مهدی جعفرزاده

The main problem of this research is the lack of a suitable framework for identifying and determining the entrepreneurial competencies of managers in Iran's Chamber of Commerce. In fact, since the most important pillar of the corporate entrepreneurship process is to pay attention to the entrepreneurial behavior of employees and develop an entrepreneurial culture, Therefore, the general goal of this research is to design a model of entrepreneurial competencies of managers in the Iran Chamber of Commerce. Method The methodology used in this research is based on the proposed model of "Research Onion". Research Philosophy: The philosophy of this research is an interpretative philosophy based on the interpretation of the opinions of the main stakeholders of the Iran Chamber of Commerce. Research approach: To advance this research, an inductive approach has been used. Research strategy: The strategy used in this research is a survey strategy.

The method used in the research is the qualitative research method. Time horizon of the research: The time horizon of the current research is a cross-sectional study. Data collection and analysis of the research: The data collection tool of the current research is to conduct a semi-structured interview of the researcher with 14 of the main stakeholders of the Iran Chamber of Commerce through purposeful sampling until reaching the theoretical saturation stage. Also, based on the content analysis of the data collected from the interviews, first the sub-competencies were coded and finally the competency clusters were classified.

After analyzing the data and summarizing the extracted concepts, a total of 40 components were obtained, which were placed in 8 competency clusters.

The innovation of this research is to present a practical model in order to identify, evaluate and develop entrepreneurial competencies of managers in non-governmental public institutions.

Research in the field of entrepreneurship shows that entrepreneurial businesses need access to all kinds of resources in order to make the most of entrepreneurial opportunities, so the need to access diverse resources makes the main concern of these companies focus on obtaining different resources. Research has shown that using the practical teachings of "Resource Based View" can help entrepreneurial companies in obtaining the needed resources. Although it seems that the " Resource Based View " has reached its maturity and can be considered as a theory (Resource Based Theory), further investigations show that the field of entrepreneurial opportunities has not been considered to a large extent in this view. Few researches have been done in the field of exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities in the "Resource Based View". This research has systematically analyzed the findings of previous researches by using a systematic review using the "Meta-synthesis Approach" method and using the qualitative research method using the " Grounded Theory" method. To carry out this research, among 452 articles reviewed in reliable foreign databases between 1984 and 2022, after three stages of screening, 46 articles were found suitable for conducting research. The innovation of this research can be considered as presenting a process model resulting from the interaction of different categories, which has made possible the ability to explain the process of exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities in a "Resource Based View ".

The lifestyle of any society has an inseparable connection with the culture of that society, and the way of life in a monotheistic society is definitely different from the way of life in a non-monotheistic society. As well as the lifestyle in the cultural approach; It is considered a kind of culture, religion or identity. Humans are looking for happiness. And their purpose in life is only in line with this goal. Since the living environment and conditions governing human society are not without influence in reaching or moving away from it. This research describes a collection of influential cultural and religious literature in the religious society based on Surah Hujarat, in order to develop the culture of revelation in relation to social relations, and to present the lifestyle in civil society based on revelation. . In this article, we have drawn the life style of the faith community based on Surah Al-Hujrat and with a descriptive-analytical method, in order to spread the religious social culture and present a suitable model of social interactions in accordance with the divine orders.

From the perspective of strategic entrepreneurship, two areas of Resource-Based View and entrepreneurial opportunities are intertwined in an entrepreneurial business and cannot be imagined separately. The field of opportunity as the "main core of entrepreneurship" has been the subject of various research that has mainly focused on the factors affecting the entrepreneurial process, but methodological and applied researches on the subject of how to provide resources in exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities are very few. The review of the Resource-Based View field shows that entrepreneurial opportunities have not been scrutinized and explored seriously in many studies in this domain. The current research was done with the aim of creating a general and quick view of the content and research streams of the Resource-Based View from the perspective of entrepreneurial opportunities to researchers and helping them in the optimal direction of future research. The review of the research shows that there is no regular and reliable knowledge in the field of Resource-Based View from the point of view of entrepreneurial opportunities and there is no clear and comprehensive picture to understand the depth of the research done in this field. Therefore, the main problem of this research is "representation and compilation of the knowledge map is Resource-Based View from the perspective of entrepreneurial opportunities. The innovation and scientific contribution of this research is the presentation and compilation of the knowledge map from the Resource-Based View from the point of view of entrepreneurial opportunities in addition to determining the existing knowledge and showing the relationship of different sectors with each other in this field, the path of future research is also identified based on the knowledge gap, specify for enthusiastic and interested researchers. As mentioned, the knowledge map is developed with two scientific goals: first, the knowledge map order to more accurately understand what has been done so far in a specific subject area, and second, the knowledge map in order to determine the direction of future research. It is hoped that the present research will be successful in achieving both goals.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on the collection of documentary information - systematic review. In this research, using a systematic review, among 452 articles reviewed between 1984 and 2022 in reliable foreign databases, after three stages of screening, 46 articles were found suitable for conducting research.

