فهرست مطالب منوچهر طهماسبی

Measurement and monitoring of structural characteristics of forest stands are essential for studying the dynamics of vegetation, as well as planning forestry interventions such as silvicultural operations and restoration activities. This research, conducted within the framework of the comprehensive Zagros Forest Monitoring and Assessment Program, aimed to evaluate the structure of forest stands in the growth area of Zagros, using a total of 34 one-hectare sample plots designed through a location-based monitoring approach. In each location, a randomly selected square-shaped one-hectare sample plot was established. The results demonstrated that the total number of tree and shrub species ranged from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 6 species, with a density ranging from 18 to 924 stems ha-1. Regarding the tree species composition, the maximum number of branch base stems was 826, and branch base stems were dominant in most sites. The average diameter of branch shoots ranged from 3 to 69 cm, while tree heights ranged from 3 to 10.8 m. Furthermore, the study revealed that the uniform angle index value ranged from 0.469 to 0.086 across different sample plots, indicating a scattered pattern in all stands. The composite index value ranged from 0.2 to 0.5, suggesting that most stands are in a fair to moderate condition in terms of stability. Monitoring the temporal changes in structural characteristics of the studied stands through repeated measurements in the future phases will provide valuable insights into Zagros Forest stands.

This study aimed to evaluate the structural characteristics of natural forests and providing the possibility of studying the changes in the structural characteristics of these stands over time, in order to plan and manage the forest in the Tang Dalab To achieve this, all trees were calipered in two one-hectare plots. Additionally, the structural characteristics were measured using the nearest neighbor’s method. To measure several indices like nearest neighbor distance index (density of trees), uniform angle index Clark and Evans index (variety of location), Mingling index (species mixture), diameter and canopy differentiation indices (dimensional differences of trees), and complex structural diversity index (tree diversity) were used. The results of uniform angle (south site 0.44 and north site 0.48) and Clark and Evans indices (Southern aspect 1/07 and Northern aspect 1/09)indicated a random spatial pattern of trees. According to the Mingling index, the northern aspect has relatively moderate mixing (0.31) and no mixing (0) in the pure southern aspect). The mean distance to the neighbors was 8.12 m in the northern stand and 5.81 in the southern aspect. The results of the diameter and canopy differentiation index indicated a low difference in diameter (0.24) and canopy (0.24) in the southern aspect an average difference in diameter differentiation (0.41) and a high difference in canopy differentiation (0.51) in the northern aspect complex structural diversity index, indicated more diversity in the northern aspect (0.38) compared to the southern aspect (0.18). The indicators used in this research can be used to describe the structure and ecological characteristics of different tree species in order to increase ecosystem stability and planning to create heterogeneity in the structure of the stand and help forest managers in planning and making appropriate decisions. However, the effectiveness of these indicators in some situations is doubted by some researchers.

Forest management achieves its management goals by considering the natural state of the forest and having enough knowledge in relation to ecological characteristics of forest species and the current state of the forest structure and monitoring changes resulting from management activities. This research was carried out with the aim of knowing the existing structural situation in Tang Dalab forest area, in two Aspect direction, northern and southern.

In the center of two northern and southern sites, a square sample plot of one hectare (dimensions 100 x 100 meters) was permanently selected and planted. All trees and Coppice shoots located in this area were numbered and specified and the structural variables of all the trees in the sample plot were measured. To compare the average of the investigated variables in both sites, after testing the homogeneity of variances and the normality of the distribution of variables, t-student test was used

The results showed that the southern stand with a density of 72 Persian oak species (Quercus brantii Lindl) per hectare was completely seedling and its forest type is Quercus brantii Lindl while the northern stand with a density of 57 trees per hectare, 82% of its seedling and its forest type was Q. brantii - C. azarolus. The results of the T-test showed that all the studied variables have a significant difference between the southern stand and the northern stand at the probability level of 1% The average diameter at root collar (DRC), diameter at 0.5m height, and diameter breast height (DBH) of trees in the southern stand were more than the northern stand. The distribution of trees in the diameter classes of the southern stand, showed that this stand has an irregularly even-aged structure. The chart of diameter distribution of this stand states that there was no regeneration in the past years in the northern stand, in addition to coppice and young Persian oak trees, in the lower diameter classes, a number of young trees of other species with small diameters were seen. The height distribution diagram of trees in the southern stand showed that the largest number of trees are in the middle of the diagram and in the height classes of 5 to 11 meters. In the northern stand, coppice trees were present in the lower height classes (less than 3 meters). While more than 80% of seedling trees have a height between 6 and 11 meters. The results of the investigation of the basal area diameter at 0.5m of the trees in both stands showed that This variable in the southern stand (26.41 square meters) due to the presence of seedling trees and higher density, it was about More than three times the northern stand (7.48 square meters).

