منصور غلامی

Recently, melatonin was proved to be a candidate hormone that could increase the cold and heat stress of the plant. Cold stress is important abiotic stress for plants in nature. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of exogenous application of melatonin on some physiological traits related to cold stress on the strawberry cultivar ‘Paros’ a pot experiment with three replications was performed in a completely randomized design. Strawberry plants pre-treated with 100 μM melatonin were subjected to freezing stress treatment (-9◦C for 3 h without cold acclimation) after two weeks some physiological traits (proline, carbohydrate, total flavonoid, chlorophyll content, ion leakage, hydrogen peroxide, content of water, malondialdehyde, and total phenol) related to cold stress in plant leaves were measured. The results showed that melatonin treatment has a significant effect on some physiological traits (proline, carbohydrate, total flavonoid, chlorophyll content, ion leakage, and hydrogen peroxide) in the strawberry plant under freezing stress. Proline, carbohydrate, total flavonoid, and chlorophyll content were significantly enhanced, and a significant reduction was observed in ion leakage and hydrogen peroxide in melatonin-pre-treated plants. In this experiment, melatonin treatment had no significant effect on the relative water content, malondialdehyde, and total phenol. According to the results of our study, exogenous application of melatonin may be effective to improve freezing tolerance in strawberry plants after two weeks of application.

Hypoglycemia is one of the most important possible side effects of fasting in children who need surgery, and its prevention is very important. This study was conducted in order to investigate and compare the oral administration of 5% dextrose and intravenous infusion of 1.3, 2.3 sugar-salt serum on the blood sugar levels of 6-2-year-old children who were candidates for minor surgery under general anesthesia.

In this randomized clinical trial study, 66 children aged 2-6 years who were candidates for minor surgery under general anesthesia at Hazrat Ali Asghar Hospital in Tehran were selected as available and randomly selected in one of two The group under oral administration of 5% dextrose (intervention group) at the rate of 10 cc/kg 2 hours before the operation or continuous intravenous injection of 1.3, 2.3 sugar saline serum (control group) according to the formula 4, 2, 1 direction Calculation of the volume of venous fluids were divided while fasting, and their blood sugar levels were measured and compared on two occasions (immediately after induction of anesthesia and then half an hour later).

In this study, the average blood sugar immediately after induction of anesthesia was 88.75 in the group receiving oral dextrose and 85.77 in the group receiving saline serum, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.554), but the average blood sugar half an hour later of induction of anesthesia was 79.75 in the group receiving oral dextrose and 64.84 in the group receiving intravenous sugar-salt serum, which was significantly higher (P=0.36).

 based on the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the oral administration of 5% dextrose has an equivalent role to the intravenous infusion of sugar-saline serum in preventing the occurrence of hypoglycemia in 2-6 year old children who are candidates for surgery. It can be used as a suitable alternative to intravenous serum in children.

In order to study the characteristics of two cultivars of pistachio rootstocks, Zarand and Qazvini, under the influence of zinc and sodium chloride stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely random design with three replications in the research green house of Qom municipality during the years 2017-2018. With three repetitions in Qom. The root system of the seeds was fed a 50% solution of Hogland. The seedlings were exposed to four salinity levels of zero (control), 5, 10 and 15 dS/m, and three zinc levels from sulfate source (ZnSO4.7H2O) including zero (control), 1 and 5 uM. The results showed that salinity treatment of 15dS.m reduced seedling height, wet weight of leaves, calcium molar fraction and sulfhydryl groups. By increasing the stress level of sodium chloride, decrease in potassium to sodium ratio however, ion leakage, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity increased. 5uM treatment of zinc sulfate increases wet leaf weight, seedling height, and low molecular weight calcium concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the root and ion leakage reduction occurred. The results showed that the root tissue of Qazvini compared to Badami zarand the concentration of sulfhydryl groups and the ratio of potassium to sodium are higher and there is less ion leakage. Accordingly, the Qazvini rootstock is more resistant to oxidative stress sodium chloride.