Research data were analyzed based on thematic analysis method, in two stages of open coding to find descriptive propositions and axial coding to extract conceptual propositions, and finally 49 effective components were identified for drawing the knowledge map of the research. The four pillars presented in the representation of the knowledge map in this research are: Heterogeneity of resources, Ex post limits to competition, Imperfect resource mobility, and Ex ante limits to competition.

In addition to drawing a knowledge map and explaining its components, knowledge gaps and future research streams that can be developed regarding the Resource-Based View from the perspective of entrepreneurial opportunities were determined.

While many non-Muslim researchers try to explain the personality traits of entrepreneurs by referring to the available words in their holy books, taking care of the Quranic word Tawakkul from a semantic point of view to explain the characteristics of entrepreneurial Tawakkul is one of the topics that has been paid less attention by Muslim researchers. Entrepreneurial Tawakkul is one of the most essential research fields in the domain of business, and identifying its various dimensions is of particular importance. Based on this, present research tries to explain the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurial Tawakkul by paying attention to the word Tawakkul and referring to the meanings of the Quranic verses surrounding it. The method of conducting this research is semantics and the studied society, the entire Holy Quran and interpretations about the verses of Tawakkul. Based on the findings of the present research, the word Tawakkul, while maintaining the literal and idiomatic meaning, has the ability to establish a semantic relationship with four entrepreneurial psychological characteristics, namely "Entrepreneurial uncertainty tolerance", "Entrepreneurial need for achievement", "Entrepreneurial creativity and innovation" and "Entrepreneurial risk-taking". The innovation of this research can be considered an attempt to localize and Islamize knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship in the context of explaining Islamic values and promoting religious norms in business.

From the vantage point of Koranic verses and hadiths, existential influence of human’s good and evil deeds has some characteristics. Knowing these characteristics is the first step towards the design and social acceptance of Islamic behavioral patterns and lifestyle. According to this study, which has collected its data with the library research method and conducted analysis and made assessments with the analytic-documentary method, the influence is mainly characterized by the fact that the correlation between existential influences of good volitional actions and flow of blessings in society is certain, but the correlation between evil volitional actions and blight occurrence is not certain and may be averted for some reasons. Insignificance of worldly enjoyment for being a good human, meta-gender influence of volitional actions upon existence, proportion and similarity between volitional actions and existential suffering and the harmony of existential sufferings arising from volitional actions with the Best System are among other characteristics of the influence. Thus, Islamic lifestyle will have the most and most perfect harmony with the system of creation, and will direct the most benefit towards human beings and other creatures.

The Urmia Lake, which is a tectonic depression in the northwest of Iran, has received a lot of eroded sediments of the geological records of the lake watershed. Because of the constant drought in the recent years, sediments have been subjected to the wind erosion and thus are an important source for local and regional emission during dust storms. In this research the south and west sediments of the Urmia playa lake have studied on the parent rock issue. Bivariate plots such as Th/Co versus La/Sc and TiO2 versus Al2O3 and comparison proportion of the trace elements such as La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co and Cr/Th display mainly the felsic and partly basic rocks source for the studied sediments. Major and trace spider plots of the studied sediments display their depletion with respect to Sc, V, Cr, Ni and enrichment with respect to Th and Sr, confirm mainly a felsic and partly mafic and ultramafic source rocks. Geochemistry of the major elements shows the dry climatic conditions during deposition of Urmia Lake sediments, suggested by bivariate plots of SiO2 against the sum of Al2O3, K2O and Na2O as well as the amount of chemical index of weathering.

In this study, a combination of petrographic and major element geochemistry of siliciclastic deposits of Lower Permian Doroud Formation in the Zal section in south of Jolfa has been used to investigate the provenance, tectonic setting and paleo-weathering. The thickness of Doroud Formation in Zal section is 112 m consisting of micro conglomerate, red sandstone and shale. Thirteen samples of sorted and medium grained sandstones were examined by point-counting method and 6 samples were examined for determination of their major elements by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. The studied samples are frequently sublithic-arenite in composition. The study of the amount and type of monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz and using of discrimination function, indicate that the parent rocks of these deposits are predominantly metamorphic, felsic igneous rocks as well as sedimentary recycled. The presence of chert in petrographic studies has also confirmed the effect of sedimentary recycling from older formations. Petrographic and geochemical studies also indicate the cratonic origin and tectonic setting of the passive continental margin at the time of sediment deposition of the Doroud Formation. Determination of chemical index of alteration (CIA) indicates intense weathering and humid climate in the provenance area, which is consistent with the paleogeography of the Iran in Permian. It seems that factors such as the a long-distance transport on the Arabian Craton, the recycling of older formations and also the humid climate at the time of the deposition of the Doroud Formation, together, have played significant role at the relatively high maturity of this sandstones.

