مرجان محمدزاده

Landscape visualization or a three-dimensional display of real world phenomena can be used as a subset of the broader context of geographical visualization to create links between past, present and future conditions and represent alternative scenarios; it could also represent exclusive data in such a way that enables people to be a part of the interactive decision-making process. This approach has an important communication role in the set of participation and decision-making and serves as a tool for environmental planning, a guide for prioritizing investments, and an incentive to apply strategic management (compared to passive management). This paper aims survey the role of 3D visualization in visual impact assessment and its role as a programming support system in urban planning and also as an appropriate tool in public consultation. Moreover introduced software in the final section could be used in different projects depending on their applications.

Nowadays, paying attention to environmental quality in urban design has played a significant role in improving individuals' quality of life. Urban green space, as productive land uses, provide significant benefits to citizens through social, ecological, aesthetic, and economic services, and have a remarkable impact on the livability of the city. Therefore, this research, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of plant species in the indices of ecosystem, economic, ecological and aesthetic service indicators, has an important role in selecting the correct plant species.

In this research, 96 criteria were extracted from the review of scientific sources and the opinions of experts in the four axes of the index of ecosystem services, economic, ecological and visual aesthetics. Then, by using the Delphi method in three cycles of receiving information from the questionnaire, the opinions of 14 experts of environmental science, art, green space and urban planning and botanists were asked. Finally, 76 of the 96 criteria introduced for the selection of species were prioritized and selected, and 20 criteria were removed from the cycle.

The results showed that in the ecosystem services index, aesthetic value, tourism, and air purification criteria were important, while in the economic index, seedlings, irrigation equipment, and equipment depreciation and obsolescence criteria were important. In the ecological index, the criteria for water needs, the number of frosty days per year, and the average number of sunny days per year were important. In the beauty-cognitive visual index of green space, diversity of color and texture diversity and visual sharing criteria were considered important for aesthetic prioritization.

By considering these criteria, it results in the selection of plant species that are suitable for certain ecological and economic conditions, and also take into consideration their appearance and their ability to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, City planners and managers can use the prioritization of the plants introduced in this research to choose appropriate species for the urban environment.

Urbanization which has been considered the main contributor to climatic problems in cities, not only changed the physical environment in cities, but also has affect the characteristics of local climate zone. This study aims to investigate the relationship between surface properties of Local Climate Zones (LCZ) extracted from satellite resolution images and Land Surface Temperatures (LST) in a semi-arid region. By employing the LCZ approach, the study seeks to understand how LCZs influence LSTs in this specific environmental context. This study consisted of four main steps: Image preprocessing, LST retrieval, LCZ map preparation and spatial analysis. In this way, the LCZ scheme was used to classify the study area based on two sets of built-up types and land-cover types. Google Earth was used to specify training areas under study and to define different LCZ types. The Split Window Algorithm (SWA) was used to retrieve LST from Landsat-8 TIRS. The results showed that the built type and the land-cover type behave like two independent sets of patterns in the study area. The build type set fluctuated in a higher LST range than the cover land set (forest, farmlands and bushes). By shedding light on the relationship between the surface properties of LCZs and LSTs, the study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing thermal dynamics in semi-arid environments. Armed with this knowledge, urban planners can develop more informed strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating heat-related challenges and improving overall urban livability.

The issue of urbanization and its rapid growth has brought urban green spaces, as some of the few remaining natural environments, into focus. The aesthetic aspect of these spaces is crucial, prompting designers and planners to prioritize it over other considerations in vegetation design, planting, and arrangement. Therefore, identifying the criteria influencing the beauty of these areas is of utmost importance. This research aims to identify the most significant aesthetic criteria for the landscape of Gonbad-e Kavus city using QSort and Goal Achievement Matrix methods. Results from 100 completed illustrated questionnaires, collected in two stages from 50 randomly selected citizens of Gonbad-e Kavus city, were analyzed using QSort and Goal Achievement Matrix methods to identify the most critical criteria. The analysis revealed that, according to users, the presence of sufficient green space and the arrangement of such space, each with a score of 100, along with the diversity of colors in the green space, scored at 75.93, played the most significant roles in enhancing the beauty of the urban landscape compared to other criteria. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for researchers to enhance the visual quality of urban landscapes. Moreover, they aid in identifying more precise and practical criteria, replacing abstract ones, which impact the beauty of streetscapes. This streamlines and expedites the process of evaluating streetscape beauty for urban environment designers and planners.

