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The release of adipokines from adipose tissue depots plays a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and several other physiological processes, including diabetes, obesity, and vascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asprosin, lipid profile and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male rats.

24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (C), control traning (C+T), diabet (D) and diabet traning (D+T). Diabetes was induced by the combined method of high fat diet and low dose strepotozocin injection. The traning group performed the HIIT program on the treadmill for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed increased plasma asprosin in D group compared to C (P=0.0001) and decreased in C+T group compared to C (P=0.03) and D+T group compared to D (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in HOMA-IR between the C and C+T group (P=0.9) but decreased in D+T compared to D (P=0.0001). HDL increased in D+T group compared to the D (P=0.0001) and decreased TG and LDL (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between TG and LDL in the C group compared to the C+T, but HDL increased in C+T (P=0.01).

Plasma asprosin increases in rats with type 2 diabetes and HIIT can reduce the complications of diabetes by improved lipid profile and reduce asprosin and insulin resistance.

The aim this study was to investigate the effect of sedentary lifestyle on Telomere system of mice skeletal muscle.

The subjects were C57BL/6 mice (n=24) that were randomly divided into four groups: Base control (n=6), control (n=6), LIIT (n=6), and HIIT (n=6) groups. The exercise includes 5 days a week for 8 weeks and then kept inactive for 4 weeks. The factors were measured after DNA and RNA extraction using Real time-PCR method. The data were evaluated using two-way ANOVA test.

The results of this study showed that there wasn’t a significant difference between the expression of TRF1 gene in ST and FT muscles (P=0.825), sedentary lifestyle type (P=0.062) and the interaction between muscle type and sedentary lifestyle type (P=0.408). There was no significant difference between the expression of TRF2 gene in ST and FT muscles (P=0.073), sedentary lifestyle type (P=0.309) and the interaction between muscle type and sedentary lifestyle type (P=0.093). In general, There was no significant difference between the telomere length in ST and FT muscles (P=0.763), sedentary lifestyle type (P=0.053) and the interaction between muscle type and sedentary lifestyle type (P=0.651).

Applying sedentary lifestyle types, including inactivity after High and low-intensity exercise, affects the telomere system in skeletal muscle in both muscles the same. It seems that the effect of inactivity in people with an experience of exercise with different intensities does not have a different effect on the type of skeletal muscle tissue.

Aging is an inevitable process of life that occurs with a decrease in muscle function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of klotho, myostatin, and muscle function in middle-aged women.

A total of 20 middle-aged women with a mean age of 42±2 were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Subjects practiced three sessions per week for 8 weeks., Blood samples of 5 cc were taken from the subjects 48 hours before the first session and after the last training session respectively. After centrifugation and separation of serum, the concentrations of klotho and myostatin were measured using an ELISA kit. Muscle performance was also measured by measuring muscle strength, muscle endurance, and the explosive power of the legs.

The results showed that eight weeks of resistance training significantly increased serum klotho levels (p≤0.05) and decreased serum myostatin levels (p≤0.05). Resistance training was also able to increase muscle function in this sample. The difference between the training group and the control group was significant for BMI (Body mass index), fat percentage, and muscle percentage(p≤0.05), but not significant for WHR(waist to hip ratio)factor (p>0.05). The results of Pearson correlation test between klotho and muscle strength, muscle endurance and explosive power were also significant (p≤0.05).

 Based on the results, resistance training can possibly play a role in improving the physical condition and muscle function of middle-aged women by balancing positive muscle growth regulators such as klotho and negative ones such as myostatin.

Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver enzyme disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training with different intensities on liver enzymes levels in patients with fatty liver who were working as disciplinary force staff in Ahvaz, Iran.

Participants in this study were patients with fatty liver in age range of 30-50 years who were working as disciplinary force staff in Ahvaz, Iran. Out of 200 patients diagnosed with fatty liver, 30 volunteers were selected and studied in this study. The participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 subjects, including: 1. High-intensity resistance training 2. Moderate-intensity resistance training, and 3. Control group. Using blood sampling, the levels of AST, ALT and ALKp enzymes were measured in the laboratory at the beginning and end of 8 weeks of resistance training. Data normalization was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test were used to examine the differences between the three groups. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 18 at a significance level of 0.05 (α = 0.05).