In this study, the lowermost part of Akhore Formation with Middle Eocene age at the Shurab section, in the north Naein, east Isfahan has been studied. In this research, a stratigraphic section with 505 meters thickness is measured and ten lithostratigraphic units differentiated and composed of a thin basal conglomerate followed by the alternation of mostly purple sandstones and shales.This succession covered the Naein Ophiolite Complex,. Lithofacies analysis led to the identification of six coarse-grained facies (Gcm, Gp, Gh, Gci, Gmg, Gmm), two medium-grained (Sm, Sh) and three fine-grained (Fl, Fm, Fsm) as well as pedogenic fearute (P). Lithofacies studies led to identification of five facies associations which have been deposited in the sub environments of Sediment Gravity flow (SG), Sandy-bedform (SB), Floodplain (OF), Gravel-bar (GB), Foreset macroforms (FM) for braided river. The study of this succession provides us with important information on the geodynamic evolution of central Iran during the Middle Eocene.

Passive defense refers to a set of measures that do not require the use of weapons and ammunition and by implementing it, it is possible to prevent financial damage to vital, sensitive and important military and civilian equipment and facilities, as well as human casualties or reduce the amount of damage and casualties caused by enemy attacks and bombings to a minimum. The history of applying the principles of passive defense dates back to primitive humans. In this study, it was found that the principles of passive defense that Imam Ali (as) has used in his wars are: explaining the purpose of jihad, strengthening the spirit of martyrdom, weakening the enemy's psychological strength, choosing the appropriate combat position, monitoring enemy activity and Warning, determining reserve and precautionary forces, maintaining military secrets, obedience to the commander, training, protecting and defending the weaker and wounded, tactical retreat.

Travertines are limestones that form where hot groundwaters rich in calcium and bicarbonate emerge at springs. Travertines cover a large area southwest of Azarshahr (East Azarbaijan province), in some parts of which active springs are currently settling travertine. One of the main questions about travertine springs is their origin, as well as the secondary processes that have changed their composition along the flow path. To study the origin and geochemical evolution of springs, different ion ratios such as Na/Cl, Br/Cl, I/Cl as well as oxygen isotopic composition and deuterium isotope are used. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic data is used to determine the hydrochemical properties, source of soluble materials, source of spring water, type of spring water, mixing of spring water and concentration of heavy metals in the water of travertine and non-travertine springs.

In this study, 16 water samples from 9 travertine and 7 non-travertine springs in Azarshahr region have been analyzed to determine the concentration of major ions using ion chromatography. 6 water samples were selected from springs in the region to determine the concentration of heavy metals and stable isotopes of oxygen 18 and deuterium. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the springs was measured in place by using portable device (WP-84 conductivity-salinity EC meter TPS Company, Australia) and AZ8601 pH/mV meter. Saturation index of samples was measured by using PHREEQC software.

Hydrochemical studies have shown that in terms of acidity, spring water is in neutral; their EC value is higher than the standard drinking limit and the water type of travertine springs is bicarbonate. Due to the relationship between pH and temperature in travertine springs, with increasing temperature, the pH value also increases, which is normal. But in non-travertine springs with shallow rotation depth and also lower temperature, the range of pH changes is greater. This could be due to the occurrence of mixing between travertine and non-travertine along the depth-to-surface path. These springs have lower temperatures and more carbonate dissolution has occurred, causing the pH to rise further. The results of this study also show that the origin of the main ions in spring water is the dissolution of carbonates and to some extent evaporates. Isotopic studies of the springs indicate the primary origin of the meteoric and also show that the depth of water circulation in the Qizildaq and Taptapan travertine springs is very high and the height of the feeding area is higher than other springs.

