معصومه منصوری

Nowadays, prevention or reduction of undesirable consequences due to degradation and increased vulnerability of forest ecosystems has become one of the most important goals of natural resource managers around the world. The existence of incompatible land uses is considered one of the most important threats to forest ecosystems, especially their biodiversity. To discover and evaluate such threats, which pave the ground for changes at the ecosystem level, using techniques and tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems with analytical capabilities can play a major role in producing spatial information. The aim of this research is to evaluate degradation in the Dadab forest ecosystem based on the degradation model of working sub-units and investigate the most important human activities paving the ground for degradation in the area.

To quantify landscape metrics, the land use/forest cover map of the Dadab region with 13 sub-basins was used. To prepare the land use/cover map, satellite imagery was first pre-processed and the image was classified into different land use classes. For this purpose, satellite images from the 30-year period (2018-1988) were used to analyze the structure using landscape metrics. One of the advantages of assessment using landscape metrics is timely awareness of the intensity of degradation in the landscape in the shortest possible time with quantitative data that can be compared with future re-studies. Then, based on the landscape degradation model, the ecological vulnerability degree was determined, the intensity of activities and the amount of degradation in the landscape were calculated. Subsequently, based on the degradation coefficients obtained, landscape analysis and mapping were carried out. Finally, the ANP method was used, based on expert opinions, to prioritize the most important human activities paving the ground for degradation in the area. The ANP is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods used in this research to classify the human activities affecting degradation in the area; one of the most important reasons for using this method compared to other MCDM methods is considering the interdependence or relationship between factors as well as using nonlinear network structure analysis. To achieve this goal, first, the most important factors paving the ground for forest cover degradation in the Dadab region were extracted by reviewing the resources in this field. Calculations related to the ANP method with a multi-criteria decision-making model were performed in the Super Decision.

Sub-basins 3 and 5 had the highest numbers of landscape degradation in the Dadab region, and sub-basins 4, 8, 9, 12, and 13 had the least fragmentation. In total, 40.58% of the total area of Dadab was identified with low degradation and development potential that can be developed by considering ecological constraints. It is noteworthy that the reason for the low degradation rate in these areas was their mountainous and inaccessible nature, and therefore they were less affected by human activities. Also, 25.33% needed restoration and rehabilitation, and 37.8% needed protection measures.

Among the various factors, the three factors of converting national lands to agriculture, socio-economic issues, and widespread development activities (road construction) were the most important parameters for degradation in the area with final weights of 2.0, 182.0, and 18.0, respectively. The results of this study can play a significant role in the effectiveness and success of protection and management programs for Lorestan province's forests by prioritizing the most important factors of forest degradation.

Imprisonment has been among the notable topics of thinkers and social reformers in different historical periods. After the emergence of Islam, this issue became one of the important and challenging issues of Quranic commentators, jurists and jurists in such a way that today we see various debates including agreement and opposition to this issue. Examining Quranic sources shows that because there is no clear prohibition of prison punishment in the Holy Quran, therefore Islamic governments have used this punishment as one of the most common punishments throughout history. In this research, which was carried out with the method of library study and descriptive-analytical approach, an attempt was made to investigate the issue of legitimacy of imprisonment from the perspective of the verses of the Holy Quran and traditions transmitted in Shia and Sunni hadith sources. The results of the research show that the legitimacy of imprisonment is accepted in terms of Islamic principles, but its examples and cases, especially in security and religious crimes, are disputed by different religions. This issue has created doubts about the illegitimacy of imprisonment in the minds of the public.

One of the major problems in poplar cultivation is the existence of low-yielding poplar species and their traditional cultivation, which reduce wood production per unit area. To identify the most productive and adaptable clones to local climate and introduce them for mass wood production, ten clones of open-crown poplar based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates and planting spacing (4m × 4m), were selected and evaluated in Khorramabad Agricultural Garden Station for five years (2012-2015). Analysis of variance showed that the year and clone factors had a significant effect on height, diameter and volume increment. The mean comparisons showed that the highest (1.56 m) and lowest (0.77 m) of height increment belonged to Populus euramericana455 clone and Populus x interamericanes clone respectively. Also, the Populus euramericana455 clone had the maximum diameter increment (9.95cm) and Populus x interamericanes clone had the minimum (6/95) diameter increment. The Populus euramericana455 and Populus x interamericanes clones had the highest (8.85 cm) and lowest (1.16 cm) of volume increment in the fifth year respectively. In terms of pest resistance and wood production, Populus deltoides 63/10, Populus deltoids and Populus x costanzo had a better conditions.

