منوچهر علی نژاد

Empowerment is a process whose goal is the full participation of women in decisions related to their own lives. In this process, women are empowered and their agency is recognized as activists and agents of change. It is a process in which women describe and recreate what they could and could not do before. This empowerment can include measures to improve the status of women through education, increasing awareness, literacy, and training. Women can increase self-confidence to play a role and actively participate in decision-making on various issues of society. Empowerment has a long history in the world, and in Iran, there are activities to empower women. These programs are being implemented in Kerman City as well, but the consequences of these programs have not been given much attention. Therefore, the purpose of this Grounded Theory is to discover and understand the consequences of women’s empowerment in the city of Kerman from the point of view of the participants in these programs, and the main issue of the current research is what are the consequences of the women’s empowerment in Kerman and what are the consequences of participating in these programs for women. had? To collect data, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used and interviews were conducted with 21 women who participated in the empowerment processes of government organizations and people’s institutions in Kerman until reaching theoretical saturation. In addition to theoretical sampling, the sampling method was purposeful and maintained maximum diversity. Then, using open, central, and selective coding, the research findings were extracted. By extracting interviews and performing three stages of coding, 18 sub-categories and 5 main categories were obtained, and the main categories are the consequences of women’s empowerment in Kerman city, which are: personal development, life management, financial prosperity, and facing difficulties. continuity and creativity. The core category is also: reproduction.

Shopping centers and markets have played a pivotal role in people's lives and in cities since ancient times. Hence, unlike the past, due to the expansion of shopping centers and arcades, the economic aspect of shopping centers has come under spotlight. The research aims to shed light on the formal and content changes in the shopping style and behavior of people in shopping malls of Karaj. In this qualitative research, the grounded theory has been adopted. Data collection was conducted from interviews with 20 citizens of Karaj. After writing reports and analyzing data in the form of open-code tables, sub-categories appeared. By examining these sub-categories, we sought to discover the main categories. Finally, by putting together the cores of "Growing preference for purchase from the shopping arcades due to the thriving culture of window shopping in the shopping arcade", "Increasing commute to the shopping arcades due to its spatial desirability", "Growing culture of pretentious purchases in people's shopping behavior", the final core or super category of "Formal and content changes in shopping style" was obtained. In the end, the paradigm model was designed and its mechanisms were analyzed.

Social trust is one of the most fundamental elements of the strength and solidarity of societies. This issue is more important among students who are the future generations of any society. One of the factors that, according to the cultural-value system ruling Iranian society, has a strong role in the social confidence of students, is religiosity. Based on this, the present research examined the effect of religiosity on students' social trust. The research method was survey type. The statistical population was the secondary school students of Mehriz city, 250 of whom were selected and studied using stratified sampling method. The tool for collecting research data was a questionnaire. The findings of the research showed that the level of social trust of students is higher than average. Social trust among male students is significantly higher than female students. The linear regression estimate shows that the effect of religiosity variable on students' social trust is equal to (Beta = 0.40) and statistically significant. However, there is no significant difference between male and female students in terms of the effect of the religiosity variable on social trust. In other words, gender variable does not moderate the effect of religiosity variable on social trust.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the perspectives of drug users who are affiliated with Narcotics Anonymous regarding addiction, trends that precede treatment, and addiction treatment.

The research employed a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all the members of the Narcotics Anonymous Association in Mehriz, Yazd. Nineteen of them were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using the thematic analysis method.

The findings showed that substance users initially experience multi-layered helplessness (including social, family, economic, psychological, and physical helplessness). After this procedure, members of the Narcotics Anonymous Association gradually develop a desire to overcome addiction due to various factors (such as family reconstruction, mental recovery, economic concerns, fear of the future, and identity recovery. Treatment is then initiated to support them in their recovery journey. Finally, by participating in Narcotics Anonymous, individuals engage in community-based treatment (including self-awareness, acceptance of addiction, identification, strengthening of will, empathy, understanding, and building social capital).