The study of water origin and geochemical evolution of travertine and non-travertine springs in Azarshahr region using hydrogeochemical, isotopic and heavy metal data has led to the following

1) In terms of acidity, the water of the studied springs, like other karst and travertine areas, is neutral and the amount of EC in all springs in the region is higher than the standard drinking limit and is salty. The water type of travertine springs is bicarbonate and the water type of non-travertine springs is chloride.2) The study of the origin of the main ions in the spring water shows a similar trend for the springs, where the dissolution of carbonates and to some extent evaporites (gypsum and halite) are the main factors determining their chemical composition.3) Carbonate minerals such as calcite and aragonite are in saturation state in all water samples of Azarshahr travertine springs and the water of all studied springs is supersaturated compared to quartz and chalcedony minerals.4) In the study of compositional diagrams related to the main ions, it was found that the origin of calcium and salinity alone can not be due to the dissolution of carbonates, gypsum and evaporites, and other factors such as cation exchange have also been affected.5) Isotopic studies of springs in Azarshahr region indicate the meteoric origin of water in these springs. The depth of water rotation in Qizildaq and Taptapan travertine springs is very high and the height of the feeding area is higher than other springs.

In this research, a combination of petrography, geochemistry and heavy minerals analysis methods are implemented for investigating the provenance of quartzarenitic and subarkosic sandstones of Ilanqareh Formation with Late Devonian age in Azerbaijan, south of Jolfa. Investigation of the quartz types in the studied sandstones, geochemical characteristics of sandstones and shales of Ilanqareh Formation including Al2O3/TiO2 ratio and La/Sc against Co/Th ratios, illustrates that the dominant parent rocks of most of these deposits are granitic igneous ones. The presence of granitic parent rock along with the presence of euhedral zircon and tourmaline among the well-rounded indicate the erosion of uplifted blocks of Iranian basement in the rifted basin of Paleotethys as effective factor in providing sediments. However, geochemistry and heavy mineral assemblages confirm the recycling of sediments from older formations as another source of sediment. The petrography, geochemistry and heavy minerals also indicate the craton provenance and passive margin tectonic setting at the deposition time of the Ilanqareh sediments. According to the present study, one can consider a combination of uplifted source rock (Cadomian basement) and sedimentary recycling of older formations as main sources and Arabian craton as a subsidiary source in the supply of detritus sanstones of Ilanqareh Formation.

Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsā al-Ashʿarī is one of the companions of Imām Reḍā, Imām Javād and Imām Hādī (AS) and one of the great Shiʿite narrators in the third century AH. All jurists and scholars have agreed on his trustworthiness and there may not found any doubt in the field. According to the narrations transmitted by Aḥmad Ashʿarī about the status of the Infallible Imām, his beliefs about what Imāmate is, the necessity of the existence of the Imām, the necessity of knowing the Imām, the knowledge of the Imām, the infallibility of the Imām, the common characteristics of the Imāms, Imām`s state of having the power to do extraordinary things and ... have been explained. As explained in the article, the beliefs common in Qom and, common in the third century in general, and the beliefs of Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsa al-Ashʿarī in particular do not differ from those common among Shiʿites today considerably. Of course, among the theological issues raised in the narrations narrated by Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿIsa al-Ashʿarī, those related to Imāmate are more extensive than other issues, and the fact shows the importance and controversial state of the issue.

The Islamic Revolution will face destruction and annihilation without any consideration for the guardian of the society and for accompanying and persevering in obedience to him. This companionship and endurance will provide the ground for victory and divine companionship. This article has been compiled with the aim of explaining the most important danger that threatens the relationship with the Imam of the society and the strategies to deal with it from the perspective of verses and hadiths with emphasis on the defense thought of the Supreme Leader. This research has been done as a documentary-library collection and as a descriptive-analytical method. The study found that "suspicion of God and God's guardian" is the most important threat to the Imam's life, and that Islamic society must be protected from this danger. Examples of this defense in the Supreme Leader's defense thought are: eliminating the grounds for hypocrisy, strengthening faith in God, strengthening trust in God and divine victory, blowing the spirit of hope in God among Islamic society, jihad and decisive action against the hypocrites. Organize and dismantle their organizations and command centers.

Infectious diseases are one of the most common diseases in the world, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In burn wounds, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used to treat burns, but a number of resistances have been created, which has led to the use of plants to treat diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of antimicrobial and healing marigold extract, eucalyptus, walnut, jujube, turpentine oil with silver sulfadiazine to create an effective agent in the treatment of burns is due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Alcoholic and ethanolic extracts of walnut and jujube leaves were prepared in the laboratory and Eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil and marigold extracts were prepared for ready and we also used silver sulfadiazine ointment. In the next step, the MIC and MBC extracts were determined. In the animal model, the burn was initially burned and then infected by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Then the silver sulfadiazine ointment was used alone and in combination with each of the extracts separately and one gram and for three consecutive days, was injected into the wound of mice and The number of bacterial colonies was counted after the culture on the Muller Hinton Agar and culture Nutriant Agar.

