neighborhoods increased markedly between 1385 and 1395, coinciding with a substantial influx of Turkmen immigrants during this period. This trend has continued in subsequent years, although at a slower pace, as immigration rates have declined recently.The results of this study offer valuable insights into the extent and intensity of segregation among different social groups, both ethnic and religious, within Bojnord's neighborhoods. Various indicators were employed to measure the dimensions of residential segregation, revealing that much of the population growth in Bojnord over the past two decades has been driven by immigration rather than natural population growth. Immigrant groups, particularly those belonging to specific ethnic and religious communities, have tended to settle in neighborhoods where others of similar backgrounds are already concentrated, further reinforcing the spatial concentration of these groups in specific areas of the city.

The findings of this research indicate that since Bojnord's designation as the capital of North Khorasan province, residential segregation among ethnic groups has intensified, with the Turkmen ethnic group showing the most significant growth in segregation indices. If this trend continues, it may lead to heightened social tensions and conflicts, as the spatial separation of ethnic groups can exacerbate existing inequalities and contribute to social fragmentationGiven Bojnord's status as a provincial capital and its diverse ethnic composition, the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within urban neighborhoods poses significant challenges for urban planners and policymakers. Addressing these issues is crucial for improving the quality of life for all residents, ensuring equitable access to housing, support services, and opportunities in key areas such as employment, education, and healthcare. Policymakers must consider strategies to promote greater social integration and cohesion within the city, fostering a more inclusive and just urban environment for all its inhabitants.

Since the emergence of the concept of urban resilience, this concept has mostly been concerned with urban planning, and resilient urban design approaches have been a less developed field. The current research is of applied type and uses descriptive-analytical methods. This research deals with urban resilience in urban design and focuses on how urban forms affect urban resilience against floods and inundation. In this regard, indicators for evaluating the resilience of urban forms against floods and urban runoff have been explained and these indicators have been measured and evaluated within the scope of the study area of Noor City at the level of neighborhoods and urban blocks to determine the level of resilience of each of them, that should be determined from the research indicators at the level of urban cells. The TOPSIS technique was used for data analysis. The results show that the study area of Noor City is in an unfavorable situation regarding resilience. Based on the evaluation done at the block level, the results indicated that 27.7 hectares of the study area have very low resilience, 62.6 hectares have low resilience, 48.4 hectares have medium resilience, 53 hectares have high resilience, and 16.8 hectares have very resilience. The largest area is related to the low resilience level with 62.6 hectares. In total, 90.3 hectares of the study area have low and very low resilience, which is about 43% of the total studied area.

Considering important role of housing in contemporary urban areas, evaluating urban housing quality has become one of the most popular topics in recent researches. Housing has vast conceptual perspectives which include many aspects of urban life beside the dwelling purpose of it, such as recreation, primary schools, and play yards and so on. The most efficient tool for achieving such purposes is evaluation of qualitative and quantitative urban housing indicators. Using quantitative, objectivistic, positivistic methods and models frequently observes in Iranian scientific journals recently. This article aims to study and evaluate such researches, using scientific analytic methods which have accepted and published in domestic scientific journals. The emphasis of this article is to review papers which studied urban indicators in any area in Iranian urban areas which published between March 2011 and September 2019. To do so, the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) has introduced and applied and 39 papers have selected. These papers selected among all papers had indexed in Scientific Information Database (SID.ir) and Comprehensive Iranian Humanities Portal (ensani.ir) which include one of these keywords: housing indicator, urban housing. Complete information of these papers has cited and method, data resources and conclusion of each paper discussed briefly. Some criteria introduced and measured to evaluate different aspects of selected papers considering PRISMA suggestions. The most cited sources (papers, books, dissertations and statistic reports) have identified and applied in conclusion. The results have shown that applying quantitative methods on urban indicators led to analogous assessments in various contexts and using novel methods and models, especially applying qualitative and mixed methods would resulted in novel and efficient perspectives to future urban housing programming and applying the PRISMA method would increase quality of survey reviews and strongly recommend to achieve comprehensive and qualified study of similar researches.

People's need for places for social interactions and to meet psychological needs is one of the necessities of urban life. By understanding the relationship between environment and behavioral patterns (synapomorphy), it is possible to help architects and urban designers to design suitable spaces. For this purpose, Enghelab square of Isfahan has been selected for the case study as a joint-maker area of two valuable and historical elements (Siosepol Bridge and Chahar Bagh Street) on the border of Zayandehroud. The research method in this research is based on quantitative and qualitative methods or a mixed one. Fieldwork, photography, observation, and questionnaire were accomplished to recognize the area, and the Delphi method and SPSS were used to evaluate synapomorphy criteria and indicators. The obtained results illustrated that four aspects (social interaction, images, environmental facilities, and space function) were the most significant factors in forming behavioral settings. According to the analysis, the indicators like activity variety and attractiveness activities, the easiness of accessibility to spaces, the possibility to sit and talk, the diversity of utilization, and arbitrariness with scores of 0.0909, 0.0866, 0.0823, 0.0799, and 0.0736 respectively have the most effect on synapomorphy of behavior and physical environment.