The inconsistency of uses is one of the most important threats to forest ecosystems, especially to their biodiversity. The goal of this research was to assess landscape degradation in Dadabad area. For this purpose, landscape indicators were calculated by using a land use/cover map of Dadabad area of Khorramabad city. For land use/cover mapping, Landsat satellite image (1988, 2003 and 2018) was firstly pre-processed, and then, Maximum Likelihood classification approach was undertaken done to categorize the image into different land use/cover categories. The results showed that the forest had the highest rate of land use conversion. The forest area in the study, which is considered as its natural vegetation, has decreased from 36.28% (5429.91 ha) in 1988 to 32.87% (491849.95 ha) in 1397. According to the NP index, the increase in agricultural land use during the first to third periods of the study is extremely rapid and shows a 1.5 fold increase. The findings indicate that most of the destruction and land use changes has occurred in forest. Access to the national forests and rangeland and on the other hand and proximity to the Khoramrood river, has led to the development of non-productive agriculture and subsequently with the reduction of production capacity in these lands, bare soil will increase over the years. Such changes is often the result of human intervention, in addition to the negative effects on the environment, will increase the damage from natural disasters. Hence, the authors emphasize the need for the planning and implementation of land regeneration plans and protection of the ecosystem of the region.

In order to identify different types of forest stands, present research was carried out in Ile Goran forest located in Kermanshah province with an area of 430 ha.

The number of 84 square sampling plots with the area of 1600 m2 by random-systematic sampling mehod and random starting point were established in the study area. Woody species and its origin (high forest or coppice) were observed and recorded in the plots. Based on species composition and species origin, forest type classification was done. First, the map of physiographical unit (elevation, slope, aspect) and landform units were prepared in GIS environment.

 The results showed that high forest types (including Quercus brantii and Quercus brantii – Pistacia atlantica type seed) have a narrower range of expansion in terms of altitude than other types. Quercus brantii as an indicator species, the species has wide range of elevation. In terms of land slope, Quercus brantii – Pistacia, either high forest of coppice, have a wider range of propagation than other types and is observed in gentle slopes up to 50% slope.

The results of this study can be used by experts and planners and help to improve the Zagros forests management.

Using image in educational texts for children can help to enhance their learning. Considering the importance of academic motivation and the role of enhancing reading and writing skills and reading self-efficacy, as well as the comic book capabilities in this regard, this study attempts to address this issue from the perspective of popular culture and is part of the shortcomings. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of comic proverb books on educational motivation and reading self-efficiency of elementary fourth and fifth grade students.

This is a causal-comparative study with post-test design with control group. This study is practical in terms of purpose, is quantitative in terms of type and its data collection was done by descriptive method of cause-comparison type by considering post-test for a control group. The study population consisted of 4th and 5th grade female students in Alborz province. 100 girls of fourth and fifth grade students in Alborz province was selected by purposing judgment sampling, Samples were selected through purposive judgment sampling and 50 individuals were selected as control group and 50 as experimental group. The subjects in the experimental group were given comic books and both groups responded to the Hager reading self-efficacy questionnaire (2017) and the academic motivation questionnaire by Guy, Marsh, and Dawson (2005).

Significant difference between educational motivation between two groups were showed. This means that reading the proverbial comic books could increase students' educational motivation. It was also found that reading these books did not affect their self-efficacy.The answers were compared and analyzed. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t- test and U-Mann _Witney test).

The results show that proverb comic books create interest and motivation to read in students. The results showed that proverbial comic books increase students' sense of autonomy and autonomy in learning new material and institutionalize their interest in reading books. Readers are also aware of the fact that selecting and reading comic books in different contexts enables them to learn new and informative content, and in the future, they will be able to study broader topics of interest in comic books.Proverbs have been rarely used in education of the students in our country. Using this type of resources and folklore can increase their educational interest. Producing comic books in many scientific and educational fields can be a good platform for better learning in education.