MIC and MBC of Extracts of Marigold 5.25 and 10.50 mg/ml, Eucalyptus 1.75 and 3.50 mg/ml, Alcoholic Extract of Walnut 59.0875 and 118.175 mg/ml, Estonian Extract of Walnut 8.375 and 16.75 mg/ml, Alcoholic extracts of jujube 39.875 and 79.75 mg/ml, Estonia extracts of jujube 8.625 and 17.25 mg/ml and Turpentine 8.375 and 16.75 mg/ml. The study of mouse model confirmed the effect of extracts with silver sulfadiazine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The acetone extract of walnut leaf, the acetone and alcoholic extract of jujube, as well as the eucalyptus extract, reduced the number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and had better antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other groups.

Alcoholic juices and Estonian jujube have a better effect than other groups.

Travertine deposits cover a vast area in the southwest of Azarshahr (East Azarbaijan province) and in some parts there are active springs which currently deposit these types of sediments. Regarding the field observations in the Azarshahr area, the typical morphology of Azarshahr travertine deposits is in situ and consists of the mounds, fissure-ridge and cascades. Geochemical studies on the travertine deposits of the Taptapan and Qizildagh springs revealed that the amount of iron in travertine deposits clearly emphasizes their thermogenic nature. The amounts of strontium, barium and beryllium also indicate the thermogenesis and calcareous, evaporative or dolomite origin. The depleted oxygen isotope (δ18O) and enriched carbon isotope (δ13C) is also indicator of thermogenic source, and carbonate source rocks for these deposits. Based on geochemical studies, it can be concluded that hydrothermal fluids may have initially taken the CO2-derived from magma, and during the upward movement with carbonate rocks, decarbonization has been occurred. These fluids transport CO2 from carbonates, and then they appear as spring’s water at the surface and precipitate travertine due to the rapid release of CO2.

 

Most members of the Iran export clusters are small and medium-sized enterprises. Investigation of researches confirm that no coherent framework for international development of export clusters has been presented so far. Therefore, due to the widespread failure of export clusters in international markets, the present study, by emphasis on exploratory approach and utilization of experts' views in this field and using interpretive structural modeling method, has provided a model for applying coopetetive strategy in internationalization of export clusters. The present research has innovation in the area of applying coopetetive strategy in terms of both framework development and methodology. This research was carried out in 2018 and by introducing fifteen effective factors, developed the proposed model in three different levels. According to this model, the most important factors influencing the international development of Iran export clusters are two factors: public recognition of clusters in the context of export markets and their international trade agreements, which are at the third level of the proposed model. While the three identified factors at the second level are conflict management among members, analysis of international markets and analysis of attractiveness of international markets by clusters. The other ten factors identified at the first level of the proposed model, including formulation of export strategies and operational plans, development of a culture of cooperation and workgroups, etc. are the next priorities in this field.

Important infrastructures, due to their impact on the outcome of new wars, are nowadays attractive to enemies and opponents. Investigating and assessing the threat of important infrastructure is one of the main concerns of security providers in the country. Understanding threats to national infrastructures is a framework for investigating and managing the risks of attacks by enemies and adversaries. Dams are one of the most important infrastructure in any country. Damage to dams or disturbances such as dam water can cause serious damage to neighboring communities, especially downstream areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Baron Dam on the social, economic and security sectors of the border villages of Chaldoran city.</span>The data collection method was a library-based field study using a researcher-made questionnaire and the data were analyzed using SPSS software. The statistical population of the study was 2000 people affected by Baron Dam, 100 of whom were randomly selected. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The results of the present study showed that dam construction on factors such as: change of job and loss of previous job, relocation and migration of population, downstream security problems, allocation of water over upstream areas to prevent migration and The availability of peer groups has had the most impact.</span>

Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Īsā al-Ash’arī was a companion of Imām al-Riḍā, Imām al-Jawād, and Imām al-Hādī, and a great Shiite transmitter of hadiths in the ninth century. His reliability is a matter of consensus among all Shiite jurists and scholars of rijal (biography of hadith transmitters). He transmitted different hadiths concerning originology (study of the originator or creator of the world). In this research, we have sought to study these hadiths, and thus, infer his theological views in originology. In this paper, we show that the world is incipient, rather than eternal, and it was created by God. Humans innately know God, and have admitted His Lordship in the World of Dharr. We enumerate some of God’s positive and negative attributes, and make explicit that the only creator, provider, lord, owner, agent, and guide, and there is nothing like God neither in essence nor in attributes. God has restricted such beautiful names to Himself. Humans do have free will, but they do not have an independent and absolute power or ability. That is, their power lies within the limits of God’s will and predestinations.