One of the factors that sometimes leads to the complete destruction of vineyards is the danger of temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature hazards on the destruction of the western and northwestern vineyards of Iran.The results show that the most frequent days with a devastating cold wave in the region's vineyards occur on average on January 14 (January 25th). The lowest critical temperature among meteorological stations is related to Saghez weather station in Kurdistan province with negative 33 ° C and afterwards, Hamadan, Bostanabad and Sarab cities with record temperatures below 30 ° C. The cities of the study area are. The results showed that 60% of the studied cities with all available Iranian and foreign cultivars could survive the cold season without the threat of severe winter cold conditions.

Drought stress, as the most important environmental stress, severely disrupts plant growth and limits production and yield more than any other environmental factor. Investigation of the role of drought stress conditions on plant morphological, physiological and photosynthesis characteristics may provide a tool to understand the basic drought resistance. To investigate the drought tolerance of Iranian and foreign grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, A pot experiment was conducted with 5 replications, and 20 Iranian and foreign rooted grape cultivars exposure with two treatments of 90 (control) and 50 (drought stress) water requirement. Iranian grape cultivars included Rashe, Bidane Sefid, Bidane Ghermez, Yaghoti, Fakhri, Khalili Sefid, Ghezel Ouzom, Asgari, Gazandai, Gachi Amjagi, Tabraze Ghermez, Tabraze Sefid, Laal, Hosseini and Shirazi and foreign cultivars including Black Seedless, Flame Seedless, Perlette, Ruby Seedless and Torkaman 4. Based on results, after three months of drought stress, the interaction of drought stress and cultivar was significant for leaf number, leaf area, current branch length, internode length, root length, root volume, root fresh weight and electrolyte leakage and not significant for stem diameter, root dry weight and relative water content. In general, despite the increase in chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids in some cultivars, these physiological characteristics decreased by 29.43, 20.47, 27.47 and 22.15%, respectively under drought stress. Photosynthetic traits such as photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were also significantly affected by drought stress and reduced by 39.11, 42.36, 54.98 and 30.33% in drought conditions. Rashe, Khalili Sefid, Yaghoti and Laal cultivars showed good resistance to drought stress conditions, whereas Fakhri, Shirazi, Bidane Sefid, Gazandai and Gachi Amjagi cultivars were sensitive to drought stress.

Attention to the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit is very important due to its effect on the yield and quality of olive oil. The aim of this study was to compare the three cultivars Picual, Coratina, Zard and T18 genotype in terms of physiological, quantitative and qualitative indices of olive fruit and oil planned and implemented. Results showed that Picual cultivar had the highest fruit and kernel and larger and heavier fruits. The Picual cultivar with producing 116.75 kg/tree was the best cultivar. After examining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the oil, it found that the Picual cultivar had the highest amount of total phenol, carotenoid and chlorophyll in the oil and, in contrast, the oil acidity was lower than the others. Coratina cultivar showed the highest amount of oleic acid (72.53 %), the highest ratio of oleic acid to palmitic acid and stearic acid, the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids (84.03 %) and the lowest palmitic acid. Therefore, according to the results of this study, it can be concluded that Coratina cultivar due to its higher content of phenolic compounds as well as higher amount of unsaturated fatty acids and proper balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, it had better quality oil, but the percentage of oil and yield in Picual and Zard cultivars was higher than Coratina cultivar, so the combined cultivation of these three cultivars should be used to maintain quality and higher yield.

Plant callus tissue has a variety of capabilities, including its use in the preparation of cell suspension cultures to produce secondary metabolites and beneficial natural compounds. In order to induce callus in four varieties explants of Rajabi Sefid Shiraz, Bidaneh Ghermez, Shahani and Makr Quchan from two hormonal compound groups of 2,4-D (in three levels) with BA and NAA (in three levels) with Kinetin were used. In most explants, the highest percentage of induction was observed at the third level of naphthalene acetic acid, which did not show a significant difference with the second level. The response of explants to different levels of plant growth regulators was different and dependent on cultivars, in induction and proliferation. Concentrations of 0.7 mg / l NAA and 0.2 mg / l Kinetin were selected to obtain cell suspension cultures, which good quality was obtained by several subcultures. After finding the appropriate concentration and composition of the hormone in the culture medium, the aim of this study was investigation of the diversity of Resveratrol cell production ability in different grape varieties under cell suspension culture. Measurements of the Trans-Resveratrol content of cell suspension cultures showed that the highest Trans-Resveratrol content was related to the cell suspension culture of Rajabi Sefid Shiraz. Differences in the genetic information of cultivars have been introduced as one of the most important reasons for differences in resveratrol content in grapes.