The results showed that high intensity resistance training had a significant effect on AST, ALT and ALKp enzymes (P ≤ 0.001). On the other hand, moderate intensity training had a significant effect on AST and ALT enzymes (P ≤ 0.001), while this type of training had no significant effect on ALKp levels (P ≤ 0.099).

Both moderate and high intensity resistance training can improve AST, ALT and ALKp enzyme levels; however, high-intensity resistance training seems to play a more prominent part.

The process of chronic diseases and aging is associated with reduced telomere length. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-intensity interval training (LIIT) on telomere repeat binding factor 1 and 2 (TRF1 and TRF2) in Soleus (SOL) muscle as a slow-twitch (ST) and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle as a fast-twitch (FT) of mice skeletal muscle.

In this experimental study, the subjects were C57BL/6 mice (n=24) that were randomly divided into four groups of 6 mice: 1-Base control, 2-control, 3-high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and 4-low-intensity interval training (LIIT). The exercise included 5 days a week for 8 weeks. The gene expression of muscle tissues was measured using RT-PCR. The data were evaluated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.

By comparing ST and FT muscles (p=0.791) and HIIT and LIIT groups (p=0.164) and also the interaction between muscle type and training intensity (p=0.929), there was no significant difference in the expression of TRF1 gene. There was no significant interaction between TRF2 gene expression in ST and FT muscles at different intensities (p=0.868). But the results of Tukey’s post hoc test showed that in terms of TRF2 gene expression, HIIT (p=0.031) and LIIT (p=0.035) groups showed more increase compared to the control group.

HIIT and LIIT similarly improved the telomere system in skeletal muscle of both muscle types, and this system was more affected by telomere elongation effect of TRF2.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on leptin to adiponectin (L/A) ratio and glycemic control indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Among men with type 2 diabetes, 24 person [mean age (48.7 ± 0.71 years) and BMI (30.7 ± 3.3 kg / m2)] randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise (n = 12) and control group (n = 12). The aerobic exercise program was performed as eight weeks of running, five sessions per week, for one hour with an intensity of 50 to 75% of the HRR. Leptin, adiponectin, L/A ratio, HbA1c, plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity were measured in pretest and posttest. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the intergroup test showed that plasma leptin levels and L/A ratio decreased and adiponectin levels increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Moreover, insulin, glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR levels in the aerobic exercise group decreased compared to the control group and the level of insulin sensitivity increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Despite these results, the correlation test indicated no significant relationship between L/A ratio with glycemic control indices (P> 0.05). The improvement in L/A appears to be due to the effect of aerobic exercise on changes in BMI and fat percentage; however, the improvement mechanism of glycemic control indices probably has other pathways than adipokines that need to be studied

Beneficial goals of CrossFit training are its shorter duration, which results in greater health gains than traditional exercise for type 2 diabetes patients.The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a Crossfit training a period on fetuin B serum level and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes.

In this semi-experimental research, 30 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to two Crossfit groups (age: 40.75 ± 3.93 years; body mass index: 29.49 ± 2.31 kg/m2; fasting blood sugar 168.67 ± 6.20 mg/dL) and control (age: 41.55 ± 3.11 years; body mass index: 30.55 ± 2.45 kg/m2; fasting blood sugar 164.46 ± 6.25 mg/dL) were divided. Crossfit exercises (training intensity in the first 4 weeks with 70-75% of the reserve heart rate and from 5-8 week with 75-80% of the reserve heart rate) every other day (three sessions per week, each training session includes 6-3 Crossfit training stations. The movements used in these stations were multi-joint and full-body movements) and were performed for eight weeks. Blood sampling was measured fasting and 48 hours before and after the training intervention. The intensity of the exercises was controlled by heart rate. Intra-group comparison was done by dependent t-test and inter-group comparison was done by analysis of covariance test with a significance level of P≤0.05 using SPSS software.