The superiority of the southern group over the northern group showed that the aspect has a major influence on the vegetation and forest structure. in sustainable forest management planning, while monitoring the structure of forest stands during periods of time, at least ten years, it is necessary to pay special attention to the different conditions of aspect in order to preserve, revive and develop these forests.

Water shortage, low quality soils, and insufficient supply of feed are the main limitations for livestock production in arid and semiarid regions of the word. Therefore, there is a demand to cultivate new crops for these areas as an alternative to crops, which are hypersensitive to low fertile situation. Cultivation of acceptable-quality unusual plants, which are resistant to harsh environmental conditions is a proper way to overcome these challenges. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a highly productive crop and produce a large amount of forage per unit of area. Artichoke forage has good nutritional value for ruminant animals. In other hand, artichoke as a medicinal plant contains many secondary compounds including polyphenols, cynarin, chlorogenic acid, carotenoids and natural antioxidants. Lower blood cholesterol and triglyceride and carcass fat have been reported by these compounds in animals fed artichoke products. Therefore, we hypothesized that addition of artichoke forage to diet of fattening lambs may has beneficial effects on their carcass quality traits.
In order to evaluate the effects of dietary artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) level instead of alfalfa on meat fatty acids profile and carcass quality traits of fattening lambs, this experiment was conducted using 24 Kurdish male lambs (initial body weight of 30.2 ± 2.35 kg) in a completely randomized design with three treatments and eight replications. Experimental treatments included: 1) control (diet without artichoke hay), 2) diet containing 10% artichoke hay, and 3) diet containing 20% artichoke hay. The experiment was lasted for 100 days including 20 d of adaptation period and 80 d of data recording and samples collection. At the end of experiment, all lambs were weighed after an overnight fast (16 h). All lambs were slaughtered, and hot carcass were weighed. The carcass was split into two equal halves (left and right). The right half of carcass was cut into six primal cuts including neck, shoulder, breast-flank, loin, leg and tail. Meat chemical composition, color parameters and fatty acids profile were measured.
The results showed that incorporation of artichoke to the diet improved the daily weight gain of lambs (P<0.05). Also, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage increased linearly with increasing artichoke level in the diet (P<0.05). Dietary artichoke level had no effect on carcass cuts percentage (neck, shoulder, breast flank, loin, leg, and tail), meat chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat and ash) and color parameters (lightness, redness, yellowness). Meat fatty acids profile (including saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids) were not affected by artichoke level in the diets.
According to the results, feeding fattening lambs a diet contained artichoke (up to 20% of total mixed ration) has no detrimental effects on meat quality and improve their dressing percentage.

Integrated forest ecosystem management plays an important role in controlling degradation and balancing its various functions for the sustainable use of all available capabilities. In this regard, beekeeping is one of the most suitable multiple uses of the forest. The purpose of this study is to introduce a fuzzy multi-criteria Evaluation approach (F-MCE) to determine the forest's capability for beekeeping and compare it with the conventional non-fuzzy approach. In this regard, beekeeping capability in 16825 hectares of Zagros forests in Kabirkouh region of Ilam province, Iran was evaluated by the two approaches in four classes and the results were compared. Evaluation criteria were the same in both approaches and included the percentage of the canopy of plant attractiveness classes, flowering period, slope, air temperature, relative humidity, prevailing wind speed, and access to road and water. The weight of the criteria was determined using the Analytic Network Process (ANP). In F-MCE, the values of the criteria were determined using fuzzy membership functions and the criteria were combined by the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. Then, beekeeping capability was digitally evaluated using the Multi-Criteria Evaluation method (MCE). The results showed that 40% of the area of beekeeping classes differed in the two evaluation approaches and the main part of this difference (35.6%) is related to the areas that were evaluated in the F-MCE approach in the good class (S1) and in the traditional approach in Moderate class (S2). This difference in results can be attributed to the different methods used in F-MCE in which the adverse effect of boolean and subjective criteria evaluation in the traditional method is avoided through their digital evaluation with fuzzy logic.