Urbanization can affect land surface temperature (LST) on a global scale by changing the natural land forms. Reducing the consequences of climate changes, requires to develop a coherent land use/cover management plan that restricts unplanned urban expansion and increases green cover. The purpose of this study is to investigate how features and spatial patterns of urban areas and its surroundings affect the LST of Bojnord city. For this, a split-window algorithm (SWA) used for land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS of 2021. Based on the results, the main centers of high heat emission in urban areas such as public facilities, car parks and industrial areas have higher LST (more than 38 °C) compared to urban green spaces (less than 36 °C)c, which are cooler parts of the city. Comparing the results with MODIS nighttime LST reveals the different behavior of LST in day and night in urban and non-urban areas. In this study, the difference between day and night LST was revealed using MODIS nighttime LST. The spatial autocorrelation result show the contrast of LST behavior in urban and peri-urban fabric in semi-arid regions. The presence of hot spots in permeable surface areas such as agricultural land and cold spots in impermeable areas indicate the opposite effect of urban heat island in such areas. Understanding the complex interactions of urban land uses and LST by considering regional climate patterns can help managers and urban planners to improve the quality of life in urban areas.

Biodiversity and the natural environment worldwide have endured numerous adverse impacts stemming from human misuse and economic policies. Some researchers contend that a potential solution to this predicament lies in the examination and comprehension of human knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning the environment. This study delves into the influence of social factors and engagement in environmental activities on the expansion of environmental knowledge among students in Gorgan. The statistical population of this research encompassed 281 students from the twelfth-grade in Gorgan, selected through the cluster sampling method and surveyed using a questionnaire. The findings reveal that the environmental knowledge of the majority of students falls within the medium range. Variables such as gender, participation in the animal feeding program, type of school, information resources utilized, field of study, the number of participants in the animal feeding program, and the number of participants in the planting program significantly impact students' environmental knowledge levels. Other variables, however, do not exhibit a significant effect.

Cities are open systems that constantly change and bring about changes in inside and outside neighboring areas. With the rapid growth of urban population in the world, cities sprawl and occupy surrounding lands. In this situation, attention to the developments inside urban space could be a key principle in urban planning. The aim of this study was determining and prioritizing economic, social and ecological factors which influence inside urban space indicators in City of Gorgan using Delphi method and literature review. Following the increase in population, developments inside urban space in the future is inevitable. Understanding and recognition of this process is essential to effective management in the field of conservation of the urban environment. Four expertize requirements should be taken into account: knowledge and experience of the field of study; ability and willingness to participate; adequate time to participate; and effective communication skills. Experts’ panel included fifteen specialists from municipality, city council, academics, cultural and medical service providers, police, urban planners and citizens, whose points of view were collected using questionnaires. Data collection for questionnaire was repeated 4 times to reach a consensus. Overall, twenty - four factors were identified for the economic, social and ecological factors, and then the degree and percentage of importance for each one was determined. Results showed that the most important indicator is feeling of security followed by the noise pollution and environmental pollution. Results could be helpful to urban planners and related organizations to improve inside urban space for welfare and life quality of citizens. Prioritization of these indicators provides an appropriate action agenda for the managers.

Each year, a wide range of forests change to the other uses such as agricultural and residential lands. Forests in northern Iran are no exception, and this decrease has been seen nearly everywhere. Therefore, the research was conducted with the aim of forest changes modeling in Gorgan area using Geomod model.

In the present study, forest changes occurred in Gorgan area was detected during 20 years. Then, forest change modeling was performed using Geomod. To do this, land use maps for the study time period were prepared using satellite imagery. Then, change detection process was performed by post-classification comparison technique. The Geomod was run to simulate forest changes in this area.

Forest change detection and its modelling showed the reduction of forest area in the region. Also, modeling results were validated using kappa indices which resulted in more than 0.99 and indicated model capability in the depicted forest changes in this area. Then, the future condition of forest areas were predicted using the model.

Results showed that forest areas have been decreased in this time period that development of residential areas and agricultural lands are the main reason for this. So, managerial and protectoral programs such as determining agricultural lands' boundaries, preventing their expansion, preventing rural expansion, and restricting accessible to forest areas were suggested.