After eight weeks of Crossfit training, there was a significant decrease in serum fetoin B (P≤0.036), total cholesterol (P<0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P<0.001) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein.
(P<0.001) was observed in the training group compared to the control group

According to the results, it can be said that the reduction of Fetuin B as a biomarker related to dyslipidemia is related to the improvement of lipid profile due to adaptation to Crossfit exercises.

Obesity, sedentary, and vitamin D deficiency are closely linked to diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on plasma levels of vitamin D and glycemic control indicators in type 2 diabetic patients.

From among males with type 2 diabetes, 24 patients with mean age (49.5±0.81 years) and BMI (29.6±1.3 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups including aerobic exercise (n=12) and control (12 people). The aerobic exercise program was performed for eight weeks with an intensity of 50 to 75% of the heart rate reserve. Levels of vitamin D, HbA1c, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were measured in the pretest and posttest. Dependent t-test and analysis of covariance were used for intragroup and intergroup comparison and Pearson correlation test was used for the measurement of variables relationship.

The results showed that the percentage of HbA1c, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in the aerobic exercise group had a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0.05), However, vitamin D levels, insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in the aerobic exercise group increased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation test showed a significant relationship between vitamin D levels and glycemic control indicators in the aerobic exercise group (p<0.05).

In this study, it was observed that aerobic exercise is an effective strategy to improve glycemic control indicator in type 2 diabetic patients. This supportive effect is probably related to the development of plasma levels of vitamin D.

 Aging is one of the stages of life that needs special attention due to the special conditions of this period of life. Inactivity and myasthenia due to aging are important factors in reducing the physical and functional activities in the elderly, which can affect their quality of life. On the other hand, electromyostimulation (EMS) is one of the modern training methods that can be suitable for disabilities in the elderly. Also, the training sequence in concurrent training is one of the variables of training that can affect its adaptations. This study aimed to compare the effect of exercise sequence in concurrent training with EMS on the motor performance of elderly women.

In this semi-experimental single-blinded study, 50 healthy elderly female volunteers, age range of 60-70 years, were selected by random sampling divided randomly into the following groups (each group of 10 people): Aerobic-resistance training with EMS, resistance-aerobic exercise with EMS, rotational exercise (change of priority periodically in training sessions) with EMS, and rotational and control (without training) groups. The training protocol consisted of twelve weeks of exercise, three sessions per week, and each session three stages of warm-up (10-15 minutes), main exercises (20 minutes) and cooling (10 minutes). The main training program consisted of 20 minutes of parallel combination exercises, which were two 10-minute steps with a 3-5 minute intervals. Aerobic exercises were performed with the intensity of 70%-50% of maximum oxygen consumption and resistance exercises using body weight and elastic bands for different muscle groups. The training schedule was the same for all groups in terms of volume and intensity, with the only difference being in the exercise sequence and EMS presentation. Strength of the upper and lower torso muscles were measured with chest press and seated leg extension, respectively, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) with a one-mile Rockport walking test, muscular endurance with a 2-minute marching on a spot-test and lower torso strength with a walking test on the slope in two stages before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using dependent t-tests and Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS software V. 22 and P≥0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 Significant increase was observed in all measured dependent variables relative to the baseline values (P<0.001). In the study of intergroup changes, a significant increase was observed in VO2 max level, upper and lower torso strength, and muscular endurance in all of the intervention groups compared to the control group (P<0.001), but lower torso strength was significant only in the intervention groups with EMS compared to the control group (P<0.001). VO2 max changes and the lower torso strength in training groups with EMS were significantly higher than the groups without EMS (P<0.01). Also, the upper torso strength and the endurance of the lower torso muscles in the group with the priority of resistance training with EMS were higher than the combination group without EMS (P<0.01).

 Based on the results, it can be said that combined concurrent exercises are a useful method in promoting physical fitness and physical performance of elderly women, and the use of EMS can increase the effectiveness of adaptations resulting from exercise, especially lower torso strength in the elderly and can prevent complications associated with myasthenia. On the other hand, the training sequence with the priority of resistance training can be effective in increasing the effect of exercise on the variables of upper torso muscle strength and muscular endurance, but it does not have a significant effect on lower torso strength, cardiorespiratory endurance and lower torso strength.