An attempt to estimate the real value of a set of environmental goods and services, particularly forests are needed that at present, various pressures from economic incentives and goals have been the basis for their destruction and deterioration. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the amount of degradation of vegetation and fixed organic carbon per hectare and its value with social cost approach in the Chuman and Kani Goizhan Dams and the water transfer system between them, as part of study of environmental impact assessment. In this study, sampling was done by random block method. 18 pieces of sample with size of 20 × 60 meters were taken in Chuman and Kani Goizhan and for the water transfer system, 8 pieces of 10 × 60 meters sample were harvested. Empirical formula were used to estimate carbon storage and sequestration based on dry biomass of trees. The results showed that the amount of carbon sequestration in Chuman and Kani Goizhan and the water transfer system between two regions were 0.336, 0.37 and 0.44 ton /hectare/year, respectively. Considering 132.12 dollars per tons of carbon sequestration, as social cost of 2015 year, the carbon sequestration value of each section is estimated to be 44.39, 48.88 and 58.13 dollars/ hectare/year respectively. In general, it can be said that the value of the dam damage is 45418.89 dollars annually due to the destruction of forests and lack of carbon absorption and sequestration (about 343.67 tons per year) in the study area with 852.41 hectares, which should at least be offset by creating suitable forests in suitable areas with appropriate species selection.

Among the un-market services provided by forest ecosystems, absorption and storage of CO2 (Carbon Sequestration) are very important. Today, Greenhouse Effect is regarded as one of the major environmental problems. In present study, the rate of carbon sequestration of Quercus branti in protected region of Shaho located in Kurdistan province, was evaluated and valued. Random systematic Sampling was applyed and the required data including diameter at breast height (d.b.h.), total height, crown height, crown diameter and etc, was gathered from thirty (30) sampling plots. Valuate this service, replacement cost method was used. The result showed that the monetary value of this forest for carbon sequestration is 10792650 Rials. Annual economic value of the this function in the study area was estimated more than 2698162500 Rials. Thus, by comptent management and preservation strategies, a positive and significant steps will be taken in order to reduce the consentration of atmospheric carbon.

As for climate conditions and forests destruction processes, afforestation is necessary for soil and water conservations and supplyment of human requirements. Plantations with populus species, in addition to wood production, have many environmental and social benefits, which often there is no market for them. In present study, two items of ecosystem services of a poplus plantation located in the Khorramabad city were considered in terms of the economic point of view and evaluated with different approaches. In this study of the Market direct valuation methods and alternative cost method were used to determine the value of wooden and non-wooden products respectively. The results showed that the values of gas adjustments and wood production were estimated to be 1/41 billion rialsand 1/54 million rials per year respectively. Therefore, the gas adjustments function comprise the larger part of the total economic value of the evaluated functions. These results indicate that the environmental aspect value of the plantations case study is higher than that of wood production.

Civic-academic behaviors provide the context of cooperation and participation in social interactions and are influenced by the antecedent variables of self-compassion and parental autonomy support. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between self-compassion and civic-academic behaviors with the mediating role of parental autonomy support.

This study was a correlational research of descriptive design. The study population consisted of all ninth and tenth grade students of Mahabad city in the academic year 2016-2017, among whom 645 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The instruments of the study consisted of Neff's Self-Compassion Scale (2003), Civic-Academic Behaviors Scale (Golparvar, 2010) and Perceived Parenting Styles Survey (PPSS)) Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and AMOS software (version 24).

According to the structural equation model, relationships between variables had an acceptable fit and the results showed that there was a significant relationship between self-compassion and civic-academic behaviors (p<0.01), self-compassion and parental autonomy support (p< 0.01), as well as parental autonomy support and civic-academic behaviors (p< 0.01). Findings indicate that self-compassion and parental autonomy support predict and explain 30 % of variance in civic-academic behaviors and self-compassion predicts 20% of variance in the parental autonomy support (P<0.01).

Based on the results of this study, parental autonomy support plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and civic- academic behaviors and facilitates the prediction of parental autonomy support in students. Therefore, training and enhancing self-compassion and parental autonomy support skills can enhance the academic performance and healthy social behaviors in students.