Olive consumption has been steadily increasing in recent years, due to the increase in consumption, attention to quality has become very important, so that researchers in various ways seek to maintain and improve the quality of the product of this plant. This experiment was designed and performed to investigate the effect of glycine betaine and salicylic acid on photosynthetic properties, macro elements, compounds in Leaf and fruit characteristics of three olive cultivars in a factorial experiment with three factors glycine betaine (water, 10 and 20 mM) and salicylic acid (water, 3 and 6 mM) and cultivars (Arbequina, Koroneiki and Conservolia). During this study were evaluated the flower characteristics, inflorescence, initial and final fruit formation percentage, fruit characteristics, Compounds in Leaf, photosynthesis, transpiration, chlorophyll and gas exchange. Proved the effect of glycine betaine, salicylic acid and cultivar on leaf elements and compounds was significant and the highest amount of total phenol observed in Koroneiki cultivar and 10 mM glycine betaine and 3 mM salicylic acid treatment. In the study of the effect of treatments on photosynthesis, transpiration, chlorophyll and gas exchange of leaves, it found that 20 mM glycine betaine treatment without salicylic acid and 10 mM glycine betaine combined with 6 mM salicylic acid had a positive effect on photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Finally, this study confirmed the increasing effects of glycine betaine and salicylic acid on indices such as leaf phenol, photosynthesis and water use efficiency under stress-free conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological, physiological, and pollen grain and ovule developmental changes under Cd stress in Artemisia annua L.

In this study, Cd accumulation in plant tissues, growth factors, relative water content of tissue, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigments content, soluble carbohydrates content, total protein content, antioxidant enzymes activity, seed protein pattern and, developmental stages of pollen grains and ovules were studied under foliar treatment of Cd (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg l-1).

The results showed that A.annua can accumulate Cd. Significant decrease in growth factors, relative water content, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigments content, soluble carbohydrates content and increase in total protein content, antioxidant enzymes activity were observed. Changes in seed protein pattern, embryonic sac cells degeneration, and the increase of abnormalities in microspores and pollen grains were the abnormalities observed in the plants under treatment.

According to the results of this study, A.annua has a high resistance to Cd stress and can survive under high concentrations of Cd. The results indicate that Cd can affect the developmental stages of reproductive organs and causes a variety of abnormalities during the developmental stages of male and female reproductive organs but it seems that A.annua has been able to resist the negative effects of Cd by changing its physiological properties and proteins contents.

