ملیحه کرمی

Falafel is one of the most popular artisanal foods in Iran, especially inKhouzestan province. However, no comprehensive study has been performed to evaluate its microbiologicaland chemical properties. This study aims to evaluate microbiological and chemical properties offalafel samples collected from street food market in Ahvaz, Iran.

Microbiological tests including total viable count (TVC), psychrophilic count, Escherichiacoli test, staphylococcus aureus test, coliform count, bacillus cereus test, Salmonella test, andmold count were performed to evaluate microbiological properties of falafel samples (cooked and uncooked).The chemical properties were assessed by performing protein test, ash, carbohydrate, lipid,salt, peroxide, and acidity tests. All tests were done according to the methods described by the Instituteof Standards & Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI).

Microbiological tests revealed that TVC (108 cfu/g), coliform count (3.7×103 cfu/g) and mold count(1.3×103 cfu/g) were significantly higher than the amounts set by the ISIRI (P<0.05), indicating high contaminationof uncooked falafel samples. The major problems observed by chemical tests was the highcontent of lipid (20.11%) and peroxide value (47.85 meq/kg) which were significantly higher than thevalues set by the ISIRI (P<0.05).

Microbiological and chemical properties of falafel are poor, indicating the poor hygienic conditionsof its preparation in street food market. We recommend more attention to and supervision onthe preparation of artisanal foods such as falafel in Iran.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous-alcoholic extract of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. leaves on the fetal heart tissue changes in the diabetic rats. Forty-eight female rats weighing 200-220 g were fertilized with eight male rats weighing 230-250 g. After ensuring the pregnancy, the females became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg kg-1 body weight) on the first day of pregnancy, and were randomly grouped. Groups included Control (healthy rats without treatment), Sham 1 (healthy rats receiving 1 ml D. anethifolia extract), Sham 2 (diabetic rats without treatment), and three groups of treatments which respectively received 1 ml D. anethifolia extract at the doses of 250, 500, and 1000 kg kg-1 body weight of the diabetic rats from 6th to 20th day of the pregnancy by gavage. On the 20th day of pregnancy, after anesthetizing the rats and taking 2 ml of blood from their hearts, the fetuses were removed from their uterus. The fetal hearts were isolated and fixed in the 5% solution of formalin. After the tissue processing, the five-micron sections were prepared by the stereological method and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The heart circumference and its wall thickness were measured by the image analysis software, and the number of heart cells was counted by the Grids-stero lite software. The data were analyzed by the ANOVA and the means were compared by the Tukey test (p < /em>≤0.05). The findings showed an increase in the blood glucose, density and length of cardiocytes, and heart circumference in all the diabetic groups compared to the control, which were significantly reduced in the diabetic rats treated with D. anethifolia extract compared to the diabetic group without treatment. According to the results, the aqueous-alcoholic extract of D. anethifolia leaves could slightly compensate the destructive changes caused by diabetes in the fetal cardiovascular tissue by reducing the blood glucose in the diabetic rats.

In the present research, the performance evaluation of a building heating system equipped to underground storage tank heat pump and photovoltaic thermal collector is carried out. The system consists of an underground spherical tank, a photovoltaic thermal collector and a heat pump. The performance evaluation of the combined system is carried out from the energy and exergy perspective. Developing energy balance for various components of the system, the analytical relations for water temperature of auxiliary tank, solar cell temperature, absorber plate temperature and the useful heat gain of photovoltaic thermal collector are obtained. Output electrical power of photovoltaic module is calculated by the four-parameter current-voltage model. By writing the exergy balance for the various components of the system, their irreversibility is specified. There is a good agreement between the simulation results of the present study and the experimental data of the previous literature. The obtained results indicate that the energy and exergy efficiency is maximum for the collector number of 65 and mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s. The decrease of storage tank volume causes the decrease of water temperature. The increase of 30% in the collector number causes the increase of 25% in water temperature. The highest and lowest water temperature of the tank is observed on the ground of coarse graveled and granite, respectively.

This study investigated the role of teachers' assessment of school environment health in predicting their mental health and happiness.         

This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population was a group of 254 primary school teachers in the city of Darab, Iran, from whom a sample of 160 was selected by stratified sampling. Happiness and mental health were measured using the Oxford and Gildberg questionnaires, respectively, and teacher’s assessment of environmental health was determined using a researcher-made questionnaire, all the questionnaires being valid and reliable. 

On the whole, 57.23 %, 37.73% and 5.00% of the teachers judged the school environment health to be desirable, moderate and undesirable, respectively. As regards the teachers’ assessment of the school environmental heath, there were statistically significant differences between male and female teachers, local and nonlocal teachers, their field of study (primary education and other fields), schools for boys and for girls, their previous knowledge of health, type of employment (life tenure versus others), and whether they were teaching in health promoting or ordinary schools (p<0.05). The teachers assessment of school environmental health was significantly correlated with happiness and mental health (p<0.0001); their assessment of environmental health could predict 19.8% of happiness changes and 10.2% of mental health changes.        

Judgment of the school environment health by teachers as unfavorable would affect their happiness and mental health.