In this study, the effect of education on increasing the individuals’ willingness for the conservation of Shirin Park in Kermanshah city has been investigated. The required data were collected using 200 questionnaires. Also, three different informative brochures about the ecosystem of Shirin Park and its crucial role in human life were handed to 100 people as an intervention group. The control group also included 100 people. Data were analyzed using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and Logit function. Findings: Results show a significant difference between the two groups in their willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation of Shirin Park environment. Estimation of the Logit model showed that educational intervention has a significant effect on individuals’ WTP for the conservation of this ecosystem. By adding to the brochures with new information, the probability of willingness to pay increases by 0.013 units. Monthly individuals’ WTPs for conservation of the environment in the control and intervention groups were estimated as 14453 and 23423 Rials, respectively. Annual WTPs for each household were estimated as 62870.55 and 122502.29 Rials in the mentioned groups. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, increase of people’s information about the importance of Shirin Park would lead to a considerable increase in the visitors’ WTP for conservation of this ecosystem.

As for climate conditions and forests destruction processes, afforestation is necessary for soil and water conservations and supplyment of human requirements. The present research was carried out to determine the effect of 21 years old Common Acer (Acer pseudoplatanu), Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica), Cupressus (Cupressussempervirens), Teada (PinusTeada. L) plantations andnatural stand on sequestration of carbon in the soil and estimation of economic value of Lavij plantation area. Systematic soil sampling was done randomly. Totally 20 soil samples were taken from the top soil layers (0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths) in four plantations and natural forest. The results indicated that soil carbon sequestration natural stand (108 ton/ha) was significantly) P<0/01 (more than Acer (89 ton/ha), Cryptomeria (78.5 ton/ha), Cupressus (79 ton/ha) and Teada (78 ton/ha). Their economic values for mentioned species were computed 3/01, 2/48, 2/19, 2/20and 2/17 million RLS respectively. The results of stepwise regression showed that nitrogen percentage and C/N ratio were the most important factors affecting soil organic carbon content.

Head lice infestations or Pediculosis cases reported each year amond primary school students and sometimes dormitory students of all socioeconomic statuses. Available reports show each year about 6 to 12 million children infestated by Head lice in the United States that is considerable populations.
As the head lice infestations occurs in Irans as same as other countries, updating of the knowledge of pediculosis, diagnosis methods and effective treatment is essential. However, our aim to present an ove review on available treatment methods for pediclusis that proved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We found these informations useful to be presented to patients or students to ptomote and update their information.

Rangelands ecosystems have a large potential to sequester C because they occupy about half of the world's land area. This study investigate the role of Atriplex canescens in carbon sequestration in rangeland research station of Cheshmeh Ali in Qazvin province. Main treatment applied in a split plot design using randomized completely blocks included two densities, 2×2 m and 4×4 m. In each treatment, four pruning height included without pruning (control treatment), completely pruning, pruning in 20cm and 40cm above ground. Carbon amount were measured for above and underground biomass and soil in density and pruning height separately. Results showed that mean carbon in above and underground biomass per area unit in 2×2m treatment are higher than 4×4m treatment significantly. In 2×2m spacing, the total carbon amount of total biomass (2370 kg/ha) was twice as much amount as 4×4m treatment did significant difference was observed in total sequestrated carbon in plant spacing and purning height treatment. Mean total carbon sequestration per hectar were 59/16 and 59/81 ton in 2×2m and 4×4m treatment. Corolation analysis indicated that there is significant and positive relationship between total sequestrated carbon and organic carbon. Therefore the results suggest that good management practices in rangelands result in increased carbon storage and can increases carbon sequestration.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, and a complex endocrine metabolic disorder that one of its main complications is diabetic foot ulcers. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are one of the key enzymes in the reconstruction of extracellular matrix which have proteolytic activity. The aim of this research is based on evaluating relationship between -1562 C>T allele at MMP-9 gene promoter with diabetic foot ulcer in type II diabetic patients. If such correlation proves, it can be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with high-risk.
This is a case-control study. The single nucleotide polymorphism of -1562C>T allele of MMP9 gene promoter was genotyped by hit Tetra ARMS PCR technique in 100 diabetic patients with foot ulcer grade 1 or 2 as the case group according Wagner classification and in 100 diabetic patients without foot ulcer as the control group.
The Chi-square test revealed significant difference in genotype frequency of CC, CT and TT alleles of -1562C>T allele of MMP9 gene promoter between case and control groups (P=0.000).
According to this study, there is a relationship between -1562C>T allele of MMP9 gene promoter with diabetic foot ulcer in type2 diabetes patients. Thus we can introduce this biomarker for evaluation of risk and prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers.