Oxidation of exuded phenolic compounds into the culture media, culture medium browning and ceasing growth are the main obstacles in explants establishment during walnut micropropagation. This research was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three factors including cultivar (Jamal and Chandler), shoot sampling time (May, July and September) and medium conditions (adding activated charcoal to the medium, placing cultures for 24 and 72 h in darkness, sub-culturing thrice per 24 h, twice per 72 h and once after 144 h and the control). Results of the variance analysis of the data related to the establishment of micro-cuttings in culture medium showed that cultivar, sampling time and culture medium conditions as well as their interactions, except the interaction between micro-cuttings and sampling time had significant effects on the Jamal and Chander cultivar micro-cuttings establishment. According to the results of the means comparison, regarding treatments including placement of cultures thrice per 24 hours and adding activated charcoal had a highest level of micro-cuttings establishment in culture medium having significant difference with the other treatments. On the other hand, the results showed a highly significant negative correlation (-0.86) between the micro-cuttings browning index and micro-cuttings establishment. In conclusion, the micro-cuttings establishment of Chandler cultivar had the higher rate compared to Jamal cultivar having statistically significant differences. Finally, it can be stated that collection of micro-cuttings in May and sub-culturing them thrice every 24 hours or adding activated charcoal showed the best results in Chandler and Jamal micro-cuttings establishment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of some physiological and biochemical properties related to cold adaptation mechanisms.We aimed to adopt properand efficient indices for identification of winter cold tolerance and susceptibilityin two strawberry cultivars. Differentphysiological and biochemical traits were studied under different cold treatments on the leaf and crown tissues of two strawberry cultivars of Selva and Queen Elisa. Plants prepared from new runners after being planted in the pot and grown until late November. Potted plantswere kept in out doorcondition to gradually adapt to low temperature. After plant adaptation, coldtreatments were artificially applied with adjustable chilling apparatus. The samples were kept under the final cold treatment for three hours and then removed from the apparatus and transferred to the laboratory for measurement of different traits. Factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the levels of oxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase were significantly affected by cultivar, texture and temperature changes. Also, with decrease in temperature, the ion leakage rate, proline, protein, hydrogen peroxide, membrane lipid and carbohydrate peroxidation increased and these values were generally higher in Queen Elisa cultivar than in Selva. Increasing levels of these factors were more evident in the process of lowering temperature in the crown tissue. The leaf relative water content also decreased with decreasing temperature, which overall confirms the tolerance to cold Queen Elisa cultivar.

Olive is one of the oldest trees. High compatibility, dual use (oil and table olive), and many healing properties have led to a sharp rise in olive cultivation. The quality and quantity of oil and table olive fruits derived from olive fruit are influenced by many factors. Among these factors, we can mention the climate impact, irrigation effect, duration and conditions of fruit storage, oil extraction, and table olive process, packaging and storage conditions. These factors affect the final product by affecting photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, mesophilic conduction, total phenol, proline, and leaf elements. One of the most important factors affecting these traits is the existence of differences between the cultivars in terms of these variables. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the photosynthetic properties, gas exchange, elements and leaf compositions of Mastoidis, Manzanilla, Jolat and Mari olive planned and implemented.

This research was conducted in year 1395 in a completely randomized design with four levels (Mastoidis, Manzanilla, Jolat and Mari) and three replications at Tarom olive station in Zanjan province. The measured traits were: photosynthesis, leaf temperature, transpiration, water use efficiency, photosynthetic active radiation, Difference in atmospheric CO2 concentration with the stomatal chamber, carbon dioxide under the stomata, Difference in atmospheric H2O concentration with the stomatal chamber, Stomatal conduction, mesophyll conduction, chlorophyll index, total phenol, proline, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaves of olive trees.

It was found that Mari cultivar had significantly higher photosynthesis than other cultivars, also, this cultivar showed the highest amount of transpiration, and at the opposite point, the Mastoidis cultivar had the lowest transpiration rate. Mastoids and Jolat cultivars significantly improved the water use efficiency of the two other cultivars. Mari cultivar had the highest stomatal conductance, and Jolat cultivar showed the most mesophilic conductance. Mari cultivars had the highest total phenol content in their leaves, and the Mastoidis cultivar showed the lowest total phenol content in leaves. The Mastoidis, Manzanilla and Mari cultivars had the highest proline content. Mastoidis, Manzanilla and Jolat had more phosphorus content in their leaves. Jolat had the highest amount of potassium in its leaves.

These results showed that Mari cultivar had a high amount of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, total phenol and proline, and it was suitable for these traits. also, Jolat cultivar with high water use efficiency, mesophilic conductivity and macro elements were also suitable for planting, especially in areas suffering from water scarcity.