Intercession is one of the common beliefs among all Islamic sects, where there only differences among them over the manner of its realization. One of the differences is about the intercession of the Prophet (s) after his demise, which is believed by Takfiri Salafis to be an example of polytheism. The importance of this issue and its damaging consequences for the excommunication of Muslims and increasing divisions makes it necessary to examine this belief in important Islamic sects. This research is designed to clarify the Shafi'i view, as one of the four Sunni jurisprudential sects, about the doctrine of intercession, and was conducted using library-documentary method for data collection and descriptive-analytical method for data processing. An examination of the views of Shafi'i scholars suggests that, contrary to the view of the Takfiri Salafis, seeking intercession from the Prophet (s) after his demise according to Shafi'i view is neither prohibited, nor does it lead to polytheism and heresy. Instead, it is a means of his reverence and one of the definite ways of attracting his intercession to visit the grave of the Prophet (s) and salute him next to his grave.

 In this study, petrography and geochemistry of the sandstones and shales of Padeha Formation in Khoshyeilagh section in Eastern Alborz have been used to obtain more information on their provenance. The Padeha Formation in the studied section has a thickness of 341 meters and overlies the Late Ordovician-Silurian Soltan-Meydan basalts and disconformably underlies the Middle to Upper Devonian Khoshyeilagh Formation. After field studies, 20 medium-grained sandstone samples were selected for point-counting and eight sandstone and two shale samples were selected for geochemical analysis. Based on the calculated percentages of point counting data, the composition of these sandstones has been detected as quartzarenites, subarkose and sub litharenites. Based on Q/Q+F in sandstones and geochemical properties of sandstones and shales, such as Al2O3/TiO2 ratio and TiO2 against Zr, the dominant parent rock of these deposits can be considered as felsic igneous rocks. The QmFLt and QtFL diagrams show the tectonic setting of the Padeha sandstones as a stable craton. The geochemistry has also largely confirmed the tectonic setting of passive continental and rifted margins. Considering paleogeography of the region, tectonic uplifts and erosion of the Cadomian granitic basement and also the entrance of clastic materials from granitic rocks of Arabian craton can be considered as other source rocks of the sediments of Padeha Formation.

     Petrography and the composition of siliciclastic sediment and sedimentary rock components provide important information on parent rock, which is one of the main factors in the reconstruction of tectonic evolution and sedimentation. In addition, by using the chemical composition (major, trace and rare earth elements) of siliciclastic sediments and sedimentary rocks, one can also estimate the provenance and other sedimentary processes such as weathering, transport and diagenesis (McLennan et al. 1993; Armstrong-Altrin et al. 2012; Armstrong-Altrin 2015).
In this study, petrography and geochemistry of the sandstones and shales of the Padeha Formation in Khoshyeilagh section in Eastern Alborz have been used to obtain more information on their provenance.
 

     The Padeha Formation in the studied section has a thickness of 341 meters and overlies the Late Ordovician-Silurian Soltan-Meydan basalts and disconformably underlies the Middle to Upper Devonian Khoshyeilagh Formation. In this study, 30 samples of sandstones of the Padeha Formation in Khoshyeilagh section were selected after field sampling and petrographic studies. Twenty medium- to fine-grained sandstone samples were selected for modal analysis, and about 300 points were counted on every thin section using the Gazzi-Dickinson method (Ingersoll et al. 1984). According to the point counting, the main and accessory components of this sandstones are identified and quartz, feldspar and rock fragments modes are utilized for naming the sandstones according to the Folk classification (Folk 1980) as well as different diagrams of the provenance (Dickinson 1985). Based on the calculated percentages of point counting data, the composition of these sandstones has been detected as quartz arenites, sub arkose and sub litharenites. Eight samples of medium-grained sandstone samples with the lowest amount of carbonate cement and two samples of shales in the middle member of the Padeha Formation were selected, crushed and powdered with a mill and sent to the Zarazma Laboratory, Tehran for geochemical analysis (ICP-MS method) to determine the major, trace and rare earth elements.
 

    According to the ratio of quartz to total feldspar and quartz in the sandstones of the Padeha Formation, which is 0.95 and geochemical properties of sandstones and shales, such as Al2O3/TiO2 ratio and TiO2 against Zr, the dominant parent rock of these deposits can be considered as felsic igneous rocks. The QmFLt and QtFL diagrams show the tectonic setting of the Padeha sandstones as a stable craton. Passive continental and rifted margins for Padeha Formation has also largely confirmed by geochemistry of sandstone and shale samples. Considering paleogeography of the region, tectonic uplifts and erosion of the Cadomian granitic basement and also the entrance of clastic materials from granitic rocks of Arabian craton can be considered as the other source rocks of the sediments of Padeha Formation.