Understanding the economic value of various products and services provided by forests is considered as an effective management tool to formulate better conservation policies. In fact, all non-produced assets which benefit human societies are the outcome of several complicated ecological processes and ecosystem functions.
Environmental assets produce yearly outputs and the value of these assets depends on their annual output. Some of the environmental assets are interchangeable at the market and their values are evaluated on the basis of market prices, whereas some assets are not interchangeable in the market, and their value depends on the presented yearly outputs and they are evaluated by various methods.
Findings: In the present study, some of the most important functions of Lorestan forests have been identified and evaluated. The study area has been considered as a protected area for its genetic pool; it has been assingned as wildlife conservation center by the government and its Quercus tree is a dominant species. The results showed that the annual value of ecosystem functions is equal to 389,299,455,943,840 Rials.
This value is an acceptable reasoning for politicians and decision makers to show more support to the quality and quantity of this ecosystem.

Acute encephalopathy is a condition in which brain function deteriorates rapidly and usually presents with loss of consciousness with or without focal neurologic symptoms. Some of its causes are infections, trauma, toxicities, and metabolic disorders and so on
evaluat etiology, epidemiologic, clinical and para-clinical characteristics and outcome in children with acute febrile encephalopathy during 2013-2014 in educational and remedial 17-Shahrivar hospital, Rasht.
This is a case series and cross sectional study performed during 2013-2014 in 17-Shahrivar hospital, Rasht. All of children between 2 month and 14 years old with acute febrile encephalopathy enrolled in the study. Children with head trauma history or history of underlying metabolic or neurologic disease were excluded. Exact history was taken and clinical examination of neurologic system was done; Then laboratory examinations and related evaluation such as: Cell count and cerebro-spinal fluid, imaging and so on were performed. All of information was fulfilled in a checklist and data was entered in SPSS Ver 19 and analyzed with descriptive tests and Fisher Exact Test.
towenty seven children including 63% male and 37% female were entered in the study which most of them were more than 36 month old. 6.25% of them had headache and 51.9% of them had history of fever for more than 3 days of fever. 74.1% of them had white blood cell changes. Blood, cell count and Cerebro Spinal Fluide(CSF) culture and CSF smear were not positive in any children. 37% of results were enterovirus in viral culture. Towenty two patients had seizure, 4/7% of the children had improved with permanent side effect and none of them were died. Persistent complication of them was spastic cerebral palsy. There was no significant relation between treatment outcome and age group, season, gender and laboratory result of CSF (P>0.05).
Our results showed that in our population one of important cause of acute febrile encephalopathy can be associated with enterovirus factors

Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important for sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present study aims to evaluate the potential for ecotourism in Morineh forest promenade in Lorestan province by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS).
First, the most important and effective criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating the potential for recreation in the study area were determined. Then, by using Delphi method, some questionnaires were designed and distributed among the related experts. The weight of criterion in each questionnaire was calculated and the average weights were estimated. In the next step, the final weight for each criterion and sub-criterion was calculated. Then, the required maps for the evaluation were provided in GIS environment. Finally, with the help of Weighted Linear Combination technique, the final potential map for the ecotourism development in the region was provided.
The results shows that 21.04% of the study area has a high potential and 22.52% has a good potential for ecotourism. In addition, 28.7% has an average potential and 27.72% has a weak potential for ecotourism purposes.
Obtaining the detailed information about the importance of Morineh forest park will lead to a higher WTP for the conservation of this ecosystem.

In this research, two probabilistic methods (i.e., weight of evidence and index of entropy models) are used to perform landslide hazard zonation mapping in Doab Samsami region in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. For this purpose, ten landslide-conditioning factors (i.e., slope gradient, slope direction, precipitation, gravity acceleration, distance to roads, distance to streams, distance to faults, distance to residential areas, lithology and land use) are used. A landslide inventory map was prepared using the known landslides, Google Earth images, and field observations. The landslide hazard map was prepared taking into account the weights calculated by both models and computerized in ArcGIS Software. The SCAI and the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were used to evaluate them. The results of both models imply a good prediction of landslide hazard in the studied area. They indicate that precipitation, lithology and land use have the greatest impacts on the landslides occurred in the Doab Samsami region, respectively, and that both models are appropriate for the landslide hazard mapping. The validation results using 30% of the landslide points showed that in weight of evidence model AUC is 79% and was able to predict the landslides slightly better than the index of entropy method in which AUC was 73%. The maps produced by these models can be useful for regional spatial planning and for land use planning.