Concepts such as historical rupture, functionalism, international style, and standardization are all features of modernism. In general, the built environments according to modernism are alien to the existing context, and this alienation led to a fundamental critique of modern architecture and urban planning. With the advent of postmodernism, the need to pay attention to the field in different dimensions was emphasized by thought from different fields such as history, culture, philosophy, linguistics, environment, psychology, and phenomenology. But contextualism needs to be more carefully recognized, especially in relation to fields such as semiotics, semantics, and structuralism, as well as approaches such as traditionalism and ecology, which are its theoretical frameworks. Due to its various origins, the return to contextualism has been accompanied by changes in attitudes, dimensions, principles, and methods since the 1960s. The present study, by reviewing the influential ideas on contextualism in urban planning and architecture, seeks to identify the impact of various movements, approaches and paradigms in various fields in the period from 1960 to the present. The method of the present study is descriptive and by describing the ideas of contextualists in architecture and urban planning as well asrelated and progressive disciplines such as philosophy that are the source of the ideas of these two mentioned disciplines, it categorizes three main and distinct groups. The notion of contextualism has been investigated in closed and related fields to architecture, urban planning, and urban design such as philosophy, linguistics, and social studies. Three distinct categories are identified, the first is most influenced by the philosophy and linguistics of French thinkers; The second category, focuses more on history, culture, traditionalism, and ecology, and the third category, according to history, tradition, indigenous culture, and ecology, strives to coexist with the environment and converge with the principles Sustainable development has tried.

The urban landscape is part of the understandable objectivity of the reality of the existing space around people in the city. As a phenomenon, urban landscape cannot be assumed to have only subjective or objective dimensions. The connection between different methodological components in different fields of landscape research is always necessary. The research aims to strengthen the necessary foundations of research in urban landscape with a holistic, comprehensive viewpoint by examining the components and layers that the onion model of urban landscape research includes. Therefore, a systematic review was applied of the articles conducted in the field of urban landscape. The identification and analysis of the cases used in the majority of the research onions presented by Saunders et al. led to the urban landscape research onion through changes applied to this model. Researchers can choose their lines of research more accurately and faster using the research onion.

Theoretical Framework:

Specifically in the field of research methodology, a book entitled Research in Landscape Architecture: Methods and Methodology was published in 2017 by Routledge Publications. This book deals with the conflict between objectivists and subjectivists. It states that pragmatism is the only solution to this duality (Hashemizadegan, 2019: 55). In addition, many studies have been conducted with an emphasis on urban landscape and its relationship with other urban concepts. However, there has not been a comprehensive viewpoint on their methods and processes. The research onion (moving from the outer layers to the core) was developed by Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016) for business studies. It is widely used in social sciences to construct a theoretical framework for research. In various studies, the layers proposed in the research onion model have been modified and changed according to the field of study. The research onion consists of six main layers: research philosophy, approach to theory development, methodological choice, strategy, time horizons, and techniques and procedures including data collection and analysis (Melnikovas, 2018: 33; Sahay, 2016: 1).

After a search of article titles and keywords for the concept of urban landscape, more than 110 with more citations were selected. After a study of the article abstracts and other preliminary studies, 71 articles were selected, analyzed, and categorized using the qualitative method and content analysis. Finally, the research onion for each of the areas (the concept of urban landscape, visual evaluation of landscape, and visual management of landscape) was drawn and explained. Then Comprehensive research onion could use in landscape study and research compiled.

The research conducted in Iran in the field of visual management of landscape has generally been carried out at the macro scale (city), medium scale (watercourses and parks), and micro scale (streets). The survey research method and the descriptive-analytical approach have been adopted to investigate and analyze the current situation with the questionnaire tool. Many articles in the field of visual management have evaluated the visual aspects of landscape. Visual evaluation of the landscape is proposed as an independent concept in the field of landscape. In the field of evaluation, it is possible to become closer to people’s experience; therefore, quantitative methods, an experimental approach, a variety of techniques and analytical tools, such as visual protection levels, and Philip Thiel’s technique were used.
The concept of urban landscape was addressed further with a view of the landscape as a whole. Aesthetic, critical, and semiotic theories were proposed as the theoretical support for the studies. The research process pursued in most of them is qualitative and analytical, and comparative, inductive, interpretive, and descriptive methods have been used therein. After choosing the desired method, the authors have used the Delphi technique, aerial photos, cluster analysis, systematic review, in-depth interview, review of narratives, photography, and collaborative mapping as data mining and data analysis tools. The model presented in this article involves an extra layer with respect to Saunders’s research onion model. The outer layer, which includes the ontology of the research, corresponds to the stage that specifies the researcher’s beliefs in the research process. The researcher must select their position from among the three categories of objectivist, structuralist, and subjectivist, as considered by Deming and Sowfield.
A) The descriptive approach is added to the analogical inductive one proposed in Saunders’ research onion.
B) In the strategy layer, experimental simulation and descriptive, correlational, hermeneutic, and analogical-adaptive analysis are added.
C) In terms of time horizon, all studies are placed in one of the two categories of longitudinal and transverse research, and most of them are conducted with a longitudinal time horizon.
D) Techniques and procedures are proposed in the central core of the urban landscape research onion. Research techniques are divided into two general categories with an emphasis on the opinions provided by experts: direct (by asking people) and indirect (through specialist analysis) (Karimi Moshaver, 2013; Tveit et al., 2006; Briggs & France, 1980).