Societies nowadays encounter with a large number of environmental problems. Management of these problems requires involvement of a large number of people. Such issues can be solved using crowdsourcing methods which brings people together in a large network. Considering the fact that any development will affect land management, recent studies have given more attention to public participation in program management and problem solving. There are various approaches for effective land management that need overall community participation. In this regard, crowdsourcing methods have provided the possibility of public participation in decision making that help individuals to have an effective role in land management. People participating in this process can share their opinions, ideas, information, abilities and awareness through internet regardless of their physical location. The purpose of this study was to introduce crowdsourcing, its advantages and disadvantages, and some of crowdsourcing-based applications and their functions in land management. The results of this research based on the literature review showed the significant impact of public participation in decision making on environmental issues and performing proper management strategies. Such participation will help reduce costs and provide quick information and assistance.

Deforestation and forest degradation have led to the formation of poor landscapes all over the world. Although in the past conservation strategies have emphasized intact natural systems, today the strategies have focused on the conservation and restoration of degraded ecosystems. The forest landscape restoration approach (FLR) is considered an important approach for the restoration of ecological and socio-economic services of forest ecosystems in landscape scales. Identification and prioritization of efficient and effective criteria and indicators in the process of prioritizing areas to restore the forest landscape are a necessity that has not been done in Iran so far. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to introduce effective criteria and indicators for prioritizing appropriate areas for forest landscape restoration in the selected area. In this study, a total of 26 criteria and 68 indicators from ecological and socio-economic points of view were identified with an emphasis on directing restoration efforts towards areas that guarantee maximum profits from two perspectives of necessity (the need for restoration) and opportunity (feasibility of a restoration) and then, they were prioritized using the Delphi method. The results showed that in the section on the need for restoration, the process of landscape degradation from ecological criteria and poverty from socio-economic criteria were the first priorities. Besides, the ecological criteria of destruction and natural regeneration potential with equal priority and socio-economic criterion of the budget in terms of feasibility of reconstruction were the first priority. The results of this study, in addition to helping decision-makers and planners dealing with protecting nature protection and its use, can lead to the attraction of active participation of stakeholders in the forest landscape restoration programs with a balanced attention to both aspects of the necessity and the opportunity of restoration.

Human-induced land use land cover changes have resulted in adverse impacts on the environment at various spatial and temporal scales. Land surface temperature (LST) is an important indicator associated with strong spatio-temporal variability in complex Earth Patterns. Remote sensing is the primary source for various types of thematic data critical to land analysis, including land use data and land surface temperature changes. In this study, first, to analyze the spatial-temporal land surface temperature changes, LST maps were prepared using Radiative Transfer Equation, Single Channel Algorithm, Split Window Algorithm and Two Mono Window Algorithm. Then the performance of Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval methods was evaluated. Land use and land cover maps were prepared to investigate the contribution and role of each land use class on the changes of the LST.  Also, the effects Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Built-up Index and elevation on LST variability were investigated. There was a positive correlation of LST with Normalized Difference Built-up Index and a negative correlation with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and elevation for all years. Spatio-temporal analysis shows a 6.64°C increase in LST from 1989 to 2021. The results clearly showed the moderating role of vegetation, regardless of its type, on LST. The findings of the present study serve as basic information for future studies to investigate the impact of different policies on LULC change in the region. Also, the obtained results reveal the importance of studying and examining the mentioned changes in order to achieve sustainable development.

Landscape aesthetic value is one of the ecosystem services, which has many social and economic benefits for the society and the residents. Therefore, identifying the economic and cultural criteria affecting aesthetic values by considering the experts and stakeholders perspective in order to assess and evaluate the aesthetic value is very important. The purpose of this research is to identify economic and cultural criteria affecting aesthetic values regarding the experts’ perspective and to examine the role of these criteria by considering the residents view of five districts of Gorgan city. The Delphi method was used to identify these criteria and using a public questionnaire, the role of these criteria on increasing the aesthetic quality of the study area was investigated. According to the results of the Delphi method, nine factors, including the cultural and historical heritage in the region, the number of visitors of natural areas, the existence of man-made tourism areas, the level of people's attitude and knowledge towards environmental protection, infrastructure and welfare services, environmental quality, urban design, safety and security were recognized as the most important economic and cultural criteria affecting the aesthetic values of Gorgan city. The results of surveying of the selected economic and cultural criteria in the public questionnaire showed that, the desirability of the studied districts is decreasing from South Estrabad, Roshan Abad, Qoroq, North Estrabad to Angirab according to public attitudes. The results of this research showed that considering the stakeholders perspective along with the expert’s opinion to determine the economic and cultural criteria can encourage residents and managers to better protection of the aesthetic values of the region.