Addiction is a complex process, and its treatment is carried out within the Narcotics Anonymous Association in response to this matter. Focusing on social dimensions, such as participation, support, networking, empathy, mutual understanding, commitment, belonging, and responsibility within the addiction treatment foundation of this association contributes to the continuity of treatment for individuals.

Empowerment refers to a process in which women have access to material and non-material resources and can influence their lives, choices and abilities. Empowerment has two dimensions, static and dynamic, and agency has an important effect in this process. In other words, empowerment includes three concepts of agency, processes/achievements and results. Empowerment has various economic, social, educational, personal and psychological dimensions and occurs when women can challenge the existing norms and culture and improve their lives. The above research was conducted with the aim of understanding the lived experiences of Kerman women of empowerment with the phenomenological method. In this research, interviews were conducted with 13 women who participated in the empowerment projects of Kerman, and these women were mainly people who were somehow involved in poverty and economic issues, and the text of the interviews after implementation in the software. Max Kyuda was coded, and finally 14 themes were extracted, which are: paradox of the big other, lack of cost in the predicted profession, failure of financial empowerment, perception of skill improvement, emergence of hope, feeling of being seen, equality and mutual respect, melting horizon. effective learning experience, synergy, enthusiasm for group activity, work as leisure, perception of incompleteness and discontinuity, perception of weak organization.

Women empowerment is a crucial means of achieving gender equality and improving living conditions for women. Over the past few decades, many government and non-governmental organizations around the world, including in Iran, have pursued empowerment programs. Kerman City is also implementing such programs. This study explores the motivations and reasons behind women's participation in these empowerment initiatives.

This research adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing the data-based method proposed by Strauss and Corbin. Participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling, specifically women who had taken part in empowerment programs. In total, fifteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved.

From the data analysis, several categories emerged, including family breakdown, learned hardship, feelings of failure and loneliness, determination, the necessity of work, empathy and support for others, and economic challenges.

The findings indicate that the motivations for Kerman women's participation in empowerment programs are grounded in the central themes of environmental determinism and risk-taking. The living conditions and personal characteristics of the women involved provide a conducive environment for their successful engagement in these empowerment initiatives.

The lifestyle in any society represents the social and cultural characteristics of that society. This lifestyle, along with cultural components, becomes a durable collective identity in a society. The aim of this research was to explore the socio-cultural contexts, patterns and identity spaces of the Yazidians’ lifestyle in the past. The method used in this research was the ethnographic method. The target community of this research was Yazd city and the target sample of the research was 15 people of Yazd historians and cultural experts who were selected by purposeful sampling. The results of the research show that the lifestyle of Yazdians in the past has been influenced by the climatic and desert conditions of Yazd, relative security, limited resources, the spirit of tolerance, the culture of religiosity and mourning, and the hardworking spirit of the people in Yazd. The main category in this research was found to be adaptable and renewable lifestyle, which implies the principle of adaptation and the principle of adaptation based on the will of Yazidians despite all the limitations imposed by environmental conditions. Moreover, the lifestyle of Yazidians in the past was found to have been influenced by clerical reference groups, local and market trustees, and parents, which has been formed in the spaces of religious, economic, and social identity

In this research, the social study of the meaning of flood and coping strategies among the flood victims of Khuzestan province (Bander Imam Khomeini and Jarahee areas) have been addressed. The method used in this research was Grounded Theory. The data for this research was collected through in-depth interviews and theoretical sampling of 20 people consisting of the flood victims and injured, and reached complete theoretical saturation. For data analysis, three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding have been used. After the coding stage, 7 main categories and 1 core category were extracted from the data. The results of this research are presented in the form of a paradigm model and a theoretical schema. The results showed that the meaning of the flood among the flood victims is mainly created through factors such as neglect, feeling of rejection and reproduction of negative mentality towards the actions of the officials as well as synergy of the problems. Of course, it goes without saying that the flood victims also chose a "fragile combined strategy" against the flood. Finally, the theory of the research showed that the flood has led to the "spatial and identity displacement of the flood victims".