The urban landscape research onion model is composed of seven layers. It can be of different types according to the research problem, questions and objectives, choice of ontology, methodology, approach, strategy, and appropriate tool for analysis of the collected data. Given that most of the conducted studies applied various techniques, it is necessary to consider other layers of the research onion. This model attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of urban landscape research and introduce an integrated framework of the diverse, scattered types thereof. The model can help determine the paths of the research and avoid confusion and incorrect choices of analytical tools. The onion of urban landscape research can open the doors to researchers in the field. In future research, emphasis can be made on the specific concepts of landscape such as cultural landscape and vernacular landscape. On the other hand, similar research onion models in the field of urban landscape can be investigated with an emphasis on landscape scale (micro, medium, or macro).

This article is extracted from the first author's PhD thesis in titled "Explaining a semantic model of the urban landscape; a case study of the urban landscape of Shiraz". It is in progress at the Art University of Isfahan under the guidance of Dr. Mahmoud Ghalehnoee (the first guide) and Dr. Armin Behramian (The second guide).

The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) conservation approach is well known as a popular regeneration approach. This approach has developed the historic conservation beyond the immovable heritage area (single buildings and complexes) to all historical and cultural values that may emerge in the historic urban landscape. Landscape color is one of the substantial elements of historical patterns in urban areas, reflecting the local culture in the place’s body. Therefore, it is considered a significant component of the HUL conservation approach. Here, the problem is that the unconscious use of color is neglected in the urban regeneration of historical textures. In addition, the development of the neighboring areas may distort the urban landscape and threaten the character of these unique textures. The historic urban landscape, influenced by the inherent color orders of the local materials, was shaped in compatibility with climatic conditions. However, the HULs are now subject to visual and perceptual damage due to using materials incompatible with natural history. As such, investigating the color studies in different parts of the world and at different scales has been performed considering the specific historical characteristics to decrease these inconsistencies. In recent years, with the development of technology in harvesting, classifying, and preparing, its color palette has also been changed. Regarding the importance of these patterns, as well as the creation of incompatible structures with the local color order, the central question of the current research is how today’s tools can be employed instead of manual and old methods to record and analyze landscape color information, concerning the economic feasibility and reliability in terms of results. Accordingly, this paper aims to introduce a method to prepare the color palette of the place and identify the dominant color codes in the historic urban areas. For this purpose, given the outstanding features of the Jolfa neighborhood in Isfahan, it is chosen as a case study. Located in the historical patterns of Isfahan, having a particular culture, and the existence of unique color patterns, this neighborhood is still considered one of the dynamic neighborhoods in the tourism structure of Isfahan. This neighborhood is different from other parts of Isfahan’s historical textures due to its formed historical characteristics. Even in terms of appropriate samples and patterns of “color orders” and color themes employed in its landscape, it has some noticeable differences from other parts of the historical texture. 

This paper is conducted using a mixed-methods technique, which follows the systemic approach in terms of research strategies due to the multifaceted nature of the color element in the topics of “psychology,” “culture,” and “visual ecology.” The color system used in the study is the CIELab system. The Lab (i.e., L * a * b) model is the most compatible with the range of human color vision among all color systems. The color space L * a * b or CIELab is a global standard to measure the color, adopted in 1967 by the International Commission on Illumination. The process steps include preparing the color samples, extracting the color codes using SPSS and MATLAB software, and classifying them using the Quick Cluster Analysis Model (k-means).

According to the findings, five main color categories were achieved based on all color codes. Ultimately, the color codes of the centers of these clusters were obtained as base colors in the color palette of the Jolfa neighborhood. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that this study contains the potential to be widely utilized for analyzing the landscape color and preparing the proposed palette for historic urban texture to accomplish the aims of the (HUL) approach. Furthermore, it can offer the range of color spectrums and their frequencies for comparing the color landscape of historical textures in different samples and periods.

These studies can go beyond the research format and be available as software for those organizations involved in urban management to analyze any new construction compatible with the existing background color. Moreover, identifying and investigating other significant factors in shaping the historic urban landscape can complete the components of this research. These factors can be studied in resources such as studies related to the structure of the components that shape the landscape, the intuitive landscape of the place, the effect of natural context and climate on the urban landscape, etc.

Urban land use change is one of the key issues in urban planning that has been addressed by researchers in many different aspects, especially from the perspective of space. But the point that has been overlooked in various studies is that the analysis of different aspects of land use change is not limited to classical and spatial factors, and because of the various interest of land use change, many stakeholders aim to derive interest from this process in urban land developments. Accordingly, this paper aims to apply the communicative planning framework in identifying and explaining the factors affecting the distribution of land use change interests, because communicative planning as one of the major urban planning theories has focused on proper distribution of interests among stakeholders. In this study, after formulating the study results from theoretical studies, using a quantitative approach and exploratory factor analysis technique, the factors affecting the distribution of land use change interests have been identified and explained based on Approvals of the Commission Article 5 of the Ahvaz City (as one of the official references to land use change in the urban planning system). The results show that 9 factors with cumulative variance of 70/851% provide a proper explanation of user change interests distribution, among which "mediation legitimacy of planners and decision makers" has the most effect. Of course, the quality of these factors with 42.31% of the land quality shows the distribution of land use interests among the stakeholders was not very appropriate, which can lead to interest conflicts, especially between groups with economical-political interests and the public interest, and thus cause social instability in Ahvaz city.