Warm-up is one of the factors that influence the success and improvement of athletes record. The post-activation potentiation can be considered as one of the new methods of warm-up. During fast and dynamic activities, there is a high level of neuromuscular activation, so the exercises with maximum loads can activate the central nervous system tocreate suitable condition for explosive activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of post-activation potentiation in different rest periods on the explosive power of athlete girls.

In this semi-experimental study, 12 female athletes (mean body mass index 21.1 ± 4.40 kg/m2, and age 23.28 ± 1.98 years) performed a countermovement Jump test using force plate. Then, they performed the squat movement with three repetitions, with 85% of one maximum repetition, and after 30 seconds of passive rest, they repeat the same countermovement Jump test. After that, the same test was carried out with one, two, three, and five minutes passive rest. For statistical analysis, theShapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance with repeated measure method and Bonferron's post hoc test were used. All statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS softwareand significant level set at p < 0.05.

The results indicated that the reverse countermovement  Jump in post-tests were significantly higher at 30 second (p=0.001), 1 minute (p=0.001), 2 minutes (p=0.001) and 3 minutes (p=0.001) compared to pre-test, butdespite a slight increase in countermovement Jump with 5 minutes rest, this test did not change significantly (p=0.43) compared to the pre-test.

It seems that the use of squat movement after warm-up will increase the explosive performance, which can be beneficial in power, speed and explosive power sports.

The use of doxorubicin (Dox) in chemotherapy has irreversible effects on liver tissue. Therefore, the role of exercise activities and the use of antioxidants consumption on the mechanism of apoptosis induced by (Dox are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and crocin consumption on liver tissue apoptosis in male rats under chronic Dox induction.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (mean weight 200±20 g)and age range of 8 weeks divided into five groups including; 1: healthy control groups, 2: Dox (2 mg/kg in 7 doses), 3: Dox+crocin (10 mg/kg), 4: Dox+HIIT, and 5: Dox+HIIT+crocin.The training groups ran for 8 weeks, 5 days a week, at 2-minute intervals and with an intensity of 80 to 90% of the maximum speed. 48 hours after the last training session, liver biopsy were performed to assess the fibrosis and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes by (Real time-PCR) method. The results of statistical analysis were analyzed using by one-way (ANOVA), at p≤0.05.

Dox significantly increased Bax expression compared to Bax/Bcl-2 and also decreased Bcl-2 expression in liver tissue of the patient groups (p=0.001). In contrast, crocin and the combination of exercise and crocin decreased Bax expression compared to Bax/Bcl-2 and increased Bcl-2 expression in experimental groups compared to Dox group (p=0.001).

It seems the high intensity interval training with consumption of crocin has significant effect on the decrease of apoptosis in liver tissue in male rats subjected to chronic doxorubicin injection.

Despite the positive effects of HIIT training but it causes oxidative stress due to high intensity. Therefore, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplementation and omega-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress along with a high intensity interval training (HIIT) in physical education male students of Shahid Chamran University. This was a quasi-experimental and applied research.

For this purpose, from among the male students of physical education, 30 person with the age range of 22/18±1/67 years were placed in the three groups (control, vitamin E and omega-3) and took the supplement for two weeks. To analyse and measure MDA and catalase enzyme, blood samples were taken from subjects, before taking supplements, after the supplementation period, and immediately after completion of the maximum intensity interval test. Statistical analysis of covariance was performed by repeated measures for within-group changes and covariance analysis was used to examine inter-group changes.

The results showed that supplementation with vitamin E and omega-3 caused a non-significant reduction in the amount of MDA and non-significant increase in the amount of catalase enzyme (P≥ 0/05).

As a result, the consumption of these supplements are not effective in cope with oxidative stress.

Doxorubicin-increased oxidative stress destroys tumors and normal cells, especially in heart tissues. The objective of the present study was to investigate effects of eight weeks of aerobic training and crocin consumption on doxorubicin induced heart tissue oxidative stress in male rats.