The bridge between the understanding of desirable jobs and activists are abstract concepts that people reach at different ages and according to social and economic conditions. The purpose of this essay is to reflect on the duality of understanding the meaning of a desirable job in the minds of teenagers and young people in Mashhad.The method used in qualitative and conventional content analysis was chosen and a sample size of about 30 people was selected from among the youth of Mashhad city and studied. Findings The obtained results showed that in their understanding of a desirable job, teenagers have pointed to categories such as service, appropriate position and job justice, halal income, job expectation based on maintaining values, work pleasure, creativity and job success, and the youth (women) ) to categories such as female job environment, non-gender discrimination of job, job identity, gender adaptation of job, distance from work to home (location distance of job and time distance of job) and job skills and youth (men) to categories like high income, job insurance and Appropriate salaries and benefits, job demands, self-determination and workplace health were mentioned. By comparing the main categories among teenagers and young people, we can witness a kind of duality and difference in meaning in the understanding of desirable job, which leads to the contrast of "moral and abstract mission" from desirable job among teenagers to "McDonalization of job" among young people. It seems that according to the background factors and the structural limitations of job search,

The textile industry is one of the strategic industries and one of the basic pillars of society. Textile inYazd has a long history, but in recent years has experienced an unfavorable situation. Meanwhile, industrialclusters have many advantages in economic development by bringing together small enterprises. Various factorscontribute to the success of industrial clusters. Social capital is one of the indicators of growth and developmentof any country is one of the dimensions of social indicators. In this study, we have studied its role in the successor failure of Yazd textile industrial cluster with a qualitative approach. The data of this study were obtainedfrom a semi-structured interview with 17 industry owners, academics and researchers in this field. The findingsof this study, using thematic analysis, address challenges at three levels of communication between industrialorganizations and the textile industry, including "The ineffective approach of the government prevents thepromotion of organizations to the supportive position of industry and government", "the alienation of industryowners from the organizational culture", "Lack of support for technology development projects and the creationof technical knowledge" and "Motivational barriers and high volume of educational and executive activities ofacademics", "Lack of development of the necessary infrastructure for commercialization of research", "Lack ofsystemic thinking between industry and university managers", "Lack of mission-oriented planning in theeducational and research policies of the higher education system", the relationship between universities andresearch centers and innovation with the textile industry, and "inaction and regression in the field of structuredplanning", "Lack of necessary mechanisms to reduce the final price and increase competitiveness","Decentralized and rent-seeking policies", "Lack of forward-looking and specialized policy-making" therelationship of government organizations with the textile industry. The findings indicate the significant role ofgovernment and government policies in the low level of social capital in the textile industrial cluster of Yazd.Therefore, changing the government's approach to its role in Yazd textile industry from entrepreneurial toprotectionist is one of the most important factors in increasing the appropriate social capital.

Leisure time and how to spend it in the modern era is one of the basic issues in people's social life, and due to the prevalence of consumer culture and the formation of fundamental changes in people's lifestyles, its importance has increased. The present study was conducted with the aim of "investigating the relationship between the rethinking of female identity and the leisure patterns of women in Yazd". The method used in this research is a survey type, using a questionnaire tool and a proportional cluster sampling of 403 women living in Yazd city. In this research, leisure time has been measured in two dimensions, traditional and modern. The results showed that the total average (in the range of 1 to 5) of the female reflexive identity variable is equal to 3.51. In this way, in total, the level of female identity among sample women is higher than the average, which is the number 3. Also, there is a relationship between background variables such as respondents' marital status, their age, education status and women's employment status with how they spend their free time. Also, there is a relationship between the variable of female rethinking identity and leisure time among women in Yazd city.