Use of drought tolerant grapevine rootstocks and application of garden management practices, such as the use of plant growth regulators, can be effective in achieving drought control methods. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications in greenhouse conditions in 2018 in order to study the effect of triacontanol on the physiological characteristics of grafted plantlet of grapevine on two native rootstocks of Iran under drought conditions. The treatments consisted of two rootstocks (Khoshnav, Sorkhak Ghouchan) and Bidaneh sefid (no grafting), three levels of drought stress including soil water potential of -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.5 MPa, and three concentrations of triacontanol (0, 50 and 100 μM). The measured traits included ratio dry weight to leaf area (LMA), membrane cell stability (MSI), total chlorophyll, proline, glycinebetaine, relative water content (RWC), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activity. Based on the results, drought stress reduced LMA (25%), MSI (5%), chlorophyll (20%) and RWC (5%) and triacontanol treatments increased LMA (20%), MSI (4.5%), chlorophyll (14%), RWC (2.5%), glycinebetaine (27%), proline (22%), and antioxidant activity of catalase (23%) and peroxidase (8%). plantlet with Khoshnav rootstock showed better results than the control plantlet, and triacontanol improves drought tolerance in plantlets.

Soil salinity due to sodium chloride is one of the problems in pistachios in the country And this problem whit The shortage of water supplies is intensifying. in this case Using the Resistant Rootstosk and proper nutrition plays an important role. The role of nutrition with zinc compounds in reducing oxidative damage in salinity stress in plants is not clearly understood. The nutritional effects of zinc containing compounds on the growth rate of some Plant species exposed to salinity are reported by various researchers. But little information is available on its effect on the various characteristics of pistachio Rootstosks. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate treatment on some physiological, biochemical and pistachio growth factors under salinity stress and its goal is to reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress in the soil. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a factorial With three replications in the Research greenhouse of The park organization of Qom municipality in 2017-2018. Number of 1512 pistachio seeds of Badamimi Zarand and Qazvini from Pistachio Research Institute of Iran were prepared And germinated. For accurate monitoring, Nutrition with zinc sulfate on seedlings was fed with Hooglund's 50 percent solution in greenhouse conditions and hydroponic culture until it reached height and growth. Grown seedlings were exposed to four levels of salinity including zero (control), five, 10, 15 (ds/m) sodium chloride and three levels of zinc sulfate from the source of ZnSO4.7H2O containing zero (control), one and five mM. The seedlings were transferred to Bu-Ali Sina University's Department of Horticulture .Seedlings height, leaf fresh weight, calcium molar fraction in root, root sulfohedril groups, root membrane permeability, zinc ion leakage and malondialdehyde levels in leaf were evaluated.

Increased sodium chloride concentration up to 15 (ds/m)No application of zinc sulfate Reduced traits of seedlings height ( Badami Zarand, 64.2%, Qazvini 53.3%), The fresh weight of leaf (Badami Zarand 64.7%, Qazvini 55.5%), Fraction of calcium molar in the root (Badami Zarand 54.5%, Qazvini 50%), And roots of sulfohydryl root (Badami Zarand 29.6%, Qazvini 14.3%) Compared to control treatment. With increasing salinity levels up to 15 dS / m Permeability of root membran, zinc Ion leakage and the level of malondialdehyde increased in the leaf. The consumption of zinc sulfate increases the fresh weight of the leaf, Seedlings height, Calcium molar fraction in the root, and concentration of sulfohedril groups in the roots. The application of zinc sulfate resulted in the lowest permeability of root membrane among all treatments in Qazvin (53%). The interaction of zinc sulfate treatment 1 mM and salinity stress of five (ds/m) would reduce zinc ion leakage (Badami Zarand 14.3%, Qazvini 2.2%) Compared to control treatment. The highest amount of malondialdehyde (DW) molg-1μ 5/2) In salinity treatment, 15 (ds/m) No application of zinc sulfate In the rootstock of Badami Zarand, all treatments were observed.

The results indicated a positive effect of zinc on increasing plant resistance and better control of free radicals in salinity stress Particularly at levels of 10 and 15 (ds/m). The rootstock texture of Qazvin compared to the Badami Zarand has a higher concentrations of sulfohedril groups (Bdami zarand 11.33%, Qazvini 191.83%).And the ionic leakage is lower (Zarand 87/15 μg.g-1 root4h-1, Qazvini, 61/4 μg.g-1 root4h-1). Accordingly, Qazvini rootstosk is more stable than the Badami Zarand rootstok Because it has the highest level of malondialdehyde in leaves, it is more resistant to sodium chloride stress And Qazvini rootstock can be introduced to the salt stress according to the climatic conditions of each region as a stable base.

Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors for cultivation and production of grapes in the world and Iran. To study the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of three cultivars, i.e. ‘Fakhri’, ‘Molaei’ and ‘Ghalati’, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three soil water potential treatments. i.e. -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.2 MPa was implemented in greenhouse conditions in 2016. In this study, non- grafted grape vines were placed in large 26-liter pots filled with a clay loam textured soil. According to the results of this study, both levels of stress had a significant effect on dry matter to leaf area ratio, cell membrane stability, chlorophyll, proline, and soluble carbohydrates concertation, leaf relative water content, catalase and peroxidase activities. Soluble carbohydrates concentration showed a significant increase of 47 percent compared to control (10.57 mg g-1 DM) in -1.2 MPa stress level. Drought stress decreased the RWC (2 Percent) and increased proline (9 Percent) and malondialdehyde (55 percent) concentration, the peroxidase (15 to 20 percent) and catalase activity (9 Percent). The highest and the lowest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in ‘Ghalati’ (1.63 mg g-1 FM) and ‘Fakhri’ (1.31 mg g-1 FM), respectively. In conclusion, ‘Ghalati’ cultivar had higher potential to withstand drought stress conditions than ‘Molaei’ and ‘Fakhri’ cultivars.

Heavy metals are emitted to the atmosphere by various anthropogenic sources .In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (0, 75, 150 and 225 mgl-1) were examined on certain morphological and physiological parameters in Datura stramonium L. The results showed that in the group treated with 225 mgl-1 of Cd, fresh and dry weight of shoot, shoot length, leaf area, net assimilation rate, cell membrane stability index, relative water content of tissue have decreased 36.5, 11.75, 11.95, 63.75, 4.28, 25 and 11.29 percent respectively. The amount of photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrate content in the Cd-treated plants were decreased in comparison to the control ones, while a significant increase was observed in the total protein content and activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme. The seed protein profiles showed the formation of new bands and increasing in the density of some bands in Cd-treated plants, could be related to the synthesis of cell detoxification proteins. A decrease in total protein and number of protein bands was observed in the group treated with 225 mgl-1 of Cd in comparison to the other Cd treatments, which is probably caused by the toxication of the translation machinery. The results of this study indicated Cd had detrimental effects on D. stramonium and Cd uptake by the plant without needing to it, leading to negative effects on their function. It seems that D. stramonium was able to resist the damages caused by Cd toxicity, via altering some physiological parameters and changing in the protein pattern.

Grapes are one of the important sources of polyphenols in the diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative changes of phenolic compounds in grapes cv. Shahani during growth stages. At five stages, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after flowering and fruit ripening, the characteristics of berries as well as some phenolic compounds were measured. The results showed that with phase, berry size, berry weight, soluble solids content, pH and total anthocyanins increased and acidity decreased. At the time of fruit ripening, a slight decrease was observed in berry size compared to the time before. With passing time to 50 days after flowering, total phenol content increased in berries, and then decreased at 60 days after flowering and reached its peak again at the time of ripening. The amount of flavonoids in berries decreased with passing time and the highest amount was obtained in 30 days after flowering and the lowest amount was obtained at ripening time. Over time, antioxidant capacity increased and then decreased during the 50 days after flowering, reaching its lowest level at ripening. Also, during the time, the amount of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and epichatechin increased in grape berries, and peaked at the ripening stage. The amount of caffeic acid and fluoresin increased initially and decreased in 50 days after flowering, and then increased to its highest level at ripening. The amount of phenolic compound of rosmarinic acid did not show any significant differences in different stages.