In the last few decades, due to the tendency of people to migrate to large cities and metropolises due to the appropriate economic opportunities in them, we have witnessed significant population growth in these cities, which in itself has led to challenges. شده Ha and issues. One of the solutions proposed by experts and activists in the field of urban management to solve these challenges has been the planning and location of new cities around these metropolises. However, considering the fact that the citizens in these new cities already had appropriate facilities and facilities in the city of origin, it can be said that in their understanding of spatial justice in these cities The new one will create challenges. In this regard, this study was formed with the aim of examining citizens' readings of new cities based on spatial justice. To achieve the goal, after explaining the effective indicators of spatial justice according to the research literature, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed among citizens in Parand. Data analysis by Farid Man test method showed that people living in this city, more than anything else, have considered daily service uses as an effective factor in the perceptual reading of spatial justice in the new town Parand . Accordingly، it was concluded that citizens in the study of spatial justice first consider their most basic needs.

Place attachment is the emotional connection that develops between a person and thephysical environment around them. After more than forty years of research in the field ofplace attachment, the cause and effect as well as the physical factors that affect it have notbeen determined. The features and specifications of a place in both physical and socialdimensions have an influence on the development of this process. Social characteristicsaffect the continuity and strengthening of the emotional connection between the inhabitantsand the place, whereas physical characteristics affect the initial absorption and emergenceof the process of interaction between newcomers and the place. This study reviewspublications in the fields of environmental psychology, human geography, sociology andplace while identifying predictive physical factors, using surveys and questionnaires, thatis three questionnaires, and identifying Isfahan’s urban public spaces with the largestnumber of newcomers, in order to examine the physical factors affecting the attractionand reappearance of the newcomer. The results of this survey show that newcomers areattracted to a place by physical factors with an architectural dimension. However, thephysical factors with an urban dimension lead to their reappearance over time and theformation of the initial levels of attachment based on the proposed model. Based on theresults of this study the model indicates three levels of emerging attachment, attachmentover time, and complete attachment that are introduced considering the factors of timeand newcomer’s reappearance. Newcomers are attracted to the urban spaces of Isfahandue to physical factors with an architectural dimension such as color, texture, buildingfacades, scale and night light, while they are encouraged to return to the place by itsphysical attributes with urban dimensions such as flooring, furnishings, available uses,space dimensions, cleanliness and accessibility. The presence of newcomers during time,will result in the third level formation which is the emotional connection between betweenpeople and the urban space.

The relationship between social processes, form and spatial structure has always been of serious interest to sociologists, geographers and urban planners. Geographers and sociologists focused more on the spatial features of poverty and deprivation, including the separation between social levels and how they were distributed in space. In finding sustainable urban forms, urban planners have often considered a compact approach to the relationship between form and sustainability. The results show that there is not necessarily a significant relationship between dense form and social stability. New studies, therefore, have emphasized the coherent connection of form elements rather than their compact form. Therefore, this question arises that which feature of the form can be most effective in social sustainability, coherence or compactness? Accordingly, the present study seeks to assess the relationship between physical form coherence and compactness and social deprivation in neighborhoods of Isfahan. In this regard, first, the coherence of some neighborhoods in Isfahan (43 neighborhoods) was measured based on the internal relationship between the elements of form and their composition, and then deprivation in these neighborhoods was ranked using TOPSIS method. Finally, the correlation method first examined the relationship between coherence and deprivation and then the relationship between compactness (net and gross density) and deprivation. The results

In recent decades, urban green structure approach has been aimed at increasing the environmental and identity problems of new textures in order to help reestablish integrated urban structure to solve environmental problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the elements of urban green structure in the traditional and new texture of Shahreza city (in Isfahan) and compare them to create an integrated urban structure throughout the city. This research is applied and descriptive-analytical research based on studying case studies, which first studied the literature review of documents and researches through content analysis method, to explain the theoretical framework of patterns and elements of green structure in Traditional and new texture if cities, and then two traditional and new textures of Shahreza are studied as a comparative study based on theoretical framework components. The findings of this study indicate that Shahreza possesses both micro and macro elements of urban green structure in both traditional and new texture. In the traditional texture, the green spots are the green spaces inside the houses; the green corridors are Madis (water canals); and the green hubs are private gardens. In the new texture, the green spots are the local green spaces; the green corridors are urban Boulevard; and the green hubs are public parks. The result shows the importance of considering urban green structure in integrating correctly with urban form and main urban structure, to provide the possibility of traditional and new textures transplantation and integrated and efficient structure to the city.Keywords:

Today, with the growth of urbanization, the quality of children's presence in recreational spaces and social interactions has been affected and has led to the confinement of urban children in the home environment. Also, playgrounds today are an integral part of the biological complexes and memories of every child, especially in metropolitan areas, where experts emphasize the effective role of playgrounds in educating and improving children's social relationships. In the meantime, children spend their free time in these places, discover their potential abilities, gain a new understanding of the concepts, find the ability to solve the problems in front of them, and become familiar with future plans and social reactions and reactions. Future children They build a community, and the way childhood is spent has a direct impact on the formation of their personality structure. The present study is a descriptive-analytical study in the form of a documentary and field study with a combined solution in order to measure and evaluate the condition of recreational spaces in Isfahan from the perspective of children. Children's drawings, children's questionnaires and parents' questionnaires were registered in Nazhvan Park. Then, the SWOT method is used to present the strategies and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) is used to determine their priority. The results showed that by most criteria, the parents of the children expressed less satisfaction. Finally, according to the indicators of a child-friendly city and the analysis of the recreational space of the study area, suggestions and solutions in this field have been presented.