Consumption fever has spread to cities and people are trying to gain status and social position for themselves by consuming goods. Women nowadays use clothes to send messages about their identity to others. shopping malls such as mezons (brand commodity stores) are one of the main spaces for the consumption of signs and styles. Therefore this study aims to understand and interpret the patterns of consumption behavior of women in the mezons of Yazd. The research method is qualitative and was implemented with a thematic analysis strategy. The data collection method was semi-structured interview. The sample size was 30 women living in Yazd who were selected by purposive sampling. In order to analyze the data, the content analysis technique was used. After analyzing the interviews four categories of responses emerged which were as follows: 1- Believable consumption behavior 2- assimilation to significant others 3- dramatic consumption behavior 4- product loyalty. The results showed that the consumption values ​​of this group were significantly more complex. The emergence of a culture of consumerism, imitation (keeping up with the Joneses) and lifestyle changes hav led to the spread of conspicuous, fashion-led, and theatrical consumption types. Based on this, it can be predicted that the orientation of consumption culture among Yazidi women is towards the duality (believable and conspicuous) of consumption, , and negative indicators of consumption behaviors will be the predominant aspect of this behavior in the future.

Local resources and values have been emphasized in the recent literature on social change and development. In this study, the youth’s attitude are explored toward endogenous development in five dimensions of participation in development process, cultural values, local knowledge, local resources, and local actors.  

Methods and Data: 

The present research is qualitative by nature using a survey design. The research population included 17 to 30 year-old young people in Yazd and Ahvaz, Iran. 554 young people completed a questionnaire. Sample was selected through the multistage random sampling method. The data gathered through the questionnaire was then analysed by SPSS software. 

The results showed that the highest average among the endogenous development dimensions was for respect for cultural values and the lowest average for globalism. The variables of age, sex, education and ethnicity had a significant relationship with attitudes toward endogenous development. The results of multivariate regression test showed that the variables of globalization, age and ethnicity were the most important variables explaining the attitude towards endogenous development. 

The young respondants showed to have accepted the necessity of attention to local resources and values in the process of attatining social and economic development as well as local values and identity. The young respondants have recognized the importance of local and global dimensions of development. They think globally but act locally.  

Key Message: 

The citizens’ attitudes include their subjective and practical orientation toward endogenous development. The increasing awareness about changing world has led to youth’s tendency towards local resources and values.

In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the successful entrepreneurial behaviors of women in Yazd. In this qualitative study, the focused  population are women entrepreneurs in Yazd. Selected by purposive and theoretical sampling, the sample of this study included 15 women entrepreneurs, who were different in terms of age, education, type of profession and marital status. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the interviews. From the results of the analysis, three main themes were obtained. The main theme of constructive interaction with mental and social barriers includes 21 concepts and 5 sub-themes (domination of patriarchal gender ideology, lack of structural support, stereotype of disbelief in women's ability, economic view of women's work, social short-sightedness). The theme of self-improvement was obtained from 21 concepts and 4 sub-themes (aligning with social norms, proving individual abilities, overcoming self-limitation, observing gender norms). The main themes of reflection positivity were extracted from 9 concepts and 2 sub-themes, positive self-affirmation and action self-belief.

Today, a special term called "brand" is used to offer and introduce goods and services and compare them with other similar products. The present study seeks to investigate the social and economic contexts of cashmere branding in Yazd. This research seeks to answer the question of what steps cashmere weaving has taken in Yazd to achieve branding and what are the socio-cultural and economic factors of this branding. The method of the present study was qualitative and the underlying theory was used. And the statistical sample of the research of 11 experts and owners of famous cashmere brands has been selected by purposive sampling in Yazd. The results of data analysis show that the causal conditions affecting the branding of cashmere include the will to reprocess and change the cashmere and try to turn it from handmade and artistic goods and then into modern and machine goods with the aim of mass production. Yazidis 'hard work and transportation role and intervention conditions such as the role of traders and sellers' competition with each other, strategies of diversity in cashmere goods, variety in design and color of cashmere and consequences such as branding, specialness and uniqueness have caused cashmere branding.