The Late Precambrian Bayandor Formation has a thickness of 402 m and consists of shale and sandstone with dolomite interlayers (with a thickness of about 2 to 8 m) in the type section of the south-west of Zanjan. Based on fieldwork studies lithofacies of the Bayandor Formation belong to a coastal plain and shallow marine environments have been considered for the Bayndor Formation. Distribution and expansion of the dolomites in this formation are parallel with the sedimentary layers and has considerable lateral extension in the field. Carbonate sequences of these deposits have all been thoroughly dolomitized, due to the effects of dolomitic fluids and it is difficult to recognize the original depositional textures. In these dolomites, the abundant chert nodules and blue-green algaes (stromatolites) clearly observed along with the sedimentary bedding. During the petrographic study, the dolomites of Bayandor Formation based on fabric and crystal size divided into the three groups including fine, medium and medium to coarse crystalline dolomites. In these samples the contents of 13C isotope are varies between -1.63 to - 2.02 PDB‰ and the contents of 18O isotope are varies between -5.94 and -8.15 PDB‰. These values are almost similar to the carbon and oxygen values of the Late Precambrian seawater. Based on fieldwork, petrography and geochemical results and also by determining of temperature formation (around 38°C), the source of magnesium for fine and medium crystalline dolomites are seawater, and likely the conditions for the formation of these dolomites are seepage-reflux dolomitization model during the shallow burial environments. With increasing temperature during the burial process, medium to coarse crystalline dolomites also formed from the previous ones. The oxygen isotope data for the medium to coarse crystalline dolomite does not show a significant difference with the fine and medium crystalline dolomites. This can show that these types of dolomites also formed during the shallow burial conditions and perhaps from the recrystallization process of the fine crystalline dolomites. These results in addition to a shallow marine sedimentary environment of the Bayndor Formation show that the formation of these dolomites might be because of seepage-reflux model by seawater during the shallow burial.

Petrography and geochemistry (major and trace elements) of siliciclastic rocks from the Jeirud Formation (Upper Devonian) in the Central Alborz, have been investigated to understand their provenance. Petrographical and geochemical analyses of the white to gray sandstones of the this Formation display three categories which consist of quartz arenite, sub-litharenite and sub-arkose.These sandstones, characterized by medium to very well roundness, high sorting and high compositional and textural maturity of monocrystalline quartz, chert and k-feldespar, were derived from a distal Arabia-Africa plates recycled orogen and stable cratonic source. Most major and trace element contents of studied samples are generally depleted (except Si) to upper continental crust (UCC) values that is mainly due to the high percentage of stable minerals such as quartz and chert and low content of un-stable Al-bearing minerals like feldspar and clay minerals. Modal composition (e.g. quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments) and geochemical indices of sandstones, indicate that they were derived from felsic source rocks in a humid climate and were deposited in a passive continental margin.