Automobile dependence is one of the most important symptoms of modern cities which have negative impacts on environmental, social, and economic aspects. The impacts such as injuries in accidents, air, water, and soil pollution, noise, townscape perturbation, traffic jams, and waste of time and energy are more known examples. In order to establish efficient strategies and policies to improve the situation, a complete and detailed evaluation of automobile dependence is necessary. The objective of the research is to evaluate the new town of Marne-la-Vallée in the east of Paris in France as the case study from the "automobile dependence" viewpoint. This research also confirms that the theory of "conceptual combinations of three urban fabrics" developed by Peter Newman is applied in this new town. As explained in this theory, usually in a metropolis the urban form is classified into three distinct urban fabrics: the first one is "walking urban fabric" which contains the core of the city, the second one is "transit urban fabric" which contains inner and outer urban fabrics and finally the third one "auto urban fabric" which is relatively automobile-dependent urban fabric. With a total population of 311851 in 2015, this new town has been planned as a hub of employment and residence in Parisian suburb. Marne-la-Vallée is formed by 4 sectors of (1) Porte de Paris, (2) Val Maubuée, (3) Val-de-Bussy, and (4) Val-d'Europe, which are consisted of 26 "communes". The key literature of automobile dependence is investigated in 6 dimensions: compactness/sprawl of urban fabric, accessibility to urban centers, sustainable transportation, population density, urban fabric clustering, and accessibility of green and open spaces, in each dimension a set of parameters has been defined and quantified to evaluate the state of automobile dependence related to the urban fabric. In this research, quantitative method has been used and data collection has been carried out with the assistance of the INSEE (The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) database. The findings show that the new town of Marne-la-Vallée is relatively automobile-dependent and this dependency is a dependent variable of "distance from center" (Paris), which means the further away from the center, the more the rate of automobile dependence in 6 investigated dimensions.  Finally, in a spider chart, the result of car dependence is shown separately for each of the four parts of this new town. Despite the objectives of the planners for this new town, the urban form of Marne-la-Vallée is not successful according to sustainable urban transportation and automobile dependency concept. Also, the typical principles and rules concerning other suburbs are present here and this new town has to take the necessary measures to resolve the problem of automobile dependence.

The boundary of quarter is among the subjects that have been widely addressed in urban planning and urban design research. Clearly, several studies have examined the issue of “quarter boundaries in the historical fabric of Iranian cities”, but the literature review shows that there are still ambiguities in this regard. There are two contradictory answers to this issue: one group of studies has set clear boundaries for quarters in the historical fabric of Iranian cities, while the other ones consider the boundaries of quarters in these fabrics to be vague and believe that each quarter will reach another quarter gradually. The purpose of this article is identifying the boundary of quarter in these fabrics. In this regard, Ali Gholi Agha quarter in the historical fabric of Isfahan was chosen as a case study and the qualitative research method of conventional content analysis was used. The boundary of Ali Gholi Agha quarter was studied in three ways of historical boundary, quarter boundary based on door-to-door interviews, and subjective boundary drawn by the inhabitants. Among these three ways, the historical boundary discovered based on the historical structure of access and quarter elements, shows the hidden order in the structure and provides a new method to discover the objective boundary of the quarter in the historical fabrics of Iranian cities. Interestingly, the accuracy of the achievements of this method is confirmed by two other boundaries. Finally, it is concluded that there is an objective boundary in some parts of the quarter. This boundary is often in dead ends and darbands (passes through the entrance of the houses in historic fabrics). Also, in the other parts of the quarter where there is no clear boundary, the boundary can be determined based on this objective boundary.

In most Iranian cities, people regard an urban space as a way to pass through, and these spaces encourage them to flee instead of inviting them to pause and socialize. However, urban spaces are basically where social interaction takes shape, and attempts to improve their quality is one of the most important goals of urban design knowledge in the contemporary era. In the past, sidewalks and squares had a particular position in the central parts of cities. With the expansion of cities and the emergence of cars travelling around them, sidewalks and squares have suffered plenty of damage through the imposed vehicle access networks. Imam Ali Square in the city of Isfahan, Iran is a space that has lost its value and significance throughout history due to the changes in its spatial structure. These changes have resulted in the destruction or reconstruction of spaces that were once considered as parts of the area of the square. Proper access is one of the most important characteristics of a good public space, and it is a main purpose of the placemaking approach to enhance access to urban spaces to improve their quality. According to the principles of placemaking, it is a priority for an urban designer and planner to provide all social classes with access to urban centers and spaces in a variety of ways in order to increase their power of choice with respect to their needs and conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of access as a well-known capability of the placemaking approach. It measured the quality of access at Imam Ali Square through assessment and analysis of six indicators: physical access (connectivity), continuity, accessibility (depth), inclusiveness, easy access to public transportation, and spatial resolution. These indicators were analyzed through field research and descriptive-analytical tools such as SPSS, GIS, and space syntax. According to the findings, easy access to public transportation (scoring 9.6), continuity (scoring 7.02), inclusiveness (scoring 5.4), physical access (scoring 2.42), and resolution (scoring 1.93) exhibited the highest to lowest scores. The final score for the quality of access was 5.41 out of 10, based on the calculation of mean indicator values, which indicated a moderate quality of access to the square as it is close to the median and range of scoring (8-10 for very good, 6-8 for good, 4-6 for moderate, 2-4 for poor, and 1-2 for very poor). Finally, it was inferred that the main problem with the square in terms of quality of access was the lack of concern for resolution, connectivity, and accessibility. It could thus be concluded that the resolution and depth of spaces created following the demolition of old urban structures has dropped due to the decrease in the significance of the surrounding old spaces although they have turned out to be more powerful interconnectors than their surrounding areas. Despite the recent attention paid to Imam Ali Square, the quality of access in the area is still not optimal, and greater concern for the examined indicators is expected in order to turn the square into an urban place.