One way to study the problems of forests, to study its changes over the years and access to accurate information, is to use remote sensing technology and satellite data. The use of GIS as one of the most important tools for analyzing the extent, location of degradation and auxiliary factor to identify the cause and factors in the solution of the phenomenon of deforestation. Research shows that between 1990 and 2000, an average of 6.8 hectares of forest area in Ilam province decreased. On the other hand, the phenomenon of oak tree droughts and deforestation has intensified due to severe droughts and land use changes, especially constructions that have been done in forest areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the distribution of oak tree drought with physiographic factors and also land use change in Zagros forest areas in Ilam province.

In conducting this research, first the digital elevation model of the province was prepared based on topographic maps, then based on this model, information layers of slope class, geographical directions and elevation classes were extracted. In order to prepare the oak tree drought site location layer, in addition to processing satellite images, the location of oak tree drought trees was collected at 100 points in the province. To ensure the accuracy of the obtained maps, the accuracy assessment method was used, which is based on comparing the map extracted from satellite data with ground reality information such as field perceptions and visits, existing maps and the expert knowledge of the interpreter. In the following, the location map of the distribution of dry masses was overlapped and integrated with slope classes, geographical directions, altitude classes and land use. Then the frequency of dead trees in the units of the mentioned layers was calculated and presented as a percentage.

According to the physiographic units of the region, the highest amount of dry masses is related to the altitude of 1200 to 1600 meters, slope class of 0 to 15% and the geographical direction of the southwest. The lowest of them are in the altitude floor less than 400 and more than 2400 meters, the slope class is more than 30% and the geographical directions are northeast and southeast. The highest frequency of oak tree drying in Ilam province is in the classification of forest areas related to thin class 42%, medium 39% and dense forest areas 5%, respectively.

In general, it can be stated that physiographic factors (slope, geographical directions and altitude) as well as land use changes in different forms and different intensities and weaknesses can contribute to the destruction of temples. Zagros and especially in the area of ​​Ilam province to be effective. Based on the obtained results, dried oak trees have different distribution in physiographic units. In the study of this distribution, the use of satellite images, especially in the study of forest areas, both in terms of the phenomenon of oak tree drying and in terms of deforestation due to land use changes or other natural factors, has many applications.

In some areas, it is surprisingly possible to see a dense cover of rangeland species that has sustained soils and controlled the sedimentation rate of marl lands. It seems that some of the physical and chemical properties of marl are the main reasons for such a cover in the areas covered by Marlene formations. This research was carried out with the aim of thorough and systematic examination of plant species and determining the need for habitat and their protective role in the eastern, southern and western regions of Ilam. For this purpose, 48 specimens of Marne deposit were harvested from three areas and 33 physical and chemical tests were carried out. Botanical investigations were carried out using recurrent field observations and plots at 180 points, and plant specimens were identified after transfer to the plant museum According to the results of experiments on marl samples in these three regions, according to the stratigraphy of marl formations Gurpi, Pabdeh, Gachsaran and Aghajari, the sediments of these three areas were evaluated for the salinity (EC), bulk density (BD), sodium (Na +) and Soil saturation percentage (SP) and some physical parameters such as sand, sand and silt particles have significant differences. This difference can be one of the factors affecting the diversity and diversity of vegetation grown in three areas. The most important point is that in both eastern and western regions of Ilam, the species of Quercus brantii is abundant and dominant, and it can undoubtedly be considered as the most adapted plant species in the areas covered by Marlene formations of Gurpi and Pabdeh in these zones. . The second dominant species is No mu, Ha sa and Zi nu, which is compatible with the southern marl zone of the city of Ilam.