In the past, people built fences around cities to protect themselves and provide security. But over time and in recent decades, the culture of social segregation and privatization has changed the form and content of fences and tied it to private farms, villa gardens and private homes. The purpose of this sociological reflection is on the semiotic duality of fence and fencing among the people of Savadkuh in Mazandaran province in order to understand the social meaning of a physical structure. The method used in this research is qualitative and critical ethnography and 20 citizens of Savadkuh have been selected and interviewed by purposive sampling. The results of this study show the duality and semantic transformation of fencing and fencing in Savad Kooh city and with a semiotic approach and perception of the city in the form of two main themes: 1- "Fencing as a biological and identity manifestation" and 2- "Fencing as The manifestation of the dominance of modern instrumental values, alienation and individualism. The central categories in the discussion of fencing include "lack or limitation of fencing in the past", "fence is a sign of demarcation and care of agricultural land and product", "manifestation of security", "manifestation of simplicity and poverty of rural life" and "fence is a sign of land value" Are "manifestations of modernization and segregation", "manifestations of rationality and personalization of privacy" and "manifestations of pathology and social pessimism". Finally, this duality in urban structures and symbols has a picture of spatial and social duality and inequality in a wide range of urban environments.

Nowadays, neglecting the environment and overlooking its problems is spreading rapidly. Efforts to develop and urbanize and ensure human well-being have disadvantages and benefits for humans and nature, and one of the disadvantages caused by society and its members is air pollution. In this research, the theoretical approaches of Bourdieu's lifestyle and cultural capital, Castells social networks theory and the biosphere of Habermas and others have been used. Since citizens can be effective in reducing air pollution with their attitudes and behaviors, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Meybod citizens towards air pollution and social factors affecting it. This research is a descriptive, analytical and survey type and the research population consisted of citizens 16 years and older, of which, using Cochran formula, 420 people were chosen via a multi-stage random sampling procedure. Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of age, marital status, education level, residence status, income and citizens 'attitudes toward air pollution, but there was no relationship between gender and citizens' attitudes toward air pollution. There was also a positive and direct relationship between lifestyle, cultural capital, social networks and a significant negative relationship between profit-orientedness and the dependent variable. The results of regression analysis showed that the remaining variables in the regression model determined 19% of the variance of the dependent variable and the variables of lifestyle, profit orientation and age, respectively, played the most important role in the regression model. The results showed that the citizens of Meybodi put an emphasis on the priority of preserving the environment in spite of income and profit from working in factories, and also the category of lifestyle has a greater share and weight in explaining the dependent variable, which if strengthened together with cultural capital can change the attitude of citizens towards air pollution and environmental protection.

This Research aims to investigate the women entrepreneurs’ successful economic behaviors of Yazd city. The present study is qualitative and the Research community is women entrepreneurs. By using the purposeful and theoretical sampling method the number of 13 woman who were different in some variables like age, education type of profession and marital status, were selected. The research data were collected by using, Strauss and Corbin's underlying theory method including open, axial and selective coding. The core of research is the constructive interaction with limitations. The underlying category that provides the formation of constructive interaction with limitations is the context that provides the formation of constructive interaction with limitations, imposed structures, subjective barriers and Supportive Capital. The causal factor of the working authority is the position creator. Women’s response and management were categorized as favorable community oriented, self-promotion, feminine understanding of entrepreneurship, commercial rationality and role harmony. And finally, the consequence of constructive interaction with the limitations were identified as self-empowerment, civic competence, and grunting.

The family provides the first seed of human development and personality development. The child learns ethical principles and social relationships with others in the family. So it is important to know what relationships are in the parents’ family and how they raise their children. The main purpose of this study was to investigate triangulation forms and their relationship with parenting styles among families in Yazd. 

The statistical population of this study was all families with children in Yazd. The sample consisted of three hundred eighty-four people who were selected by cluster random sampling from three regions of Yazd. The instruments used in this study were the Bamrind parenting styles questionnaire and the triangulation questionnaire. Statistical descriptive methods were used for data analysis and Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and stepwise regression were used to test the research hypotheses. 

The results showed that triangulation in families in Yazd is below average. Triangle shapes also predicted the authoritarian style of parenting. Other results showed that the forms of triangulation were not significantly different in terms of the number of children, type of marriage, marriage history, the field of study, type of job, and type of marriage, but differed by degree. 