As one of the constituent elements of urban form, and the intersection of two systems of movement and activity, the urban street network has an important role in understanding dynamic events in the city and solving the problem of the conflicting function of two mentioned systems. One of the most effective structural characteristics of street network is street network centrality which regarding former studies has a substantial effect on distribution of activities and accordingly on the formation of motorized and pedestrian traffic flow throughout the city. On the other hand, street layout is one of the most influential elements on network centrality. The current article aims at explaining the relationship between street layout pattern and centrality at local scale or microstructure of street network. Firstly, high centrality local areas are identified by modelling street network centrality of Qom city, as the case study, using Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA) method in terms of centrality index of local closeness. Secondly, morphologically homogeneous local areas are chosen among high centrality local area using some criteria. Thirdly, the street layout pattern is measured using several indicators related to street centerline and blocks. Finally, the relationship between indicators of street layout pattern and average local closeness network centrality index is explained by building correlation matrix using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results indicate that just 3 out of 10 indicators of street layout pattern show significant correlation with average local closeness centrality index, in the way that all three indicators are related to network centerline; therefore, the mentioned average centrality index has no meaningful relationship with block indicators. The correlation matrix show that average local closeness centrality is increased by increasing network length throughout local area as well as increasing three-way intersections; consequently, we have a more centralized area at a scale of pedestrian accessibility.

Given that historic quarters as an integrated entity best represent the efforts of indigenous cultures to meet the past needs, their compatibility with the present needs and recognizing the opportunities available to them as an accepting capacity for cultural and economically productive functions are worthy of attention. Utilizing creative approaches in line with the historic fabrics adaptability to the new economy and conditions, through focusing on the cultural capital as a means of revitalizing historic neighborhoods and creating new economic activities to replace the declining uses or those being disappeared from the area, is the most significant necessity to Problem statement of the present research.

The use of innovative policies and creativity-based strategies for the presence of our country’s historic fabrics and neighborhoods in the competition arenas, aimed at the cultural-economic growth and development and neighborhood revitalization, is an approach whose absence is noteworthy within both relevant theoretical and applied fields.

This research based on an analytical and descriptive method to assess and measure the capabilities of historic fabrics, indexical contexts. Also, it examines the feasibility of a cultural quarter in a case study of Laleh-zar using the quantitative structural equation modeling through questionnaire and field observations and finally as Conclusion explains a model of historic-cultural quarters according to the priority of the actions.

The research findings prove the necessary solutions and measures based on the order of priority in the final model, the proposal and the importance of these relationships empirically.

Since World War II, great changes have taken place in the structure of daily life, such as lifestyle change and the appearance of new alternatives such as flexible work, organized leisure time, and a return to inner city life. The concept of nightlife and 24 hour cities was introduced as an appropriate response to these changes. Similar to many concepts of urban design, nightlife has many criteria. Night-time Economy is a crucial criterion for revival urban centers at night. Undoubtedly, the lack of strong economic structures in urban centers has significantly reduced the quality of urban spaces, especially at night, and therefore the amount of use them. This paper seeks to address the following questions: How to improve the quality of urban spaces in Kamal Esmael St. at night by using of the Night-time Economy criterion?  And what are the characteristics of Night-time economy criterion to prepare a successful urban nightlife in this street? To answer these questions, the indicators of the urban Night-time economy criterion and their measurement methods have been examined.

The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of citizens’ nightlife by enhancing the criterion of the Night-time Economy. Thus, it is an applied research and focuses more on the results of measures and the practical application of the findings. In the theoretical foundations section, exploratory, descriptive and analytical research methods have been used and library study methods to collect information and analyze their content have been discussed. In the case study section, in order to identify and analyze the desired urban space, a combined-exploratory method has been used, which includes experimental approaches to quantitative indicators as well as phenomenological approach to qualitative index data. In this section, field method (field measurement, observation, interview and rhythm analysis technique) have been utilized to collect information. Finally, the findings of the theoretical foundations section were divided into three sub-criteria of diversity, presence and safety and twelve indicators of diversity of economic activities at different levels, diversity of potential events at night, diversity of nightlife activities, existence of identical places, existence of third place, time range uses, plaque flexibility, positive mental image, active urban wall , permeation into urban spaces, lighting and the level of monitoring space by organs were extracted from them. These indicators have been evaluated by appropriate methods in Kamal Ismail street of Isfahan, and have been homogenized in order to summarize. The reliability by the test and retest method and the validity via formal and opinion polling methods from urban planning and urban design experts were confirmed.

Researches on the nightlife identify three main goals of this concept: Making urban spaces safer and increasing their attractions by reduction of antisocial behaviors and fear of crime occurrence. Development of night varied economy and improvement the image of the city to attract domestic capital. Therefore, the criterion of Night-time economy can be considered as the backbone of the concept of urban nightlife and connects all the other components. The sub-criteria of Night-time economy are: diversity, presence and safety which can be divided into twelve indicators that due to their diversity in terms of quantity and quality, appropriate methods were designed to measure each index, according to the research conducted or the opinion of experts. Also, all measurements were performed during the nightlife period (4 pm to 6 am). Due to the impossibility of comparing the scores with each other because of the essential differences, the obtained scores were homogenized. Finally, the sub-criteria of diversity, presence and safety were calculated 69.5, 30 and 39.5, respectively, which is not acceptable considering the potentials and background of the study area.