Land surface temperature is a significant factor affecting thermal variation and balance in global studies. In the last two decades, the great necessity for LST data in environmental studies and land resource management activities has made the measurement of LST as a major scientific debate. Discovering the spatial heterogeneity of land surface temperature and analyzing the key factors and specific effective spatial relationships that are affected by time series have great importance in land management. The aim of this study is to analysis of land surface temperature driving factors and spatial heterogeneity using spatial regression models. To review this issue, daily LST maps were prepared by the radiative transfer equation method using Landsat 7 and 8 data for 2002, 2013, and 2021 years in Bojnord city. The analysis of land surface temperature in areas where barren lands prevail requires nighttime temperature data. Therefore, MODIS night LSTs were also prepared as auxiliary maps. Pearson correlation, spatial autocorrelation, ordinary least square, and geographically weighted regression models were used for data analysis. Then, the performance of the models was compared using the coefficient of determination and the Akaike information criterion. The results showed that the GWR approach had a better prediction accuracy and a better ability to describe spatial non-stationarity than the OLS approach. The spatial response of LST and different influencing variables from 2002 to 2021 showed that the development of green space plays an important role in modulating land surface temperatures. Since LST is influenced by various variables, including topography, climatic and atmospheric variables, and vegetation, therefore, understanding spatial relationships and analyzing the areas with high LST can be useful as a way forward in the planning strategies.

In today's era, human interventions have caused chaos in landscape patterns and degradation in landscape quality. Therefore, identifying landscape aesthetic beauty, and also fundamental planning and valuable areas, and proper planning and design in order to protect and promote the aesthetic value seem to be necessary and unavoidable. In this research, the aim is to investigate the performance of various experimental methods (multi-criteria evaluation using weighted linear combination), mathematical (logistic regression), and intelligent (neural network)) in estimating the suitability of the aesthetic value of Gorgan city. After theoretical studies and determination of effective criteria, mapping and standardization of the criteria were done and finally, the map of aesthetic-value suitability was prepared based on the methods of weighted linear combination, neural network, and logistic regression. In order to evaluate the performance of different methods and choose the optimal method, ground control points and ROC validation methods were used. The results showed that in the map resulting from the weighted linear combination method, a large part of the data was lost as a result of the linear combination of layers and weighting, and the neural network method with intelligent performance and the ability to combine and analyze non-linearly compared to the weighted linear combination method and also performing back and forth analysis compared to the logistic regression method, better separates the value of the studied area. According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that when there is little knowledge about the studied area and it is not possible to conduct field surveys to record valuable points of view, performing the weighted linear combination method can be a solution, but if it is possible to conduct field surveys to prepare a map of real educational samples as a dependent variable, more accurate results can be obtained with the help of the neural network method and logistic regression, more accurate results can be achieved, and in the meantime, the intelligent neural network method has a higher ability to distinguish the values of the environment image.

The purpose of this research is to identify and select suitable sites for developing urban parks and green spaces. So that people in different areas of the city have suitable and convenient access to these areas.

In this research, site selection was used to determine suitable areas for developing urban parks in Gorgan city in Golestan province through a multi-criteria evaluation method and AHP approach. At first, effective criteria in site selection for the development the urban parks were identified by reviewing the previous studies and experts’ opinions. After that, the selected factors were weighed using the AHP method. Then, suitable zones for developing urban parks were identified using the ZLS command based on the area of zones and the value of the land area. The final zones were determined among these high-proportion zones in the next step, with field investigation and ownership review.

The results of weighting showed slope, barren lands, and proximity to residential areas by gaining weights of 0.2515, 0.1929 and 0.0757, respectively, had the highest weight and have the highest importance for identifying new areas for developing urban parks in the next step, the criteria were evaluated through WLC method, and the suitability map were prepared for developing urban parks.

Results showed that 32.19 hectares of the study area are suitable for establishing urban parks. The results of the present study, identifying and presenting suitable areas for developing urban parks and green spaces in Gorgan city, could help managers and decision-makers in this sector in providing green space and improving the people's quality of life and welfare.

In the present age, tourism in general and tourism sustainability in particular have become important issues in the relevant scientific arenas. The economic, social, cultural, environmental and institutional subjects have come to the scene for evaluating the current situation and for realizing sustainable tourism development. It is obvious that achieving tourism sustainability in its various dimensions requires the existence of appropriate global measures, indicators and standards for evaluating tourism condition. In this paper we have endeavored to present an integrated framework of sustainable tourism indicators for measuring sustainability in environmental, economic and social aspects such that it is easy to understand, and technically and economically measurable. The framework provides an understanding of the relationship between tourism and the natural environment and is able to monitor management actions. To this end, the potential impacts of tourism were expressed in five different recreational resources (historical sites, mountainous regions, unique areas, protected areas, islands and coastal areas) and then a framework of 153 indicators (physical-ecological, socio-morphological, economic-political), was divided into 46 indicators of sustainability, 77 sustainable tourism and 30 tourism capacity indicators in accordance with sustainability measurement. The optimal use of these indicators can be important in achieving sustainable tourism development.