In this experimental study, 50 male rats were randomly divided into five major groups of control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin with training, doxorubicin with crocin and doxorubicin with a combination of training and crocin. Doxorubicin was intraperitoneally injected at 2 mg/kg BW for seven weeks. The crocin treated groups orally received 10 mg/kg BW, five times per week for eight weeks. Aerobic training included 60 min of treadmill running with 40–60 of maximum speed, five times per week for eight weeks. Malondialdehyde levels and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were assessed in heart tissues. The ANOVA test was used to compare groups with each other. The significant level was considered at p ≤ 0.05.

Doxorubicin injection significantly increased malondialdehyde levels (p = 0.0001) and decreased catalase (p = 0.0001) and superoxide dismutase (p = 0.0001) activities in heart tissues. The eight weeks aerobic training, crocin consumption and combination of the two interventions decreased malondialdehyde levels (p = 0.0001) and increased catalase (p = 0.0001) and superoxide dismutase activities (p = 0.0001) in heart tissues of doxorubicin receivers.

Aerobic training and crocin consumption alone and in combination can decrease doxorubicin induced oxidative stress and improve internal antioxidant defense in doxorubicin receivers.

Studies showed that physical activity and saffron plant usage can positively affect the persons with testicle problems and subject to apoptosis. Crocins are rich in antioxidant compounds and increase sperm count and strength, motility and morphological ability of sperm. In this study, effect of eight-week exercise and crocin on the apoptotic indices of male rats’ testicles subjected to the apoptosis has been investigated by Doxorubicin.

  In this experimental study, 40 male rats were divided into control, scheme (doxorubicin), continuous exercise + doxorubicin, continuous exercise + doxorubicin + crocin, doxorubicin + crocin which were administered 50 mg/kg crocin for 8 weeks by gavage. All groups except the control group received doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg of body weight), six times at the end of each week. From the end of the second week until the end of the seventh week, the control group received only normal saline the same amount of doxorubicin. Continuous exercise groups for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, respectively, 16, 24, 32, 40 minutes on treadmill running, Blood and tissue samples were collected 48 hours after the last exercise session and after 10-12 hours of nocturnal fasting, after anesthesia, and Bcl-2 and Bax levels were measured using Real-Time PCR testicular tissue. The results of statistical analysis were analyzed by one-way (ANOVA), at P ≤ 0.05.

Continuous exercise + crocin + doxorubicin had a significant effect on decreasing Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and increasing Bcl-2, The experimental group with doxorubicin + exercise + crocin had the lowest mean difference (0.0008) and mean difference with the sham group with the highest mean difference (0.0061)
 (P ≤ 0.05).

The results of this study showed that continuous training and crocin-dependent injections reduce the free radicals and induce beneficial adaptation in the testicular tissue antioxidant system by reducing the toxicity induced by doxorubicin.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the simultaneous effect of high intensity interval training and decellularized amniotic membrane scaffold on gene expression of cell proliferation factors of satellite cells in the volumetric muscle loss injury in the tibialis anterior of rats.

In this experimental study, after preparation of human amniotic membrane and its decellularization process, volumetric muscle loss (VML) on the tibialis anterior muscle was performed on 24 rats. The rats were divided into two groups of 12 according to receiving and not receiving amniotic membrane scaffold. Each group was then divided into High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and untreated groups. Real-time PCR technique was used to examine the gene expression of the three PAX7, MyoD1 and Myogenin genes.

There was a significant difference in the gene expression of PAX7 in the HIIT group with scaffolds compared to the non-scaffold training group (p=0.004) and the other two groups (p<0.001). In the gene expression of MyoD1, the HIIT group was significantly different from the sedentary group with scaffold (p=0.050) and the two groups without scaffold (p<0.001), respectively. In the gene expression of Myogenin, the HIIT group was significantly different from the sedentary group with scaffold (p=0.031) and the two groups without scaffold (p<0.001), respectively.

The results showed that the combination of HIIT and insert of decellularized amniotic membrane scaffold increases the gene expression of PAX7, MyoD1 and Myogenin and may be effective in the regeneration of volumetric muscle loss injury.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic that is widely used as a chemotherapy agent. However, the benefit of this agent is limited due to its side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training and crocin consumption on oxidative stress in liver tissue of male rats under chronic induction of doxorubicin.