The Night-time economy criterion is one of the most important criteria of a successful urban nightlife that plays a major role in all three of its goals. Therefore, in the process of planning and designing the twenty-four hour cities, this criterion should be given sufficient consideration as the concept of nightlife. In the present study, by using of the findings and theories of various scholars, specifying the role of the urban Night-time economy in the concept of urban nightlife and its goals, a coherent model of relevant sub-criteria and indicators has been presented in an integrated aspect so that the model can be applied in the process of identifying, analyzing and evaluating nightlife. The creation of this structured model that has made it possible to evaluate of urban spaces' success in urban nightlife from the perspective of urban economics, is the most important feature of this study that makes it unique. The effective sub-criteria on the Night-time economy for creating a successful urban nightlife include: diversity, presence and safety. These sub-criteria themselves are separable to twelve indicators: diversity of economic activities at different levels, diversity of potential events at night, diversity of nightlife activities, existence of identical places, existence of third place, time range uses, plaque flexibility in time, positive mental image, active urban wall, permeation into urban spaces, lighting and the level of monitoring space by organs. The results on the case study showed that lack of third places, low time of land uses activity during the Night-time hours, weakness in the plaques flexibility, boring urban wall, low permeation of land use activities in small areas as well as lack of proper lighting have reduced the quality of night economy standards and, consequently, the quality of urban nightlife. This study can play a key role in setting priorities for achieving a dynamic Night-time economy and improving the quality of nightlife citizens.

In urban projects, having a wholistic approach seems essential. So, the scope of the project cannot be a reason to ignore its interaction with its adjacent area in the urban structure. In the urban development plans, ignoring the old structure of the city by imposing the new street network leads to the serious damages to the integrity of the urban fabric. In Isfahan and especially in its historical area, projects to revitalize the Atiq Square (Kohne - Imām Ali), the creation of axes of Bagh-e-Goldaste, Martyr Moghaddam and Nizam al-Molk as the contemporary projects have been the referents of such interventions which had a direct or indirect impact on this structure.

The present study was focused on the urban network and it tried to find out how the new development projects especially the ones related to the transportation networks, could affect the structural-spatial system of Isfahan historical districts.

In this applied research, data were collected by the library and survey methods and they have been analyzed through the use of the space syntax method. After analyzing the spatial structure of the historical districts of the city in the most important periods of the physical transformation including Seljuk, Safavid, Pahlavi and the contemporary eras, the effect of the structural revival of the square and the other projects have been studied with a  focus on the land use and the transportation dimensions.
Result and

Findings showed that the cohesion of the spatial structure and organization of the city existed only during the Seljuk and Safavid periods. In Safavid era, the new structure has been formed with respect to the old fabric, but the new street network in Pahlavi era has neglected the existing context. This new development has isolated some parts of the urban fabric. Also, it has eliminated the spatial connection of the previous periods’ spatial elements by deteriorating the integrity of the urban fabric/space through the new network imposed on the existent urban form.

It is a complex and comprehensive topic to reach comfort conditions, and all possible factors must be kept at an optimum level to achieve it. Comfort in urban open spaces is one of the main bases of the use of these areas by citizens and creating a suitable environment for them through protecting against inappropriate climatic conditions seems essential. Thermal comfort is the comfort desired in this study. Thermal comfort is one of the essential factors that should be considered in the process of urban open space design.Urban open spaces should have comfort conditions including thermal comfort to improve quality otherwise they will turn into dead spaces. Accordingly, in line with creating the desired space, one of the most significant aspects is designing open spaces in cities and residential neighborhoods to provide citizens with comfort, and also paying attention to the quality of these spaces. The quality of the urban open spaces use depends on multiple factors that among these factors thermal comfort is particularly important among them. A public space that cannot provide comfort for users would be used less and even avoided. Therefore, according to the importance of providing thermal comfort in open spaces of urban and neighborhood, the purpose of this study is to analyze the thermal comfort conditions of residential open spaces in Isfahan by using three standard effective thermal temperature indicators, physiological equivalent temperature, predicted mean vote of winter and summer seasons, and unfold their performance and thermal behavior. In this paper, four neighborhoods of Ali Gholi Agha, Jolfa, Mardavij, and Dashtestan in Isfahan have been studied and analyzed. The research method used in this article is case study in which field surveys and evaluation of environmental and personal variables of four selected neighborhoods have been done. In this research, the variables were obtained using measurement, computing, and questionnaires. The sample size also included residents and users of public open spaces in selected neighborhoods that one hundred questionnaires used to survey 100 individuals in each field based on the Nichol method. Therefore, in this study, eighty hundred residents and users of neighborhoods were selected as sample size. Eight hundred questionnaires were randomly filled out in four neighborhoods of Ali Gholi Agha, Jolfa, Mardavij, and Dashtestan located in Isfahan city in two hot and cold seasons. In this regard, the respondents were 52.37% male and 47.63% female, and their average age was 33.5 years. Also, in this study, the RayMan model version 1.2 was used as computational software to calculate the indices. This software uses climate data, personal information, activity, clothing, and information like latitude and longitude, height above sea level, cloudiness level, etc. to calculate selected attributes, and then the results are compared with the existing standards. Then, to validate the data and compare the thermal indices with the results of field surveys, neutral temperature and average thermal sensation of users are also obtained. Finally, the validation results of standard effective temperature indicators, physiological equivalent temperature, and predicted mean vote of open space in Isfahan neighborhoods showed that field perceptions differ from the results of the index calculation in some cases, and it does not match with the real situation. In this way, RayMan's computational program, without considering factors such as thermal sensation and psychological factors such as behavioral adjustment, expectations, thermal experiences, duration of presence, mental perception and so on, can be one of the reasons for the discrepancies of the indices computation results with field observations. The results also showed that the three indices of standard effective temperature, physiological equivalent temperature, and predicted mean vote were independent of each other; the behavioral independence of their data is also evident in the thermal condition results of the selected neighborhoods. Totally, according to the analysis of outdoor thermal comfort conditions of residential neighborhoods using thermal indicators, it was found that the thermal comfort status of the studied neighborhoods open spaces was not very favorable in both hot and cold seasons; but by validating and comparing them with the results of field studies, their conditions changed, and all the neighborhoods except Mardavij are in the comfort zone in the warm season. Finally, the thermal comfort conditions of the selected neighborhoods based on the above indices were presented in two hot and cold seasons, and validity indicators were introduced to evaluate thermal comfort in Isfahan open spaces.