Introduction: Dolomite is mainly composed of internal structures and geochemical properties that usually indicate the conditions of formation environments and can be formed through the different mechanisms. For all these mechanisms, fluid flow and suitable amount of the magnesium in the fluid are required. During recent years, studies of dolomites have been one of the most important issues in the international sediment researches. Most of the Precambrian carbonate sequences are affected by dolomitization. Due to the spread amount of dolomites in the late Precambrian rocks of the Alborz Basin, carbonate systems of Chopoghlu section which are located in the southeast of Zanjan into the Soltanieh Mountains have been discussed in this research. Despite the significant presence of dolomite in the late Precambrian carbonate platforms of the Chopoghlu section, no work has been done up to now related to the texture, geochemical properties and also the origin of the late Precambrian dolomitization in this section. Therefore, this study was carried out to determinate the textural, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the late Precambrian dolomites in Chopoghlu section to determinate its dolomitization mechanism and the nature of dolomite fluids. Material & Methods: Different fieldwork and laboratory methods were used in this research. During the fieldwork studies, 50 rock samples from carbonate deposits (limestone and dolomite) have been taken for petrography and geochemical studies of these dolomites to determinate dolomitization mechanisms. The thickness of the layers is measured and the stratigraphic column of this section drowns. For the petrography study, 18 thin sections of these dolomites have been prepared. After petrography studies, 14 samples of these dolomites were selected for geochemical analysis to determinate the mechanisms of dolomitization by ICP-OES method. Also, 4 samples were analyzed for mineralogy studies and the determination of major and minor minerals by XRD method. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The study of dolomite in the Chopoghlu section identified five types of dolomite including: very fine-crystalline, fine-crystalline, medium-crystalline, medium to coarse-crystalline and also dolomitic cement. It should be noted that the fine-crystalline dolomites is the most abundant type of dolomite in the region. In this section, dolomite cements which filled the vugs and fractures have been distinguished into the some of the studied samples. XRD results from dolomite samples in the region indicate that the most abundant mineral is dolomite, and calcite, quartz and muscovite minerals are present as minor and trace minerals in the studied rocks.
The results of this study clearly show that the very fine-crystalline dolomite is related to primary diagenesis and is formed under a sabkha dolomitization model in a shallow and saline environment (average of sodium is around 478 ppm). The low amount of the strontium content into the coarse-crystalline dolomite in this section (average of 43 ppm) relative to sea water and the present-day dolomites, and even related to the very fine-crystalline dolomites, clearly shows that the coarse crystalline dolomites are formed during greater burial depths. Second type of dolomite or fine-crystalline dolomite is formed under shallow burial depth. These dolomites are formed via marine fluids with normal salinity and are interpreted from the progressive recrystallization of previous dolomite. The presence of stylolite is the main characteristic of this type of dolomite into the studied section. Third to fifth type dolomites formed during the last stages of diagenesis and are related to deep burial and impact of hypersaline interstitial fluids. The higher amount of iron and manganese into the chopoghlu late Precambrian dolomites in comparison with modern dolomites and seawater probably indicate that the formation of these kinds of dolomites may be associated with reduction conditions and the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria. In general, the dolomitization mechanism for the first-type of dolomite is related to Sabkha model, for the second-type of dolomite is related to shallow burial dolomitization and finally for the third to fifth-types of studied dolomites are related to deep burial dolomitization.

This research is a part of the studies of sedimentology and stratigraphy of deposits associated with the Devonian located in Central Iran, which is known as the Padeha Formation (Lower-Middle Devonian age). In this research, the Padeha Formation in north of Tabas (Ozbak-Kuh) and Yazd (Doruneh) blocks were selected and studied. These succession is measured in Ozbak-Kuh, 492 meters, which is often composed of siliciclastic, dolomitic and evaporite rocks, while in the Doruneh section, this formation consists of 310 meters of siliciclastic, calcareous and dolomitic rocks. The aim of this study is to focus on the petrography and geochemistry aspects for provenance studies.

Twenty one sandstone samples from Ozbak-Kuh and fifteen sandstone samples from Doruneh section were selectedand studied with Polarized microscope. In each thin section, about 300 points were counted using the Gazzi-Dickinson method. According to the point counting, the major and accessory components of this sandstones are identified and quartz, feldspar and rock fragments modes are utilized for naming the sandstones according to the Folk classification (Folk, 1980). 16 samples of medium grain sandstones with the lowest amount of carbonate cement were selected for geochemical analysis (ICP-MS method).

Petrographic studies of sandstone in Ozbak-Kuh section are mainly indicative of quartzarenite and sublitharenite (subchertarenite) petrofacies, however, quartzarenite and subarkose petrofacies have been identified in the Doruneh section. Compared to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) (Taylor & McLennan, 1985), sandstones of the Padeha Formation in the Ozbak-Kuh section are somewhat enriched in some elements, such as zirconium and hafnium, but in the Doruneh section, zirconium and hafnium are slightly depleted compared to the Upper Continental Crust. All sandstone samples in both sections are strongly depleted compared to UCC. In both the Ozbak-Kuh and Doruneh sections, vanadium, cobalt, nickel and scandium exhibit much depletion compared to the UCC.

Geochemical diagram of Zr/Sc against Th/Sc (McLennan et al., 1993), along with plotting the data of Padeha Formation on this diagram shows that the samples of Doruneh section are plotted near the UCC. This shows that Padeha Formation sandstones in the Doruneh section are derived from intermediate to acidic igneous rocks, and recycling have not been affected. But the Ozbak-Kuh samples often reflect the granitic parent rock, which is located in the range of recycling. Additionally, the La/Sc versus Co/Th (Gu et al., 2002) is also a confirmation of the felsic to granitic parent rocks for Padeha Formation in both sections. For determination of tectonic setting, in this reseach, triangular diagrams based on trace elements (Bhatia, 1985) have been used. According to these diagrams, Ozbak-Kuh samples, mostly plotted in the passive continental margin field and Doruneh section sandstones are plotted in passive and active continental margin fields. The present study, using the results of petrography and geochemistry and the paleogeographic investigations, shows that the deposits of the Lower-Middle Devonian Padeha Formation can be formed in the transition between the transformations of rifted margin to passive continental margin of Paleo-tethys.