The effect of UV-C irradiation, either alone or in combination with other treatments, on the biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plants has been recently become a matter of interest. In this study, the influence of UV-C light on some phytochemical traits and activity of enzymes involved in phenolic metabolism in grape was investigated. At first, the berries of table grape cv. Sultana were subjected to UV-C irradiation in different doses of 0 (control), 0.8, 1.2, and 4.2 kJm-2, then they were kept at 15°C for 6 days. UV-C low doses induced total phenol in the berry skin. The lowest flavonoid content was observed in berries subjected to the highest dose of UV-C (4.2 kJm-2) on the first day, whereas those irradiated by the low dose of UV-C (0.8 kJm-2) had the most flavonoid content after 5 days (0.45 mg Rutin/g FW). Also, UV-C application improved antioxidant capacity of treated samples in comparison with control. It should be noted that UV-C irradiation had no effect on total tannin content of the berry skin. However, the effect of UV-C radiation on phenylalanine amonialyase (PAL) activity was remarkable during storage. The UV-C restricted the POD activity up to the middle of storage. However, in terms of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), this behavior was dosage-dependent. The results showed that UV-C application at the low doses is an appropriate way to increase phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of table grapes cv. Sultana during limited storage time.

Contamination of soils with oxide metals nanoparticles, by various human activities, is an important environmental issue in both developing and developed countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ZnO and CeO2 NPs (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg L-1) on some growth and biochemical parameters of bean plants growing under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design. The results indicated that ZnO NPs almost, at all concentrations, enhanced plant height, while CeO2 NPs at high concentration did not. Both NPs at all concentrations decreased chlorophyll and anthocyanin content in the experimental plants compared to control ones. There was no significant differences in total protein content in both treatments compared to control. However, a protein band with molecular weight of 28 KDa seems to be appeared in the group treated by 500 mg L-1 ZnO NPs. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in CeO2 NPs-treated plant was higher than those in ZnO NPs treatments. Altogether, the results showed that plant responses to CeO2 NPs were more subject to change upon to concentration than ZnO NPs.

In most fruit trees, despite the fact that all the flowers are not converted to fruit, the amount of production is more than the tree's capacity, which reduces the quality of the crop and reduces the yield of the tree. While in many fruit trees, the conversion of 5 to 15 percent of the flowers into fruits leads to economic production. The size and quality of the fruit produced should be consistent with market conditions. The goal of horticultural Science is to achieve the desirable annual yield and produce throughout the life of the garden. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of a few mineral thinners and a biological regulator on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the nectarine "Shabrang" and its comparison with hand-thinning of flowers and fruits. The experiment was conducted in a commercial garden in Semirom in 2012-2014 as a randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of lime-sulfur (6, 8% and twice the application of 6%), ammonium thiosulfate (20, 25 ml per liter and twice the application of 20 ml per liter), urea (4, 8% and twice 4%) and Apogee (300, 450 mg / L and twice the use 300 mg / L) at flowering stage (spraying in single stage treatments in 70-80% of flowering and two-stage treatments first in 30-40% and then in 70-80% flowering), flower hand- thinning in the 70-80% flowering stage and then four weeks after the flowering stage were applied to selected trees. The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the traits of nectarine "Shabrang" at 1% level. The treatments reduced the fruit set, so that in the hand-thinning treatment of flowers, twice ATS 20 ml per liter and twice lime sulfur 6% reduced the fruit set by 50%. Flower hand-thinning were the best treatment in terms of size (11.33 cm3) and weight (151.34 gr) and the highest yield was related to control (90.42 kg per tree) and the least yield was related to fruit hand-thinning treatment (64.04 kg per tree). The yield efficiency in control treatment (3.32 )fruit/trunk cross-section area) was higher than other treatments and its least amount was for the twice lime sulfur 6% (1.99 fruit/trunk cross-section area) and twice apogee 300 mg / lit (2.01 fruit/trunk cross-section area). In terms of qualitative traits, the highest total soluble solids were recorded in flower (17.49%) and fruit (16.53%) hand-thinning respectively, after which the best results were obtained in the twice treatments of thinning compounds. The highest amount of total acid was recorded in lime sulfur 6% (4.88 mg / 100 ml juice) and flower hand-thinning (4.26 mg / 100 ml juice) had the highest index of ripening among all treatments. The highest of leaf area was in twice ATS 20 ml/L (70.42 cm2) and twice urea 4% (69.18 cm2) and the least of leaf area was recorded in control (55.81 cm2). Fruit color as one of the qualitative indices in flower hand-thinning (4.74) was higher than other treatments and the least amount of fruit color was related to lime sulfate 6% treatment (3/38). Flower hand-thinning created a more regular thinning, larger and more colorful fruits and with higher sugar. The results also showed that the flower hand-thinning was better than the fruit hand-thinning. In general, two-step treatments of the compounds produced more suitable effects on the quantitative and qualitative traits of nectarine. However lime sulfur in 8% and twice using 6% caused some leaf burning.