Trauma to primary and permanent teeth caused post-traumatic complications affecting the health of teeth and led to specific problems in treatment. As prognosis of trauma has closed correlation with immediate and correct management after occurrence of the incident and the health educators are the first people in contact with children in this places, their awareness of how to deal with these injuries plays an important role in prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of health educators in confrontation with dental injuries in primary schools of Sanandaj in 2018. In this cross-sectional study, all of fifty-nine health teachers in primary schools of Sanandaj were identified after referring to education centre. The questionnaires were provided to the school health teachers after referring to schools and after completing questionnaires, collected data were analyzed. In order to test the research hypotheses, Multiple regression, Non-parametric tests of spearman correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney and kruskal-wallis were utilized using SPSS software version 20. The mean knowledge score of fifty-nine health educators was 14.02±3.41 and knowledge score of females was higher. There was no significant statistical correlation between knowledge score, age,
work experience and education level (P>0.05). In this study, the knowledge score of experienced teachers in confrontation with injured persons and health educators who attended related training courses, was higher than others but this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results indicated inadequate knowledge regarding emergency management of dental trauma. Thus strategies to improve the teachers’ knowledge about dental trauma can positively influence their knowledge and attitudes toward emergency management of dental trauma.

Background and goals: This research changed into achieved with the intention of manufacturing dissolving pulp or alpha-cellulose from bagasse. Alpha-cellulose is generally used for making cellulose derivatives with advantage of being soluble in commonplace solvents in recognize to cellulose. Dissolving pulps have high alpha-cellulose and brightness, but very low hemicelluloses, ash, and extractives, with uniform molecular weight distribution.
Substances and Bagasse chips were pretreated beneath slight acidic situation the use of acetic acid at most temperature of a hundred 165 ºC, to obtain yield loss stages of approximately 20 and 30 percent in pre-extraction level. Bleachable pulps at kappa wide variety decrease than 12 had been created from each the pre-extracted samples, the usage of soda-AQ pulping technique at most cooking temperature of a hundred 165 ºC. The pulp samples produced under optimum situations, have been bleached by chlorine free bleaching (ECF) with AD0EpD1P bleaching sequence. The properties have been decided on the basis of policies TAPPI. In the end, a statistical evaluation of the effects of exams finished on dissolving pulps created from SPSS software program and t-test two samples become used. in this look at, dissolving pulp carries numerous alpha-cellulose from depithed Bagasse with acid pre-extraction and the soda-AQ pulping procedure turned into prepared. While that within the acid pre-extraction yield loss improved from 20 to 30, the alpha cellulose production increased but the degree of polymerization declined. In produce dissolving pulp, in addition lignin, hemicelluloses are also undesirable impurities, so the more material will be removed from the purity cellulose pulp increases, but with increasing destruction of the hemicellulose in the pre-extraction, may be cellulose chain additionally damaged, although alpha-cellulose to increase the degree of polymerization to be associated with high drop. Bagasse dissolving pulp having ninety two percentage alpha-cellulose with DP of 870, can also have restrained packages in making derivatives such as cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrates, however it is able to be used to supply decrease demand products such as viscose rayon and carboxymethyl cellulose. But, the yield and ash dissolving pulp were first-class. The outcomes of this studies evaluation with other research inside the discipline of dissolving pulp manufacturing and additionally considering that the bagasse produced in massive quantities inside the south of the united states, imparting a number of the pulp or alpha cellulose the used inside the manufacture of viscose rayon, as a minimum, can be planned based on bagasse as uncooked cloth.

Proper management of saline soils needs adequate information about the amount and salt distribution in the root zone. Irrigation is one of the factors that control the distribution of salt. This study investigated soil leaching simulation by using HYDRUS2D Software based on the evaporation of soil surface of a land without plant located at Shahid Chamran University، Ahwaz، Iran. Samples were taken from three distances of 0، 20، and 40 cm from the drip irrigation emitter and 0-20، 20-40، 40-60 and 60-80 cm depths. Among the measured depths، the 20 – 40 cm layer was revealed as the best working depths with a salt content of 5. 7 mg/cm3، while the depth of 60-80 cm had an average salinity of 10. 87 mg/cm3، the highest salt content compared with the other depths. Soil salinity decreased with time and irrigation. At the last irrigation، soil salinity under the dripper reached a salinity of 2. 13 mg/cm3 that was 1/15 of the initial amount. Salts movement in soil and leaching simulation by HYDRUS2D software showed that this software simulated salt distribution well.

Proper management of saline soils needs adequate information about the amount and salt distribution in the root zone. Irrigation of the factors that control the distribution of salt. This paper investigates salt distribution under two sources of dripper and bubbler. This study based on the evaporation of soil surface of a land without plant located at shahid chamran university، Ahwaz، Iran. Samples were taken from three distances 0، 20 and 40cm from the soil surface and 0-20، 20-40، 40-60 and 60-80 depths. The results showed that، the average salinity of bubbler were 12. 75 dS/m that less than drippers with 13. 64 salinity respectively. Among measured depth، the depth of 20 – 40 cm was known as the best working depths، the depth of 60-80 cm had the most salt with salinity of 15. 76 dS/m. depth of 0-20 cm (with the average salinity of 12. 53 dS/m includes more salinity than the depth of 20-40 with the average salinity of 11. 48 dS/m. Soil salinity decreased by time pass and irrigation until the last irrigation، soil salinity under the dripper reached) with salinity of 3. 62 dS/ m) to 1/15 and under the bubblersalinity of 3. 99 dS/ m) to 1/14 of the initial amount.