In the present experimental study, 40 Wistar male rats were placed in groups: Healthy control (saline), doxorubicin (control) (2 mg/kg in 7 doses), doxorubicin and crocin (2mg/kg), doxorubicin training, and doxorubicin, crocin and training. The training groups ran in 80-90% of maximum speed for 8 weeks, 5 days a week, with 2-minute intervals. The level of malondialdehyde, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in liver tissue was measured.

Doxorubicin significantly increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver tissue in the groups receiving doxorubicin compared to the healthy control group (P<0.001). Use of all three interventions caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level (P<0.001) and a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity as a result of exercise (both enzymes, P=0.001), crocin (P=0.002 and P=0.001) and combination of exercise and crocin (both enzymes, P=0.001) compared to the control group of doxorubicin. Also, the combined effect of exercise and crocin was better than the effect of each alone (P<0.001).

It seems that regular high intensity interval training, supplementation of crocin, or a combination of these two, can reduce the toxicity of doxorubicin by reducing oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute resistance exercise at different volume on plasma IL-6 response in active females. 10 active female student (age=25±50 yrs., Height= 164.10±3.58, weight= 61±125 Kg) with no resistance training experience, participated to cross-over design study. Subjects complete two acute resistance exercise sessions with different volumes (single set vs three sets), but same intensity (10RM) and rest interval between sets (2 min) with one week intervals between sessions. Resistance exercise sessions included 6 full body exercises. All sets performed to repetition failure. Two hours prior to exercises, participants consumed a standardized breakfast after an overnight fast. Blood samples collected pre- and immediately post exercise, and 24 hours post exercise. Blood samples was analyzed with Eliza Method. Results show that there was not significance difference (p< 0.05) between pre and immediately post and 24 hours post exercise in plasma IL-6 concentrations. Also, there was no significance difference (p< 0.05) between two groups in plasma IL-6 concentrations. This result indicated that Acute resistance exercise with moderate intensities can't change plasma IL-6 levels in active subjects. Also, volume of resistance exercise (single set & three sets) had no effect on plasma IL-6 levels in active female subject.

Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on HMGB1 protein levels and some oxidative stress biomarkers in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain.

40 male Wistar rats (weighing 220 ± 10.2 g) were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy + exercise, healthy exercise, and healthy control.Diabetes was induced by STZ injection (50 mg/kg).After confirming the development of diabetes neuropathy by behavioral tests, exercise groups received 6 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise with an average intensity of 15 m/min for 30 minutes on a treadmill.Serum levels of HMGB1 were measured by ELISA and malondialdehyde (MAD) concentrations and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in spinal cord were determined by biochemical methods.Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Aerobic exercise significantly reduced the serum level of HMGB1 protein and MDA concentration and increased the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes compared to diabetic neuropathy group (p <0.05).Also, HMGB1 levels and MDA increased and the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes decreased in the diabetic neuropathy group (p <0.05).

Aerobic exercise seems to modify the HMGB1 protein levels and oxidative stress and improve the sensitivity of the nociceptors to painful agents.It is suggested that aerobic exercise be used as a non-prescriptive therapeutic intervention for diabetic patients to reduce neuropathic pain.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelination of the central nervous system which has caused a lot of complications for affected patients and leads disability. Today, along with other sciences, the field of research of sports science is trying to find ways to improve disorders caused by diseases and sport injuries and to improve the health of people in the community. Regarding the importance of complementary therapies, this study aimed to investigate the effect of two types of aerobic training on inflammatory cytokines of IFN-γ in animal samples with MS.