In this project, in order to evaluate and compare the most important phenolic compounds in extract of different artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organs under water stress and planting density, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarabelle-Ilam Agricultural Research Station during 2014-2015. The treatments comprised four irrigation regime (25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the water requirement of the plant) in the main plots and four densities(10, 20, 30 and 40 thousand bushes in hectare with 0.5, 0.67, 1 and 2m interval within the row, respectively, and 0.5m between rows) in sub plots. herbal sampels were harvested in the second year, and after drying in room temperature were used for methalonic extract. Identification and amount of naringin, caffeic and chlorogenic acid was done with HPLC methode. According to the obtained results, increasing drought stress caused 78 and 11% reduction in naringin amount compared to control treatment of bud and leaf extract, respectively. The maximum amount of caffeic acid (0.74 mg/g dry matter) was observed in leaf extract and interaction effect of full irrigation and 10 thousand bushes in hectare. Drought improved caffeic and chlorogenic acid biosynthesis of bud, but in interaction effect with density, only chlorogenic acid had the highest amount in sever water stress and 10 thousand bushes in hectare .Among consumed organs extract, caffeic acid and naringin had the highest amount in leaf extract, and chlorogenic acid in bud extract

To study the effect of different irrigation levels and plant densities on yield, yield components and morphological traits of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), a field experiment was conducted at Sarabelle Agricultural Research Station in Ilam province, Iran, during 2014-2015. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were four irrigation levels including 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % (control) of the plant water requirement that assigned to the main plots and four plant densities of 10000, 20000, 30000 and 40000 per hectare that assigned to the sub plots. The results showed that the highest plant height (242 cm), 1000-seed weight (36 g), number of buds (10 per plant), lateral shoots (10 per plant), total shoot dry weight (20872 kg.ha-1) and grain yield (2781 kg.ha-1) were obtained under 100 % plant water requirements. The highest total plant height (228.2 cm), 1000-seed weight (37 g), total shoot dry weight (20306 kg.ha-1) and grain yield (2830 kg.ha-1) were obtained at 40000 plant.ha-1. The highest number of buds per plant (10) and number of lateral branches (12) were observed at the density of 10000 plants.ha-1. The highest oil yield (694 kg.ha-1) was obtained at 40000 plants.ha-1 and under 100 % of the plant water requirement. According to the results, the highest grain yield was obtained at 40000 plants.ha-1 and under 100 % of the plant water requirement, but even under severe water deficiency conditions, it had high ability to produce forage, seed, bud and shoot. Under severe drought conditions(25 % of the plant water requirement) more than 9.8 ton shoots dry matter, 1.7 ton grain yield and 0.7 ton oil seed per hectare were obtained.

The effects of several factors and variables which determine forest stand structure, aren’t equal. Some of these factors, which have large effects, named as principal factors or principal components. Diagnosis and separating of this principal factors from others are very important. One of the suitable methods for determining of principal factors, is Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
In this research by PCA method, 12 forest stands of Oak (Quercus persica) and Pistachio (Pistasia atlantica), with different climatic and topographic conditions, selected and classified then by using of 31 environmental variables and structural characters, those principal factors were analysed. Results showed that variations between regions is relatively high, where 66.2 percent of total variations display in the first three axis. Regions of Cheshmehdaulat, Dalabpain and Nakhjirbala have minimum variability and regions of Melagavan, Meimeh, Nakhjirpain and Tajarian have maximum variability. In comparison to regions, we can named first axis as diameter or age axis and named second axis as almost species diversity. Variation between variables is too relatively high, where 61.3 percent of total variations display in the first three axis. Percent of health trunk, species diversity, tree density, number of dry branches, mean diameter at breast height and total canopy have larger variations in comparison to other variables.

In Iran, Anagyrigs foetida L. occurs in exclusive sites in Gilan-e Gharb region of Kermanshah province. Despite the toxicity of the plant, several medicinal properties of leaves and fruits have been reported, including being laxative, anti-worm and phlegm. Due to its exclusive and limited habitat conditions, a study on its site characteristics can create a valuable research background for botanists as well as to conservationists to protect, rehabilitate and expand the site. Here, distribution of the stand were initially marked on the map, followed by systematic-random sampling to delineate sample plots along transects. Data were collected, and shrub characteristics and site conditions were analyzed. The results indicate that the site expands to ca. 520 ha with an average altitude of 1170 meters above sea level. An average density of 223 to 284 individuals per hectare was estimated, occasionally reaching more than 500 individuals. In addition, crown diameters of 1-4 meters (occasionally 7 m) and height of 1-2.5 meter (with some cases up to 4 meters) were also reported. The average estimated canopy was approximately 28 percent.