There are many hidden threats in government-run hospitals that affect the incidence of medical errors. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency and types of medical errors in Taleghani Hospital affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2014.
In this descriptive-analytical study, the voluntary error-reporting form was used for data collection in accordance with the standards of the patient-safety-friendly hospitals. Of the 300 forms distributed, 162 error reporting forms were collected during one year, and the data for each form was entered into the software by determining their Identification code. SPSS version 19 software was used for the quantitative tests, and the comments by 10 experts were drawn upon for causal analysis of the data.
Ethical Considerations: Completion of medical errors form report was carried out voluntarily, anonymously, without naming the error reporter, and the unit where the error had occurred.
Findings: The total number of errors reported was 158 errors in 2014. Frequency of the errors consisted of medication errors 38.6%, errors in treatment 36.1%, and errors in recording 25.3%, respectively. Events statistics was 33.5% for incident events, 15.2% for accident events, and 1.3% for sentinel events. Medication errors analysis based on the six principles of drug administration included wrong patient (32.14%), wrong drug (18.7%), wrong order (15.3%), wrong prescription (14.96%), wrong dosage (11.9%), and wrong time (7%).
Despite informing the people and holding educational sessions, there still remain some barriers to reporting errors in the health system. Hence, professional ethics education and error systematic management approaches are recommended.

During the recent years, issues such as emission of greenhouse gasses, environmental degradation and deforestation along with the reduction of the biological capacity of the Earth have been one of the most important global concerns. Obviously, an individual has a daily effect on the planet Earth, however, the problem is the rate of the impact that each person leaves on the Earth. In this respect, the present study aims to investigate the effects of different land uses on the Kalshoor watershed applying the EF method. For this purpose, first, we introduce the concept of ecological footprint then the result of the calculation of this indicator will be presented and discussed.
Material and Study area
The study area is Kalshoor watershed being a mountainous area located in the North East of Iran in Sabzevar city (36° 12′ 48.63″ N, 57° 40′ 35.39″ E). The area of the region is about 243232 hectares.
Based on the method proposed by wackernagel and Rees, below steps should be taken to calculate the Ecological Footprint (EF):1- Estimation of per capita consumption of consumers’ good as per the regional data and division the total consumption by the population of the area.
2- Estimation of land allocated to an individual for the production of each case through the division of average annual consumption of each case by the average annual production or land yield.
3- Calculating the average EF for an individual through the addition of all the allocated area for the parts consumed by a person in a year.
4- Calculating the EF of the designated area through multiplying average EF for an individual by the population size.
The primary result of this study showed that the basin of Kalshoor, due to its geographical position, has productive lands, which makes the agriculture the second prevalent land use in the area after range management. Other parts of the area are composed of forest, residential areas, lake, river, and springs. Moreover, part of water consumption, and services and energy parts have the highest and the lowest rate of EF, respectively. Regarding the population of the study area (775033), overall EF of the Kalshoor, is about 1076337 ha. Considering the total area of the study area (243231/61), meeting the needs of the residents, requires for an area 4.4 times bigger than the present basin area. This means that we have the land shortage of 1052105/39 ha for ecological land. In other words, the Kalshoor watershed basin should be supported in meeting its needs. In all parts of consumers’ goods, EF exceeds the total available land. Of total land shortage in the area, 48% belongs to the section of Water consumption. In the section of transport part with 15% of the total land shortage of the basin, have the least role in the unsustainability of the area. The partial calculation also shows that only in the sections of agriculture, constructed land, the EF of Kalshoor basin is lower than biological capacity, and there is no ecological shortage for these two sections.
The rate of per individual EF in Kalshoor basin, in comparison to that of in the country of Iran and world (with 1/16 and 1/60ha respectively), is low. The Unsustainability of the Kalshoor basin is due to inordinate exploitation of the present resources. Moreover, another reason for unsustainability in the study area is a low yield of agricultural productions. In addition, due to the presence of the tourists in this area and the subsequent environmental impacts, the rate of EF increases. If the current trend of resource depletion continues, regional sustainability will be endangered. For lessening the rate of EF, three comprehensive solutions has been presented: 1- enlargement of the planet Earth! 2- reduction of the population 3: reduction of the per capita consumption. The first solution is apparently impossible and the second one is very difficult and time dependent. Nevertheless, the third solution seems quite necessary. Tomas Malton (1798) suggests the second solution. This scientist warns about the population growth and assert that consumption increases with increasing population, while in the long term the rate of food production will be lesser than population growth (Salehi et al., 2010). Wakernagel et al (2000), believe that technology can improve the capability of lands to increase the efficiency of the resources. One of the proposed methods to reduce the EF is decentralized density. Holden and Hoyer (2004) argue that the decentralized density (building relatively small cities with high-density and low distances between houses and public and private services) will ultimately reduce the EF in the residential section. In other words, by the construction of small and dense towns, EF is reduced. Therefore, policies about redistribution of the population in the lands are debatable. One of the major factors in reducing EF is scientific management, especially in urban residential which guarantees the achievement of sustainable urban facilities. Many environmentalists believe that the continuity of the traditional economic patterns and excessive consumption of materials and natural resources in a region will jeopardize the human survival. Conclusively, considering the environment and natural ecosystems in decision-making processes, require a profound understanding of EF concept and taking political protective actions to control and decrease the rate of EF. Therefore, informing about extreme using of the ecosystems and decreasing the production of waste and its retrieval, applying efficient technologies to decrease the rate of exploitation of ecosystems and controlling industrial pollutions of modern technologies to supply the ecological sustainability of different ecosystems, seems inevitable.
tainability for different ecosystems, seems inevitable.