Tourism is as one of the most important development tool in the world and at present, has recognized as the largest and fastest growing industry in the world that has endless development and growing paths. Tourism has different shapes and different types, that are vary depending on the environmental conditions. Tourism is conducted in an environment consisting of human and natural features. Human environment consists economic, social and cultural factors and processes. Natural environment, consist plants, animals and its habitat too. Since the human environment and the natural environment are integrated and human activity affect the natural environment. Therefore, achieving sustainable tourism is one of the most important issues in land management and planning and conservation of natural resources.

This research is in terms of the nature of the review, which has studied the subject by reviewing scientific sources and using internet databases, and tourism and related concepts have been studied.

Different types of tourism including cultural tourism, historical tourism, art tourism, religious tourism, rural tourism, nature-based tourism and ecotourism were introduced and studied, and guidelines and principles for achieving sustainable tourism were presented.

To achieve sustainable development, tourism planning must be sufficiently focused. Therefore, there is a need for tourism to be in a large-scale, integrated and dependent on cultural and natural resources, and tourist attraction policies should be guided from quantity to quality.

Paying attention to the landscape values will increase the credibility and value of its walking tracks. Regarding the importance of walking tracks in creating the sense of tranquility, security, and beauty for human beings, it is essential to preserve and improve the scenic beauty and quality of these routes. Recognition of effective criteria on landscape values is one of the important factors in tourist attraction that might lead to economic development of the region. Ziarat watershed basin with its beautiful landscapes is one of the most famous tourist destinations of Golestan province. The purpose of this study is to determine the most important criteria for selecting and prioritizing the routes which has been done using a questionnaire survey and principle components analysis method. The questionnaire was distributed among 388 visitors of the study area and the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that among 22 surveyed criteria in this study, 6 criteria including route length, diversity of vegetation density, cleanliness, texture diversity, directional signs and shape of the route (direct trails or complex trails) are more important criteria for visitors. The results of this research could be used to improve the route landscapes and their quality, attract more tourists, and provide a framework for selecting and classifying the routes.

Ecotourism is an important economic activity in natural areas of the world and will provide opportunities for visitors to experience the manifestation of nature and culture and this important happens in visited areas. Managers must be able to make balance between recreation needs and resulted impacts of ecotourism in those areas. This paper provides a set of guidelines to facilitate decisions regarding ecotourism management and development for ecotourism managers.
Material and Methodlogy: This study is aiming at a mention of the importance of strategies implementation and necessity of correct using those by overview of the important management strategies of visited areas for achieving to sustainable development goal from past to now, for example UNWTO, Eurostate, The Nature Conservancy.

Management strategies form a base of an ecotourism management plan (EMP). In this paper, ecotourism management key strategies were introduced in detail that included zoning for visitor uses, planning and design of visits site, sustainable infrastructure design, mechanisms for income generation, management and monitoring visitors and naturalist guides.
Discussion and

Conditions will provide for potential empowerment of areas for ecotourism as a force in order to protect environment and sustainable development by the result of implementing each of these management strategies in a visited area and these will be fruitful for managers of visited areas and as well as other agencies such as, tour operator and hotel developers.

Visual quality and beauty are important and major components of man-made environment, particularly in urban areas. The visual quality evaluation and landscape structural indices are essential necessities in management of visual quality and beauty of urban areas. The fundamental studies of landscape beauty components are not after evaluating the beauty or loftiness, but they seek to identify beauty preferences and the most important criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the most important criteria in landscape visual quality evaluation of Ayatollah Shirazi and Ahmadabad in Mashhad. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed at 5 stages using Principal Components Analysis method in SPSS® softwareVersion 16 for Windows and finally the most important criteria were identified. The analysis demonstrated that among 20 mental criteria utilized in this study, six variables including passageways width, the density and compactness of vegetation (green), tree components of the the vegetation, bushes and shrubs components of the vegetation, green spaces, the layout of plants and the existence of flowers in green space paths were the principal components and had the highest importance. As the principal components, these can be used as representative of other components. The analysis enables the researchers to analyze the data faster, more accurately and and examine the visual quality using reduced data volume.

