مسعود فهرستی ثانی

Reducing farmers' income risks, using natural resources and reducing migration, growth and employment in villages, creating a new market for selling and increasing profits from agricultural products, expanding the regional economy are some of the advantages of rural tourism development. This research seeks to determine an innovative strategy based on which it is possible to prioritize investment options for the development of rural tourism with specific financial resources. For this purpose, based on the hierarchical analysis method, the effective criteria for attracting tourists in the tourism target villages of Tabas region (Azmeighan, Khoro, Helvan and Esfak) were prioritized and then, using the obtained coefficients, the investment model was developed in the form of the mathematical programming of integer zero and one method was compiled and implemented. The results show that the criterion of natural attractions is the first and most effective factor in attracting tourists. Environmental-geographical factors, advertising and information and infrastructure and facilities are in the second to fourth priorities of the most effective criteria in attracting tourists. The results of the zero and one planning model indicate that strengthening the rural tourism infrastructure and recreational infrastructure for the villages of Azmeighan and Esfak is the priority of investment because these items have been selected in all the examined scenarios with different amounts of financial resources. Increasing accommodation centers, creating eco-tourism centers and traditional restaurants in the target villages, holding competitions and festivals such as rice, date, and orange festivals or holding special tours on Yalda night, Nowruz, hydrotherapy, geology, rural studies, village tours, and holding a desert climbing conference is one of the ways to strengthen rural tourism in this region.

Extended abstract
Introduction and

The activity of distributing sesame products has a high risk due to the lack of complete knowledge of consumers in different regions of the country. One of the methods of informing about the benefits of the offered products is advertising, which, if successful, leads to a reduction in the risk of the activity and, as a result, improves the business related to the distribution of these products in the country. But success in advertising depends on choosing the type of advertising and information.

In this research, considering different criteria in prioritizing advertising tools and using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, advertising criteria, and advertising tools were ranked.

Based on the results, the criteria of trust building, audience coverage, and the possibility of product testing were ranked higher than the criteria of cost, advertisement life, and advertisement effectiveness. Also, broadcast media, person-to-person marketing, and print media are three tools that have a higher priority according to experts.

Results showed that sales managers and suppliers of sesame products, considering the quality level of the product should use broadcast media in the field of introducing this product. Because this work covers a large part of the audience and compared to other advertising tools therefore, it is more effective. Of course, due to the high cost of broadcast media, they can use one-to-one marketing tools because it allows the customer to use the product as a sample test and create a measure of trust in the consumer.

This research is the first attempt in Iran to analyze the efficiency of the research centers of ANRREO in implementing student theses joint with MSRT

This research used data envelope analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of the AREEO research units in conducting theses and dissertations.

Based on the results, over 50% and 42% of the research units were efficient from the research perspective in conducting Ph.D. dissertations and master’s theses, respectively.

Based on the results, the priority of faculty members and research centers is the number of theses and dissertations supervised or advised, so it is recommended to work on downgrading the priority of the quantity of theses and dissertations for the sake of upgrading the priority of efficiency, quality, and research outputs..

This research is the first attempt in Iran to analyze the efficiency of the research centers of ANRREO in implementing student theses joint with MSRT

This research used data envelope analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of the AREEO research units in conducting theses and dissertations.

Based on the results, over 50% and 42% of the research units were efficient from the research perspective in conducting Ph.D. dissertations and master’s theses, respectively.

Based on the results, the priority of faculty members and research centers is the number of theses and dissertations supervised or advised, so it is recommended to work on downgrading the priority of the quantity of theses and dissertations for the sake of upgrading the priority of efficiency, quality, and research outputs.