Forest ecosystems and their optimal management can play effective roles in mitigating the carbon emission as well as absorbing the atmospheric carbon. The present research was carried out to determine the effects of 21 year old stands of Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus taeda, Acer pseudo-platanu and mixed plantation and natural forest stands on sequestration of carbon in the soil of Chamestan plantation area. The results showed that the difference of carbon in pure, mixed and natural stands, in different layers are statistically significant. Moreover, there are not any significant correlations between the acidity of the soil, nitrogen, salinity and phosphorus and carbon sequestration. For the total layers of the soil (0-45 cm), the rate of carbon sequestration in natural stands (108 ton/ha) was significantly higher than other stands) P

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels that can damage nerves. Many organs are affected ¡especially the foot that leading to loss of sensation. These factors make favorable conditions for the development of diabetic foot ulcers. Polymorphisms (Thr399Ile) of Toll Like Receptor4 (TLR4) gene due to malfunction of TLR4 protein which plays an important role in immunity. The purpose of this study was to determine the parameters which are affecting the imbalance resulting in chronic inflammation and wound healing. By showing the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (Thr399Ile) of TLR4 gene with diabetic foot ulcer we can identify a biomarker for prediction of diabetic foot ulcer.
This is a case-control study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLR4 gene were genotyped by hit Tetra ARMS PCR technique. In this study, 100 and 120 diabetic patients with and without foot ulcer were selected as the cases and controls, respectively.
The Chi-square test revealed significant difference in frequency of TT, CC and TC alleles of (Thr399Ile) between case and control groups (P=0.021).
According to this study, there is a relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (Thr399Ile) of TLR4 gene with diabetic foot ulcer in type 2 diabetes patients

This study aims at estimating the recreation value of Hassan Gavyar Forest Park, using contingent valuation and iindividual travel cost method. The contingent valuation method uses maximum likelihood logit model for estimating the willingness to pay, based on was used. Also, in the travel cost method, the functional forms of travel, with linear, logarithmic, linear-logarithmic, logarithmic-linear estimated based on econometric criteria and linear functional form were chosen. The results showed that the average WTP for a person to visit the park is 17919 RLS and recreation values ​​per acre was 53553.5 RLS ha/year. The results of travel cost method also showed that the consumer surplus per person for every visit was 39309.76 RLS and recreation values ​​per acre was 117343 RLS ha/year. The result also showed that there was a significant difference (P