Since the beginning man has tried to improve the quality of life in their environment. Effective of socio-economic indicators in urban development are one of the effective factors in the quality of life of people. Therefore, Consider and importance to opinions of people could create suitable conditions for achieving the desirable environmental quality. General purpose from this study was to determine the satisfaction of the quality of the living conditions of people in different areas in Gorgan from the viewpoint of people. For this purpose, a questionnaire developed and then are distributed and completed. The data were analyzed in the software Spss 20 and were prioritized using a classification rating. Method of present study in its objective is applied, and, in perspective of method and theoretical basis is, descriptive- analytical. Identification of Influencing factors and indicators have been done on the basis of library studies. Assessment and analysis of data showed that the region 3 with a score of 886.34 is better quality than other areas and region 5 with a score of 540.45 compared to other regions is the lowest quality. Additionally gathered data converted to map using Thiessen interpolation method afterward the urban expansion map, was classified into four categories based on the socio-economic and ecological indicators. Since the development of urban areas in the future is inevitable, the need to understand the people's opinion is necessary in order to implement effective management by the urban planners in the field of improving the quality of life of people.

Sidewalks are urban corridors where some of the most important social activities occur. Therefore, considering the criteria which affecting the beauty and optimization of these paths is of great importance in examining the views of the streets. Identifying the most important aesthetic criteria of the sidewalks is the aim of the present study. A total of four pedestrian paths from two cities of Mashhad and Gorgan have been investigated using visual quality classification and matrix approach approaches.The data obtained from completing 100 visual questionnaires were analyzed by 50 experts in two stages by using the visual quality classification methods and the matrix for achieving the measures, finally the most important criteria were identified.The outcome results of the questionnaire indicated that colour with 82/2% and green space with 77/7% had more effective role in beautifying the sidewalk paths respectively. Also, the results make it possible for researchers to prepare the possibility with intention of increasing more visual pleasure of urban landscape by using them .On the other hand, instead of effective abstract criteria on beauty of streets landscapes, more precise and practical criteria identified and the process of reviewing the beauty of streets landscapes have been speeded up and accurate for designers and planners.

Nowadays, demand for the recreational use in natural environment has increased significantly. Increasing recreational use in these areas lead to destruction of natural resources and also caused to visitors' dissatisfaction. Maintaining recreational places and providing visitors' satisfaction require the use of approaches which consider visitors opinion in the recreational areas management. In this study, some approaches of recreational areas management, that use visitor's opinion in the recreational areas management including Place-Based Programming (PBP), Benefit-Based Management (BBM), Scenery Management System (SMS) and the use of visitor information (NVUM) have been described. PBP is based on understanding the people' concepts and values in different special geographic locations. The relationship and dependence between people and places may be associated with emotional, psychological, social, cultural and historical properties of individuals and groups which used the places. BBM is based on the benefits of outdoor recreation and classified recreational area based on the benefits of recreational use. SMS is a visual management tool which uses people's aesthetic preferences for recreational planning and management. NVUM includes information collected from visitors which can be used to identify visitors' behavior, preferences, needs, demands and their satisfaction that used for recreational resource management. These tools use people opinions for developing management protocols. Therefore, successful management of recreational areas associated with preparing visitors' satisfaction along with maintaining quality of recreational area can be possible using these tools.

Green roof is one of the options to improve environmental problems of urban areas. Meanwhile there are some worries about the environmental impacts of creating green roofs, as despite the benefits of vegetation, some layers of green roofs like waterproof membrane, are made from polymers. In this survey, environmental impacts of an extensive green roof in its lifetime were compared with a normal roof.
In this survey, life cycle assessment method was used. Since there are various methods to implement a green roof, first different methods of implementation and different materials that can be used in its layers were studied and collected. Then some of these methods were chosen to investigate their environmental impacts in order to find the optimized option to create a green roof. On the next step, life cycle assessment of optimized option and normal roof was conducted. The open LCA software was used to compare environmental impacts of different implementing methods, and also optimized option and normal roof.
Results showed that the green roof has less environmental impacts than normal roof, during its lifetime. In addition, it was indicated that in some impact categories that the environmental impacts of green roof was more than normal roof the reason was using PVC and geotextile (glass fiber and polyester) in its layers. Results of this paper can be improved by measuring benefits of creating a green roof (such as reducing quantity and quality of run off amounts), and also using materials with less environmental impacts in green roofs layers.