The genus Cardamine L. in Brassicaceae comprises about 200 species in the world and 7 species in Iran. It has great morphological and karyological diversity and complex evolutionary history. This plant was collected from six different parts of Iran. The identity of these species was further explored by DNA extraction from young leaves and amplification of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region by ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The amplified DNA was sequenced via Takapozist Company. Phylogeny reconstructions were performed using MEGA7 software. Blast and phylogeny analysis identified the collected plants as C.hirsuta C.flexuosa, C.tenera and C.uliginosa. Two known europian ecotypes of C. hirsuta (azureus and oxford from Max Planck Institute) were used as control which confirmed the outcome. These results not only confirmed the presence of at least four Cardamine species in Iran but also showed the effectiveness of ITS marker in identification of different species in the genus Cardamine.

Drought is one of the leading environmental stresses decreasing plant photosynthesis, growth and production. Deficit irrigation, where less than 100% crop evapotranspiration is replaced by irrigation, can also be used to reduce the demand for irrigation water. The objectives of this study were to characterise the impact of three irrigation treatments (full irrigation, mild deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation) on three different strawberry cultivars (namely Darselect, Elsanta and Sonata). A factorial experiment was performed based on completely randomized design with 10 replications. Results showed Elsanta and Sonata developed more and less leaf area and mass, respectively. Elsanta showed more transpiration efficiency and the least water use efficiency. Sonata had less transpiration efficiency and more water use efficiency. Elsanta and Sonata had the lowest and highest yield, respectively. Elsanta fruits had the most flavor index. There was a negative significant correlation between leaf fresh mass and fruit yield. Also water use efficiency was negatively correlated with leaf area and fresh mass and total dry mass at the end of the experiment. Water use efficiency was correlated positively with yield. According to the results, stress had negative effects on leaf area, total dry mass and yield and generally, Sonata for more yields was better than the other two varieties.

Use of safe and environmental friendly compounds is one of the most important challenges in post-harvest researchers. This study was conducted to determine the effects of Aloe vera coating enriched with golpar (Heracleum persicum) essential oil on the storage life and quality attributes of Zaferani peach fruits. Different treatments including Aloe vera gel at 0, 7.5 and 15% and golpar essential oil at 0, 100 and 200 ppm were used. Response surface method was used for optimization of the data. Different quality attributes including total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, fruit firmness, total phenolics, sensory attributes and fruits color were measured. Application of the Aloe vera gel enriched with golpar essential oil decreased the amount of fruit weight loss (1.24%) and softening and increased the fruit firmness (7.35 kg/cm2) and total phenolic content during the storage period. Increase of the storage time and golpar essential oil concentration led to the decrease in organic acids content (0.68 %w/w) and so the increase of fruit pH (3.63), but the increase of Aloe vera gel concentration retained the fruit TA and decreased its pH content. Total soluble solid of peach fruits was increased with the increase of the storage time and golpar concentration and decreased with the increase of Aloe vera gel concentration. The increase of storage time and golpar concentration increased different color parameters such as L and b indexes and decreased a index of peach fruits, however, with the increase of Aloe vera gel concentration, L and b indexes were decrease and a index was increased. The results showed that application of Aloe vera gel enriched with golpar essential oil leads to maintain the quality properties and increase the sensory attributes of peach fruits during storage period