Greenhouse cucumber is one of the most importance economic crops in Iran and many countries of the world. Many diseases threaten cucumber, and in other words, this product is always exposed to pathogenic organisms in its living environment, in which fungi and other plant pathogens cause many losses in vegetable and summer fields in Iran and around the world. Destructive diseases that cause significant damage to vegetable and summer crops in fields and greenhouses every year are seedling death disease and plant death disease caused by Phytophthora pseudofungus. The use of plant extracts and essential oils are of great value because so far no resistance to these types of compounds has been observed in pests and diseases, perhaps the reason for this is the presence of various effective compounds in these compounds and considering. The existing problems regarding the use of fungicides, study and research on new and reliable and low-cost methods for the control and management of plant diseases is a necessity for agriculture mangment in the world. In this study, the antifungal effects of denaei thyme essential oil (Zataria multiflora) & two fungicides fusetyl aluminum & metalaxyl-mancozeb were investigated to control the disease of greenhouse cucumber caused by Phytophthora.

In autumn and winter of 2018, sampling of cucumber greenhouses suspected of contamination was done in Garmsar city, Semnan province, Iran. The pathogenicity test of pseudofungal isolates was performed. Cucumber seeds were transferred to pots after germination and having two leaves. In the three- to four-leaf stage of the seedlings, the soil near the crown and roots was removed and the colony causing Phythophthora disease was placed next to the crown. In the control treatment, only pure culture medium without pseudofungi was used. Disease evaluation was done one month later. The test of mixing these three factors (thyme essential oil & two fungicides fosetil aluminum & metalaxyl-mancozeb) was used for laboratory tests. In this research, in addition to the effect of denaei thyme essential oil, fustil aluminum and metalaxyl-mancozeb were also used in five concentrations of 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 ppm on Phytophthora pseudofungus. In order to determine the inhibition percentage of denaeithyme extract. Also,denaei thyme extract was evaluated in different concentrations including 250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm. In  greenhouse tests including pathogenicity test, evaluation of the mentioned treatments on the symptoms of the disease caused by Phytophthora sp. The activity of peroxidase, catalase & phenylalanine ammonialyase was also investigated. In tirst, the seeds of the cucumber plant after disinfection and cultivation in pots, in the stage of three to four leaves, according to the method of proving pathogenicity, respectively, the pathogen of Phytophthora sp. were inoculated (Gholamnezhad et al., 2016). After 24 hours, 50 ml of denaei thyme extract and the fungicides used in this research were added to the soil around the roots of the plants infected with the pathogen with a concentration of 1500 and 150 ppm, respectively.

The results showed that among the five fungal isolates studied in this study, isolates P1 & P5 caused more disease (78.52 & 62.68%, respectively). In the test of the effect of different treatments in preventing the growth of pathogenic fungal mycelium, a concentration of 60 ppm of metalaxyl-mancozeb fungicide with 96.32% had the highest effect in the control of the pathogen, but also concentration of 5 ppm of fossil aluminum with a rate of 12.30% had the lowest effect. . In present reserch metalaxyl-mancozeb fungicide 150 ppm by 88.60% inhibition of the pathogen and fusitel aluminum fungicide 150 ppm by 79.37% reduction of disease in the greenhouse were the best treatments during study. These results showed that to increase the effectiveness of this essential oil, it is necessary to use a higher concentration of essential oil compared to the chemical compounds studied in this study.

According to the results of this study, thyme essential oil has a high potential both in terms of antifungal power and induction of plant defense mechanisms against plant pathogens. However, the results of parametric analysis as well as analysis of variance showed that, compared to chemical compounds, higher concentrations of plant essential oils should be used to combat this disease.