The more affection and intimacy between parents and family members, the fewer families use triangulation and the greater their tendency to love and interact. And as parenting styles move toward authoritarianism, the amount of triangulation in families increases. Finally, considering the pivotal role of young parents and couples in how to interact with their children, it is suggested that adequate education and awareness on effective and desirable educational methods and the positive and negative consequences of using parenting styles be given.

The concept of social distance refers to the degree of acceptance or non-acceptance that is felt by members of a group to join a group compared to other specific groups. This concept refers to the degree of acceptance and feeling of distance or closeness in ethnic groups as well as urban ghettos. The concept of social distance in the field of economic activities causes convergence and divergence among economic actors in order to pursue economic goals among them. The city of Yazd has special economic characteristics due to its location due to for being surrounded by the desert and special cultural features. The people of Yazd, because of their spirit of coexistence and tolerance, are in long-term interaction with other groups and subcultures. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the relationship between “social distance” and economic interaction between non-native businesspeople and Yazdi tourists with the people of Yazd.
The method used in this research is quantitative, which has been completed with a standard and researcher-made questionnaire with a high validity of 70% from a sample of 300 tourists and non-native businessmen in the form of multi-stage cluster sampling in the tourism context in Yazd.
The results showed that the respondents' sense of social distance in relation to the people of Yazd is relatively low and they have a more positive attitude towards having economic relations with Yazidis. However, the feeling of social distance of a non-profit business is greater than that of tourists. The results of this study also show that tourists have a more positive attitude compared to businesspeople, both in relation to social distance and in relation to measuring economic characteristics. The results also show that there was a significant difference between the contextual questions of age, gender, education and occupation in relation to social distance. There is a positive and significant relationship between social distance and economic characteristics, so that the lower the social distance, the more positive the attitude towards the economic characteristics of Yazidis and the more the social distance increases, the more negative the attitude towards the economic characteristics of Yazidis becomes.
  Action based on social distance is the level of distance and difference that individuals should consider in their social interactions with others. The issue of social distance, based on the theory of symbolic interaction, with the concepts of “self and other communication. In this theory, actors act through the meaning they attribute to the actions of others. Accordingly, symbolic interaction of categories such as “self, other and meaningful action” gives meaning to the action of individuals through separation and differentiation in their action with others and affect the collective identity as another and “separate selves”. In essence, social distance directs the action of individuals through limiting and differentiating characteristics. Social distance in the economic exchange of actors directs their actions and can lead to the emergence of ethnic entrepreneurship in urban ghettos. Accordingly, the social distance approach implies the role of social factors such as class structure and group and ethnic status on economic activities. With the approach of social distance in economic action, factors such as race, ethnicity and characteristics of residential areas and social factors such as residence and education affect economic success. In Iran, studies related to social distance have been relevant due to their cultural diversity and the existence of multiple mosaic cultures, and many studies have been conducted. However, the studies are less relevant to economic relations, and in this research, an attempt has been made to measure the economic behavior of non-Yazidi businessmen living in Yazd and tourists in relation to the people of Yazd. The innovative aspect of this paper is the importance of economic and social ties in economic relations.

The term "nomadic traders" is used to describe the nature of the economic activities of the Borujenis living in Izeh. In their trade relations with the Bakhtiaris, this group of Borujeni merchants, as nomadic tribes, acted in a way that established them in the city of Izeh. The purpose of this study is to understand the economic behavior of Izeh residents as a strategy. The research method in this qualitative article was the study population of Bakhtiari and Borujenians living in Izeh. The sampling method was purposeful and available and the data collection tools included documentary study, interview, and observation. Due to the nature of the ethnographic method in analyzing and concluding the data, a fat description has been used. The results show that the business strategies of the Borujenis living in Izeh arose from special relations that have been formed throughout history through economic relations with the Bakhtiaris and nomadic culture. These strategies have been a combination of the business spirit of nomadic traders and the principle of loyalty in the economic relations of the Bakhtiari tribes of Izeh, which in this research, have been named as 8 business strategies. These strategies include relocation and migration with nomadic tribes, selling credit as a principle of inheritance passed down from fathers to children, strategy of dividing the Bakhtiari region among themselves, passing on a deal, buying half of the land from the Bakhtiari dynasty, not leaving the market, innovation and change. In business methods, consistency and continuity in business and non-haste.