The sample included 96 C57bl6 mice. After preparation and induction in the form of EAE model, swimming training was conducted in 8 groups of 6, including healthy groups (control, swimming) and MS (control, swimming, interferon, swimming + interferon, control, injection and control). Moreover, in the case of wheel running training, they were divided into eight groups of 10 including healthy groups (control, wheel running) and MS (control, wheel running, interferon, wheel running + interferon, injection control, wheel running control and injection). The animal models performed the exercise protocol after one week of environmental compatibility. After blood sampling, IFN-γ concentration was measured with specific kits in the laboratory by separating serum. At the end of the experiments, the severity of EAE in rats were compared among the study groups. The present study was done experimentally and all data and raw data obtained from the samples were analyzed by SPSS (software version 24) using one-way ANOVA. The minimum level of significance was considered as p≤0.05.

The study showed that the mean concentration of IFN-γ in the EAE model, which was performed by the swimming, had a significant decrease both in the non-injected (p=0.047) and interferon-treated group (p=0.013) compared to the non-active models. Also, the mean concentration of IFN-γ in wheel running training only in EAE group and wheel running was significant.(p=0.025) p≤0.05.

According to the protocol of the present study, it can be concluded about the response of inflammatory markers to aerobic training courses that the physical activity of swimming and wheel running has been able to reduce the level of inflammatory markers with MS.

the effect of ten weeks of high intensity interval training and continuous endurance training on the expression of MIR-205 and VEGF gene in mice with breast cancer has been compared.

Study was done on 23 female Balb/crats with age of6 to 7 weeks and mean body mass of 20-18 g. the estrogen-dependent carcinoma cell line MC4-L2 were cultured in the culture medium. Then one million cancer cells were injected into each mouse subcutaneously. A week after tumor induction, mice were randomly divided into three groups of 6: control (C), continuous aerobic (E), interval high intensity (H). Training were done for 10 weeks, five times a week. Each session of protocol for Group E was done with the intensity of 65-60 percent vo2max and for Group H was done with an intensity of 90-85 percent vo2max . Expression levels of MIR-205 and VEGF genes were measured by Real time-PCR metho.

compared to the control group ,MIR-205 expression levels in high intensity Interval (p=0/000), and continuous endurance (p=0/001), increased significantly. And compared to control group, gene expression levels of VEGF in high intensity Interval (p=0/003), and aerobic endurance group (p=0/005), decreased significantly.

with regard to the increasing effect of High intensity aerobic Interval training and aerobic endurance training on the expression of MIR-205 and depressing effect of these mentioned training on VEGF gene expression, these two types of practice could reduce tumor growth on mice with breast cancer.

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the onset and development of diabetes Complications, Including diabetic cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of dichloroacetate (DCA) on SOD and GPX expression following six weeks’ endurance training in cardiac muscle of diabetic male rats.

In this experimental study, 64 male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into eight groups after streptozotocin (STZ) solution diabetic treatment. The endurance training protocol was performed on a treadmill for 6 weeks. In the present study, for Inhibition of PDK4 in the cardiac muscle, intraperitoneal injection of DCA of 50 mg/ kg body weight was used. Gene expressions were measured by Real-Time PCR method. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to analyze the data.

The results of the study showed that after endurance training, PDK4 gene expression increased and SOD and GPX genes expression in training endurance + diabetic group and endurance training group decreased compared to control group (P <0.05). By Inhibition of PDK4, the of SOD and GPX genes expression increased in DCA + training endurance + diabetic group and DCA + endurance training group compared to control group (P <0.05).

According to the results of this study, DCA injections may reduce the recurrence of free radicals induced by endurance training in diabetic patients by mitochondrial adaptation. Which can reduce the oxidative stress in the heart tissue of diabetic patients and increase cardiac efficiency.

 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NFALD) is a disease associated with metabolic syndrome and lifestyle. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of circuit resistance training course on interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels, 70 kDa thermal shock protein (HSP70), insulin resistance and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In this clinical trial study, 30 males with NFALD were selected through targeted sampling and were randomly assigned to one of two groups of practice and control intervention. The training program included 12 weeks of resistive training and 3 training sessions per week, which was performed as periodic circuit resistance training. Before eating breakfast, blood sampling was done one day before the start of training and 3 days after the last training session. For statistical analysis, paired t-test was used to compare intra-group data. Independent t-test was used for comparison between groups. Data were used via the SPSS v 22 software. The significance was defined as P≤0.05. After the training course, compared to the control group a significant decrease was observed in weight (P = 0.008), BMI (P = 0.006), body fat percentage (P <0.001), insulin resistance (P <0.001), HSP70 (P <0.001), IL-17 (P <0.001), serum levels of ALT (P <0.001) and AST (P <0.001) enzymes. Regarding the results of this study, circuit resistance training has an effective role in improving the liver function in NFALD patients by reducing insulin resistance and levels of inflammatory cytokines, this method of resistance training can be useful in the treatment of these patients.