Pollinators that feed on insect-pollinated plants have an important role in the food chain. Because pollinator insects have the potential to raise the value of agricultural crops and are very helpful in the nitrogen stabilization and the prevention of pest invasions. The present study mainly investigated the contribution of three services of insect pollination in rangeland along with the valuation of the services. In the study, to calculate the share of each service, cutting and weighing methods (for forage production) and engineering economics methods (replacement cost and Transfer of Benefits) were used to calculate the economic value in 2017. These services include increased yield of agricultural supply, upgraded nitrogen fixation by nitrogen fixing plants in rangelands, and reduction of plant pests and diseases by pollinator insects. Each service value was anticipated to be 15.31%, 48.9% and 35.78% of the overall of insect pollination, respectively. Besides, the extent of pollinator insects services value per hectare and the whole rangeland ecosystem was 62.37$ and 649096.5$, respectively. Consequently, following the outcome of the present study, preservation of insect pollination services is considerable to sustain and keep food security, sustainable agricultural development, sustainable employment, and protection of natural, environmental ecosystems and the environment, especially rangelands. Thus, insect pollinator services were regarded significant by policy makers and managers.

Water is the most valuable asset to human beings, especially in Iran, where large areas are covered by arid and desert regions, while Iran has the highest freshwater extraction (90-94 percent) for agricultural use. . Virtual water integrates agricultural and economic concepts with emphasis on water as a key factor in production. On the other hand, one of the most important economic policies of governments on agricultural products is a guaranteed purchase policy to protect the producer. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of guaranteed purchase policy on virtual water in Yazd province for the period 1368-1977. The results of estimating self-verification and error correction models showed that the variable of virtual water index, production amount, average cost and virtual variable had a significant positive effect on the guaranteed price of wheat. and between the guaranteed price, vitual water and the average cost there is a causality and positive long-term relationship Also, the change in price from the guaranteed price variable has a negative and decreasing effect on the virtual water over a period of ten years, but at the end of the shock and long-term it is moderately positive in the positive region with little downward effect. Consequently, it should be considered as an important factor in the adoption of supportive policies, especially the guaranteed purchase policy, as well as to support the manufacturer of the guaranteed purchase policy with respect to the virtual water variable.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of short-term and long-term factors such as real exchange rate, domestic production of products of the melons, the ratio of domestic prices to world prices and income importing countries on export volume. Using the data and information gathered from different formal national and international sources, the supply function of melons products are estimated by ARDL model. Microfit and Eviews software. The results show a significant positive effect of production and a significant negative effect on world prices than domestic prices in the short term and long term on the volume of exports. So depending on the direction of government policy to reduce or increase the export of melons, changes in domestic prices to world prices (through changes in export tariffs) as well as changes in domestic production (through changes in cropping patterns and changes in farmers support system) can be effective.

The issue of food self-sufficiency is one of the most important and strategic issues in our country.With the introduction of the model of resistance economy in recent years, this has become more important. Self-sufficiency in the production of agricultural products, especially wheat, is very important as the most basic product needed by society. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the self-sufficiency coefficient of Iranian wheat with respect to the resistance economy during the period 1989 -2017 in Iran, using the VAR. The results of estimating the self-explanatory model show that the value-added variables of agricultural sector (as an indicator of resilient economy), mechanization coefficient of agricultural sector, facility rate of agricultural bank and guaranteed price of wheat have a positive and significant effect on wheat self-sufficiency coefficient. There is a causal and positive relationship between the added value of the agricultural sector. Also, the change by the value-added variable has positive and decreasing effects on the self-sufficiency coefficient during a ten-year period, and at the end of the shock, the effect of this shock is adjusted with a slight decreasing effect in the corresponding region. Therefore, considering the positive relationship between self-sufficiency coefficient and value added as an indicator of resilient economy, it is suggested to increase the facilities and credits required to improve the wheat self-sufficiency coefficient.