Money plays a very important role in our increasingly commercialized world. People's attitudes toward money determines their behavior about money-related matters. Individual’s attitude towards money depends on various factors including childhood experiences, education, financial and social status. This study was conducted among 384 people of Yazd to investigate their attitude towards money and related social factors. Data was collected using questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. Findings show that the majority of respondents had the middle attitude towards money, but the percentage of respondents who had a negative attitude (2/3%) was lower than those who had a positive attitude (15/1 %).  Based on the results, the variables of religiosity, secularism, and income were directly related to attitudes toward money, while age, education and hope for the future indirectly affect attitudes toward money. Single employed men had the most positive attitudes and single employed women had the most negative attitudes toward money. The results indicate that religiosity (-0/437) decreases and income (0/18) and secularism (0/287) increases, the positive attitude towards money. Finally, according to the regression model, religiosity, employment, consumerism, and hope for the future, explain 28% of variation in attitude towards money.

In this article, the financial ethics of the Yazdi people and the institutional surrounding that shapes and sustains financial ethics is investigated using the theoretical and methodological foundations of Max Weber. Required data were gathered through qualitative content analysis of the documents of tourist travelogues, biography and memoirs of famous people, and exploratory interviews with informants and relevant reporters. To illustrate the financial ethics of the Yazdi people, the public financial ethics of the individuals were separated from the financial ethics of economic activists (businessmen and craftsmen). According to research findings, the characteristic of "self-raised" can be considered as the main component of public financial ethic and "intellectual synthetic thought" as the main component of businessmen ethic. Special styles of architecture encouraging coexistence and tolerance, strong endowment and charity, the reproducible commercial and industrial economy, and existence of emigration and immigration have had a two-way relationship with this financial ethic. In sum, the main component of financial ethic is "active adaptation", which has three dimensions: compatibility with the system of existence that emerges in Yazdis faith and religiosity; compatibility with nature and climate reflected in natural structures, and sustainable architecture of the city; and adaptation of the social environment reflected in the acceptance of Zoroastrian and Jewish religious minorities. The key point is that this is not a passive adaptation but it is an active one with diligent work and effort.

The nature of economic activities of a group cannot be explained only by economic factors since these activities reflect social-cultural patterns of their society. Therefore, analyzing the role of social-cultural structures in economic activities is important. The aim of this research is sociological description and explanation of Borojeni people’s economic activities in Ize. In this research, Borojeni people of Ize are called “businessman nomads” and their economic behaviors are analyzed based on mixed embeddedness theory. Theoretical approach of the research is interpretive, its methodology is ethnography and data are collected by reviewing documents, interviews, observations and photography. Sample size is 24 Borojeni and 6 Bakhtiari persons in Ize. Results show that natural, social and geographical characteristics of Bakhtiari tribal culture in Ize have helped the formation of Borojeni’s economic activities; on the other hand, cultural and economic characteristics of Borojeni people and their commercial strategies as “businessman nomads” help them to continue and develop their economic activities.

 The study's research is a reflection of the semantic aspects of consumer behavior in those who turn to clothing mesons. Today, the category of consumption goes beyond the category of meeting needs, and consumer behaviors with their specific patterns and symbols express the desires and thoughts of individuals. The present study studies the consumption behaviors of women in the mezons of Yazd city. The research method is qualitative and using the method of thematic analysis with targeted sampling, 30 women in Yazd city have been performed and the sampling process has continued until the data is saturated. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique, which included 55 concepts, 26 sub-themes, and 3 main themes. The results showed that some of the consumer behaviors of women in the mason were constructed from their traditional and cultural values and were explained in the form of the concept of believable consumer behavior. The dimensions of believable consumer behavior include authoritative consumer behavior, persuasive, and self-evident consumption. Their lifestyle influences It seems that one of the most important features in the consumer behavior of the studied society has been the adaptation and adherence to the system of moral and doctrinal beliefs of the people of Yazd..