Diabetes in the long run causes damage to the heart tissue. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of continued and interval training along with crocin consumption on BDNF and NGF gene expression in a heart tissue of diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 49 diabetic rats were divided into 7 groups: interval training, continued training, interval training + crocin, continued training + crocin, crocin, sham and control. Continued training and interval training groups ran on a treadmill for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with intensity rates of 80%-85% and 50%-55% of the maximum running speed, respectively. The crocin groups received 25 mg/kg crocin daily for eight weeks. Interval training and continued training + crocin significantly increased BDNF levels (P=0.001). Continued training + crocin increased BDNF levels more than those of continued training, crocin, interval training, and interval training + crocin groups (P=0.001). Also, continued training + crocin significantly increased NGF (P=0.001) and continued training + crocin increased NGF more than continued training, crocin, interval training, and interval training + crocin group (P=0.001). Continued training with crocin has a more significant effect on increase of neurotrophins expression compared to continued training, interval training, crocin and interval training +  crocin groups in a heart tissue of diabetic rats.

Increased expression of TLR4 in the nervous system is one of the factors involved in the pathophysiology of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training on the expression of TLR4 gene and inflammatory mediators in the sensory spinal cord of male rats with DPN 40 male rats with weight(220 ± 2.2 g) were divided into four groups: diabetic neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy training, healthy control training and healthy control. Diabetes was induced by STZ injection. After confirming the development of conditions for DPN by behavioral tests, exercise groups performed 6 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on treadmill. The level of expression of TLR4, TNF-α and IL-1β genes in sensory neurons of spinal cord L4-L6 was measured by Real-Time PCR technique. Two-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD test were used for statistical analysis. the expression of TLR4, TNF-α and IL-1β genes in the diabetic neuropathy training group was significantly lower than the diabetic neuropathy group (P <0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between healthy control groups and diabetic neuropathy and the gene expression in the diabetic neuropathy group was increased (P <0.05). Endurance training can reduce the expression of TLR4 gene and inflammatory markers in the sensory part of the spinal cord and improve the sensitivity of the nosepectors to painful factors. Therefore, it is suggested that endurance training be used as a non-prescriptive therapeutic intervention for diabetic patients to reduce neuropathic pain.

MicroRNA-133 and SRF is involved in various cellular processes, but the effect of endurance training on gene expression of this factors in fast and slow twitch muscles has still remained unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endurance training on miR-133 and SRF gene expression in fast and slow twitch muscles in male Wistar rats. In this study, 14 rats weighing 113±20 grams (5 weeks age) were housed under controlled conditions, after familiarization protecols they were randomly assigned into control (7 rats) and experimental (7 rats) groups. The experimental group performed 14 weeks, 6 session per week endurance training program (that gradually reached to 60 min and 30 m / min) on treadmill and 48 hours after the end of the last session, both groups were sacrificed. The soleus and EDL muscles were removed. The gene expression level of miR-133 and SRF were measured using real- time RT-PCR. Data were analysd by sample t-test. After 14 weeks of endurance training the gene expression of miR-133 of fast twitch muscle (EDL) in experimental group significantly decreased (p=0.001) than control group .But the miR-133 gene expression of slow twitch muscle (soleus) in experimental group was significantly increased (p=0.001) than control group. Also miR-133 gene expression of EDL of experimental group was significantly decresed (p=0.001) than soleus muscle of the same group; the rate of SRF gene expression of EDL of experimental group increased significantly (p=0.009) but it did not effect on SRF gene expression in soleus. Endurance training induced differences in gene expression of miR-133 and SRF gene consistent to specification of fast and slow twitch muscles.