Environmental pollution is a major problem associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rising living standards for people. A large effort has been made to control the pollution from waste disposal by converting unwanted waste into raw materials suitable for reuse and useful use. Problems related to the disposal of solid industrial waste are mostly related to the infrastructural shortage and negligence of the industries in adopting effective solutions. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic effects of steel industry development on the environment in Ardakan. The required data was obtained in 1395 by collecting statistics and information recorded in Ardakan's offices, as well as completing 513 two-dimensional dual-response questionnaires on the air pollution section and a total of 244 two-dimensional two-dimensional questionnaires in agricultural sector. In this study, using the preferred logistic approach and the logit model, the tendency of individuals to ignore the damage caused by the steel industry as the air pollution was 15757360 Rials and and for damage to the agricultural products were 7646640 Rials. According to the results, 77% of the respondents believed that contamination caused by steel industry affected mental health, and 23% thought otherwise.  The results indicated that in the year 1395 the total value of intangible damages was 1.6 thousand billion rials and the total value of gross tangible damages were 1.2 thousand billion rials. In other words, it is necessary to at least invest the same amounts to prevent the harmful effects of steel industry in Ardakan steel industries.

The market structure of the sugar industry in Iran, due to the production of high share of products by a few firms, has moved away from competitive market conditions, which is expected to result in market failure due to the inefficiency of monopoly. So the main questions addressed in this paper are; How we can increase the share of low-income firms and what is the relationship between the efficiency of firms and the market structure of this industry. In order to answer these questions, using the cross-efficiency ranking method, the maximum relative distance from the anti-ideal virtual decision-making unit based on the data envelopment analysis method and the efficiency of these companies was evaluated. Then, using parametric models, the relationships among behavior, profitability, efficiency and market structure of these firms were examined. Statistics and information of sugar factories in Iran in 2014 were analyzed using GAMS and SHAZAM softwares. Based on the results, there is an interaction relationship between structure and performance in the industries in sugar supply chain. Increasing the profitability of small-scale units compared to large units by implementing supportive policies and reducing the cost of providing inputs, increasing the efficiency and quality of sugar production through investment in R&D, branding, developing new markets by implementing export incentive policies and productivity management cycle are ways to modify the structure of the sugar supply chain.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the demand for Iranian sugar imports considering the two countries of Brazil and the United Arab Emirates as the major importers of sugar to Iran. It should be noted that the UAE acts as a re-exporter and is not a sugar producer. Therefore, time series data from 1992-2016 and Auto-Regressive Distributed lag (ARDL) was used. The results of long-term estimates show that 1% increase in GDP increases the demand for sugar imports by 4.73%, and 1% increase in relative prices and exchange rate reduces the demand for sugar imports by 28%. Also, if the Brazilian export rate increases by one unit, the demand for Iranian sugar imports from Brazil would increase by 0.8% unit compared with the UAE. The Error Correction Model (ECM) in the sugar import demand function also shows that the rate of 0.68% deviation of sugar import from its long-term path is corrected by pattern variables in the next period. Finally, policymakers should consider the exchange rate variable as one of the most important factors influencing foreign trade, especially sugar.

Sugar beet is one of the industrial productions of agricultural sector that plays an important role in providing the required sugar inside. In the present study, the types of efficiency including technical efficiency Under Constant and Variable Return to Scale efficiency, allocative, economics, scale, and management efficiency have been calculated. In addition, Sugar beet producers were ranked using method basis application of data envelopment analysis. This research was performed using data of 13 sugar beet producing provinces in 2014 in the GAMS software. Based on the results of calculating the economic efficiency of sugar beet producers, there is a great potential for improving economic efficiency in the studied areas. The investigations of this research reflect the fact that the main factor in the difference in economic efficiency is technical efficiency and the scale efficiency is the factor of lowing in technical efficiency. Based on the cross-efficiency results West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah and Khorasan Razavi provinces have the highest and provinces of Semnan, South Khorasan and Ilam have the lowest rank. The results of the ranking also show that, among the more efficient provinces, those who have a larger share than sugar beet production have a better performance. The approach of the maximum relative distance from anti ideal decision making unit provides the most favorable outcome for the differentiation of the efficiency of decision-making units. Government support increasing and shopping law reform can reduce the risk of production and thus increase the scale of production in the cultivation of sugar beet yield.