 Today’s country of Armenia, a part of the ancient Urartu, as the first land that officially accepted Christianity, has built the oldest churches and has turned the old temples into churches. By the Armenians’ migration to Isfahan and, simultaneously, the establishment of the New Julfa during the reign of Shah Abbas the Great, the churches appeared in a different form. The construction of churches benefited ancient experiences whilst taking into consideration the Shah’s decree that new constructions should not conflict with the capital’s buildings. It seems that the previous studies on the New Julfa churches have not paid enough attention to the architectural and the cultural relations of the new context. Understanding the process of convergence between the Armenian religious architecture in New Julfa and the architecture of Isfahan, and its results could be applied in urban restoration and regeneration projects, especially in the Julfa neighborhood, which specifies the necessity of this research. Research

The current study aims to find out the morphological transformations of the physical-spatial structure of the main building of churches in New Julfa, considering the interaction between the architecture of New Julfa and Isfahan’s prominent architecture. The study tries to answer these questions: Which type is generative and the initiator of the progress of church building morphology? How the architecture of the main building of churches has been converging toward the prominent architecture of Isfahan within their morphology evolution process? Research

The research is carried out using an interpretive-historic method and the data is collected according to available documents and field observations.

The outcome of the research implies the principle of some kind of restriction in the form of the Armenian church building. The existence of a generative type and getting influenced by the architectural techniques of the Shah Abbas period is confirmed in the course of formal evolution. Compared to the Isfahan prominent architecture of this period, the morphological changes of the main building in the churches are indicative of a tendency to converge to the Iranian style. The St. George Church is the first church building with the features of Iranian architecture, which provides the possibility of subsequent physical-spatial developments. The physical-spatial structure of the church of Holy Mother of God and the Bethlehem church is comparable to the structure of Sheikh Lutfollah and Abbasi Jame’ mosques, which indicates how the physical-spatial structure of the generative type developed.

Due to the sprawling development of cities, the pattern of the initial spatial organization and their original structure have changed. These factors have led to the spatial segregation of various parts of the city, especially urban neighborhoods, and as a result, socioeconomic segregation. On the other hands, deprivation has always been the subject of focus by sociologists, economists and urban planners as one of the important components of urban sustainability after the industrial revolution. Recently, urban planners in morphology and structuralism have claimed that changes in the level of physical segregation play a significant role in changing levels of deprivation in urban areas. Based on the literature, this research intends to examine the relationship between physical segregation and deprivation in the urban areas of Isfahan. Thus, neighborhoods with different socioeconomic conditions, forms, and configurations in this city have led this study to examine the hypothesis that there is a significant and strong correlation between physical segregation and multiple deprivations in Isfahan's neighborhoods. In this regard, this paper tries to test this hypothesis in 155 neighborhoods of Isfahan. So, the physical segregation of neighborhoods was analyzed by space syntax method and deprivation by factor analysis and numerical taxonomy methods for Isfahan’s neighborhoods, and then the correlation between these two characteristics was investigated. In this paper, in analyzing physical segregation used from the integration index as a space syntax index, and in analyzing multiple deprivations, 15 indicators are combined in four domains (employment, education, housing and services, and living environment). The results in the relationship between segregation and deprivation show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the level of multiple deprivations of Isfahan neighborhoods and physical segregation (the value of the integration from space syntax). It is also stronger at the local level than at the global level of physical segregation. Therefore, the internal structure of the neighborhoods, especially the deteriorated neighborhoods, will be more effective in increasing the deprivation of these neighborhoods. It also shows that the segregated form and structure of the neighborhoods plays a more effective role than the location of each neighborhood in the city. In other words, in the case that neighborhoods are located on the edges of the city or the distance from the center, there is fewer roles in increasing the deprivation than the structure and internal form of the neighborhoods. Therefore, it can be claimed that the changes in the level of deprivation (especially in socioeconomic deprivation dimensions) and the physical structure segregation in Isfahan are effective on each other, and it is possible to predict the changes of each indicator by changing the other indicator. These results suggest that the neighborhoods that their network configuration or spatial structure are not integrated to the city or are more segregated, are more at risk of socioeconomic segregation and deprivation.