In the 3 last decades, there were efforts to consider the economic value of ecosystems in the framework of virtual markets, in order to have a better recognition and protection toward them. Therefore, the authors of current study tried to use conditional valuation and mutual 2-dimensional technique, since they have a good knowledge about the valuable services of forest ecosystem of Sheikh mousa in Babol city. 157 questionnaires were distributed among the population (eastern banpey region in Babol) in 2017-2018 period. The factors effective on propensity to pay to stakeholders based on Protective valuation scheme had been investigated. In addition, sampling was performed according to Michel & Carson’s method. The current study is quantitative and results were analyzed in maple 18, shazam 11 & excel 2016 software. The consistency and reliability of information resulted from logit pattern showed that proposed price, age, not being the head of family, visiting the area and environmental ethics are the main effective factors on the propensity to payment for protecting the forest ecosystem of sheikh mousa region. In addition, the annual propensity toward individual payment is equal to 7892.92 Rials (1.87 dollars), and the overall protective value of mentioned ecosystem is more than 2276 million Rials (66096 dollars). In addition, the minimum voluntary investment (available capital) to protect the forest ecosystem of sheikh mousa, from the preference perspective of stakeholders of related society is around 1289 million Rials. According to the obtained results, it can be argued that protecting from this forest ecosystem because of its valuable services from stakeholders perspective is very important. Therefore it is suggested that by establishment of NGO and workshops in the city by corresponding authorities, the environmental ethics and tendencies of people toward protection of such ecosystem get changed. In addition, performing more studies about other applications and services of these type of ecosystems is proposed, in order to have a higher and better understanding in public community and responsible managers about these ecosystems.

Attention to rangeland ecosystems is important because rangeland ecosystems have significant impacts on human agriculture and food security and also have various functions that would not be possible for humans to live without. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to estimate the conservation value and investigate the contribution and ranking of selected Sheikh Moussa rangeland ecosystem services through people's preferences in the form of Choice Modeling (CE). For the next study, the most important Sheikh Moussa rangeland services, including biodiversity, medicinal plants, ecotourism and artefacts, have been identified through field survey and ecosystem services separation. In order to investigate the preferences of the individuals, 170 questionnaires were distributed among the population of the Eastern Bandipur district in the 2017. The results of the present study showed that individuals' annual Willingness To Pay (WTP) to improve the status of the desired ecosystem services amounted to 66692.29 Rials ($ 2.55) and the total value of services rendered was 2667 million Rials ($ 8219.09). The results show that the variables of income, being the head of household and visiting the area are the most important factors affecting the willingness to pay. Based on the values obtained, the priority of the people of the region is to focus more on biodiversity services. Also, the value obtained by the selection test method was able to provide the contribution of each function according to Lancaster's theory. Consequently, ..

Sustainable management and exploitation of natural and semi-natural ecosystems require adequate information about the economic values of ecosystem services. This study aimed at estimating the value of tourism on the margin of Zayandehrood river in the area of Azadegan village of Ben County in Iran as well as studying the role of tourism in the development of this village. For this purpose, the economic value was estimated in contingent valuation method (CVM) using the general preferences approach and the logit model. The required data were collected by completing 554 double-duplex selection questionnaires in the studied village in 2017. The study results showed that the variables of age, education and income of respondents had significantly positive effects and the variables of household size and the proposed amounts of money (BID) had significantly negative effects on willingness to pay (WTP). Also, each person's WTP was estimated 8490 IR rials per month and the total value of tourism on the margin of the river was estimated to be 6,888 million IR rials. Therefore, policies for investment in rural development might be taken with due consideration to this valuable endowment.

Population growth and the spread of science and technology have led to the removal of natural resources from natural sources of danger to the environment. The natural resources of each country are one of the major infrastructures of its economic development, and this is especially true in developing countries. Sustainable management of natural and semi-natural ecosystems requires adequate information on the economic value of ecosystem services. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is aimed at preventing the destruction and unnecessary utilization of natural resources and modifying and modifying the national computing system. The purpose of this study is to estimate the value of environmental capital of Ben in 201. In this study, in order to calculate the relative value of environmental capital markets, alternative methods of cost-effective engineering and cost of opportunity and to estimate the economic value of non-market capitalization of the environment through the conditional valuation method, utilizing the approach of the proposed preferences and the model Logit is used. Data needed in this study include statistics and information recorded in the provincial departments, as well as completion of 554 two-dimensional double-choice questionnaires in Ben in 2016. The non-market values of this city were divided into two sections: recreational and recreational areas.The results of the study showed that recreation and conservation value of the region was estimated using the conditional valuation method, 37727/96 and 30420/02 million and the market value was estimated using the opportunity cost method of 3307107/16 million million rials. The total value of the environmental capital of the city was 3375255/14 million rials in 2016, which represents the minimum value of the investment of politicians in the region.

Despite the recent droughts in Isfahan province, climatic changes and the rising trend of population growth, as well as development of industrial and agricultural activities, are exposed to the water crisis. Thus, in order to tackle this problem, the essential strategies should including exploring virtual water and water foot print for strategic crops in agricultural sector should be taken into consideration for the management of water supplies at risk. This study was aimed to examine virtual water and ecologic fingerprint of water for the wheat crop in Isfahan Province from the farming year 2006-7 through 2014-15. For this purpose, the quantity of virtual water was extracted using net irrigation demand by NETWAT software and the rate of irrigation efficiency was computed to be 48%. The results indicated that only in 2007, Isfahan province was an exporter of virtual water for the wheat crop, so this province exported about 0.15 billion cubic meters of virtual water to other provinces by wheat exportation, but Isfahan province was the only virtual water in the years (2008-15) and this was due to the annual population rise and the existing drought in this zone. During this period, the rate of the mean annual rate of ecological footprint of water was 5.87 billion cubic meters and Isfahan Province stored this volume of water from the given internal supplies annually, with the mean rate of 0.65 billion cubic meters of virtual water importation at that year.

Extraction from underground waters more than natural discharge of watershed has led to balance deficit and lowering level of water tables and water shortage in many regions. The current research mainly aims to estimate economic and environmental consequences of extraction from underground waters in Ardakan County. In order to determine final personal cost of consumers, sum of annual pumping costs and sum of well drilling costs were calculated 63 billion and 290 billion Rials respectively. In section of additional costs due to extraction, the sum of protective value of underground waters was estimated 22 billion Rials in Ardakan County, using conditional valuation and a two-dimensional technique. The cost for reducing production of farming crops as a part of additional costs caused by extraction was estimated 1’211 billion Rials with respect to statistics of years i.e. 1987-2016. Much difference between additional cost of extraction and personal cost of consumers may be useful in changing attitude of the officials and sectors of industry and agriculture as the greatest consumers of water supplies for optimal consumption of subterranean water supplies. Also, sum of cost for extraction from underground waters (1’586 billion Rials) contribute to the government and policymakers to justify alternative for water transfer in this zone.

Rangeland ecosystems provide a wide range of services such as gas regulation function whose economic value has not been understood. The present study aimed to estimate the economic value of CO2 absorption and oxygen generation services using unit price in Sheikh Musa Rangeland, Mazandaran Province, Iran. In the study area, clipping and weight and photosynthesis methods were applied to estimate dry matter production, CO2 absorption, and oxygen production. Also, Shadow price, Replacement cost, and Social cost methods priced the economic value of gas regulation function differently. Finally, their means were compared and their geometric mean was used as the unit price; then, the economic value of the function was estimated in 2016. Results showed that Sheikh Musa Rangeland ecosystem annually produces 2081.4 t dry matters and 2454 t oxygen and absorbs 7294.15 t CO2. Given the estimated price, the value of CO2 absorption function was found to be 7264.6 million IRR and the economic value of oxygen production was calculated as 3,852 million IRR per year. In overall, the economic value of Sheikh Musa ecosystem was estimated as 11117.4 million IRR (318364 US $) per year and 1.06 million IRR per ha. Given the valuation that shows the minimum value of Sheikh Musa ecosystem and high importance of its gas regulation function, it is recommended to conduct further studies on pricing models for Rangeland ecosystems and to apply environmental management practices for the sake of Rangeland and local health.

One of the most important issues in the world literature is to measure and assess the degree of competitiveness and monopoly in the markets and determine the structure of the international market. One of the main goals of countries in the world of trade has long been gaining a greater share of the international market. Iran is one of the largest pomegranate producers and exporters in the world. The present study evaluates Iran's pomegranate demand by using parametric models and panel data for countries exporting pomegranates from Iran during the period of 1993 to 2013. The results showed that the price elasticity of the pomegranate demand is -0.06. This means that as prices rise, there is no significant reduction in the demand of the importing countries, and it shows demand of Iran pomegranate in the global market is inelastic. These results are consistent with the calculation indices of the Herfindahl – Hirschman, share of two largest firms and eight largest firms in the pomegranate world market structure, which highlights the strong focus of the market for Iran and India. It seems that that the continuation of the current process may endanger Iran's market power and position. Finding new business models, marketing and participating in international exhibitions are some of the strategies to maintain and expand Iran's pomegranate demand in global markets.

The stability of trade patterns may cause economic stability inside the country and increase competitive power at international trade for any country. Therefore, in this article was investigated the trade patterns of selected MENA countries have been identified in three sectors of agriculture, industry and mines, and energy by the aid of calculation of some indices such as Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA). The needed data and information were collected from World Bank website for calculation of the given indices in form of panel data during years 2000- 2014 for three sectors including agriculture, industry and mine and energy. The results showed that the trade pattern for the aforesaid countries has been sustainable in agriculture and energy sectors for long run. However, trade pattern was variable for short-term and Specialization level has been reduced in these countries in terms of trade. In these conditions, governments can contribute to the sustainability of their business models with determining exported goods that have an advantage in different sectors and provide better conditions for trade their goods. Iran due to having active labor force and various advantages in different sectors among MENA countries could provide favorable conditions for itself. Therefore, many studies need to be done in this area to define trade positioning and increase competition power in the region and the globe.

In recent years, coinciding with the rise of limited water resources, the concept of "water use efficiency" has also received more attention. Water is one of the important inputs in agricultural production is limited. The purpose of the management of water resources in agriculture, increase productivity and enhance water use efficiency. For this purpose, in this study, using data envelopment analysis, efficiency of water per crop in the province of Egypt during the years 1383 to 1394 were reviewed.Data input on six companies which produce exclusively the product of the sugarcane industry in Khuzestan province, the collection and use of software Gmzbrrsy and the results showed that the average efficiency of irrigation water use for the cultivation of sugar cane in the period under review about 70% and an average efficiency of inputs for production in the period under review 80 percent.

Geosmin and MIB have been identified to be the major taste and odor-causing compounds in drinking water. Conventional treatment processes in water treatment plants, such as aeration, coagulation, flocculation, chlorination and/or ozonation, and adsorption have been found to be ineffective for removal of MIB/geosmin. The grassy or fishy odor is highly dependent on the enormous growth of algae in the warm months. In Kardeh dam reservoir, Geosmin is the major cause of odor in water. The main sources of the Geosmin in this reservoir are from entrance of the Urban and rural sewages, industrial wastewater, and agricultural effluents, that provides the nutrients for alga growth. Investigation of the numerous techniques shows that based on the technical and economic considerations a combined approach is the only effective procedure applicable for Kardeh Dam. In the combined procedure algae is removed first by using a combination of ultrasound waves and aeration by a super deep aerator in a biphasic water and air process. Then, final purification was done by adsorption in column filters containing coal and activated carbon in the overflow output Pulsators.