مهدی فرجی

Moisture damage is one of the major distresses of asphalt pavements, which occurs due to de-bonding aggregate and asphalt binder at their interface due to moisture. One of the existing solutions for enhancing the resistance against moisture damage is using additives, known as anti-stripping additives. In this study, the effects of adding carbon black to an asphalt cement and porous asphalt and stone mastic asphalt (SMA) made by the modified binder have been investigated. 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% (by the weight of asphalt) of carbon black has been added to the asphalt binder and the samples were subjected to penetration grade, softening point, ductility and Sessile drop test for determining the surface free energy components. The indirect tensile strength (ITS) in dry and wet condition of the mixtures were also measured and compared with the parameters determined from free surface energy method. Results show that penetration grade and ductility decreases up to 8% of carbon black and beyond that the trend reverses. Softening point increases up to 8% of carbon black and beyond that decreases with increase of carbon black content. Free surface energy components of asphalt show that the total surface free energy increases up to 8% and decreases beyond that level. The wet and dry indirect tensile strength of the porous asphalt and the wet indirect tensile strength of SMA mixture increases with increasing carbon black content up to 8%, and beyond that the trend reverses. The ratio of dry to wet ITS, known as tensile strength ratio (TSR), increase with increasing carbon black up to 8% and decreases after that. The effect of carbon black on porous asphalt is more significant than that on the SMA. Good correlation is found between the TSR results and the parameters obtained by surface free energy.

Using Spragens’s crisis theory, which oversees the understanding of political theories, the present article has explained the question of the development process and the nature of “constitutional theory” in Iran during the Qajar era. The purpose of this research is to apply Spragens’s theory to understand the nature and explain the development process of constitutional theory in Iran. The results obtained from this research, based on the descriptive-explanatory method, show that the constitutionalism theory did not emerge in the last days of the movement; Rather, it has had a historical-evolutionary process. Regarding its nature, it can be said that the theory of constitutionalism was “the theory of the rule of law” and a movement to “establish freedom” and get rid of tyranny. The development process of this theory by using the theoretical approach of Spragens in the four steps of the problem and observation of disorder; causes of disorder; order and fantasy (rebuilding society); And the prescription phase will be explained.

The idea that public auditors create value for the public and, through service delivery, lead to the increase of the public interest and its progress, and provide a type of public goods, has been confirmed. It is obvious that the public value pays attention to the government institutions to audit the accuracy of the financial statements and the regularity of their main processes and the partial trust in the government transactions. In UK and in many jurisdictions around the world, the scale and nature of public expenditure at local level has made the Public Sector Audit in Local Government an integral part of public sector auditing. Along with many individual main units that should be audited at the local level, the partnership and synergy between public institutions should also be considered by auditors. Considering the relationship between the central government and the local government, the realization of national goals through local institutions is clearly increasing, which is also a potential issue for local public auditors; Policy makers in central government recognize that greater devolution and local accountability is a necessary condition for tackling many of the damaging problems that continue to negatively affect British society. This has motivated regional/metropolitan mayors and is now being implemented across the political spectrum. Nevertheless, the delegation of authority has not yet been sufficiently realized and one of the reasons for this is the concern in the central government; Because it is believed that local accountability is weak and vulnerable to adequately investigate issues, therefore public sector audit in local government can provide a tool to build the basic trust needed to increase the delegation of authority to local governments.

Inflation is a macroeconomic variable that affects all levels of society. One of the goals of macroeconomic policymakers is to control inflation. The importance of this issue is such that a wide range of recent studies have been conducted on the effect of fiscal policy on inflation in conditions of financial stress at the international level. In Iran as well, inflation is a concern for economic policymakers, and its susceptibility to financial sector stress is no secret. Fiscal policies of the government are among the policies that can help control inflation.Given the importance of the issue, this paper examines the threshold effect of fiscal policy on inflation in the presence of financial stress by using quarterly data on macroeconomic variables in the period 1380-1401. For this purpose, the paper extracts the financial stress criterion and its critical threshold using the threshold model. The critical threshold of tax revenue in different financial stress regimes is also extracted.The results of the study indicate that tax revenue intensifies inflation in conditions of high financial stress. In addition, tax revenue has a negative effect on inflation when financial stress is low; however, if financial stress is high, an increase in tax revenue increases inflation

The present article seeks to explain the causes of constitutionalism in Iran based on Crane Brinton's theory of revolution, using a combined approach and method, citing historical evidence, including historiographical sources, memoirs, travelogues, and the press. Brinton's theory of revolution is important because it examines the four great revolutions (France, Russia, Britain, and the United States). The method of the article is historical and theory has been used to explain the developments. Findings indicate that among the preliminary signs that Brinton considers in his theory of revolution, the components of "inefficiency of the government machine", and "change of allegiance of enlightened thinkers" have played a role in the occurrence of Iranian constitutionalism. . The signs of "economic growth," "class strife," and "surprising failure to use force" did not conform to Iranian constitutionalism, and contrary to Brinton's theory, the government and the people were in a difficult economic situation. There was no class conflict in the constitutional movement, and despite the violence in the Grand Mosque and the events leading up to Kobra's migration, due to the dominance of the negotiation process and the Shah's pressure and support for the constitutionalists, it can be said that force was used in the Iranian constitutional movement. And there is no military force to suppress the protesters. The course of events of the movement and its adaptation to Brinton's theory and the four great revolutions show that the Iranian constitutionalism was not a revolution but a movement.

The ongoing Covid-19 epidemic has put significant pressure on governments, both financially and to maintain effective public service delivery. The UK's experience with whole of government accounts (WGA) shows that, first, although this tool is not the cure for all problems, But the WGA has highlighted assets and liabilities (such as future retirement debts, clinical negligence claims, and public-private partnership obligations) that are not currently covered by public accounting principles. Second, there is evidence that WGA helps with planning, facilitates asset decision making, increases public sector financial transparency, and facilitates discussions about long-term risk management and fiscal policy. The end of 2021 marks the 10th anniversary of the first consolidated financial statements in the United Kingdom, representing the first set of audited financial statements prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standards for the UK public sector. Given that governments around the world are investing significant resources in modernizing their financial reporting practices and systems, we need to consider whether these changes will increase monetary value and whether they will result in tangible benefits. Due to the need for further research to realize the practical benefits of public sector accounting reform, this article examines the usefulness of WGA in a country like the United Kingdom and outlines the limitations and challenges ahead. Given the increase in future liabilities and rising debt levels, this article explains how WGA information can help governments make decisions.

Reducing pre-tax profits or tax evasion is an important tax issue. Taxes are based on corporate profits, and corporate governance principles act as a balance between the agency’s theory and stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of stock dividends policies and the role of non-executive managers on tax avoidance in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 108 companies have been surveyed between 2014 and 2020. The result of studying 756 year-observation in the form of compositional data and unbalanced panel using the generalized least squares method, indicates a negative and significant relationship between profit dividing policy and tax avoidance. The results also show that there is a positive and significant relationship between non-executive board members and tax avoidance and among the control variables, company size, return on assets, financial leverage, intangible assets, investment intensity in fixed asset, total accruals and R&D costs have a significant relationship with tax avoidance.

After the formation of critical discourses against the current situation in the Qajar period, most of them attacked the authoritarian regime and called for the transition from tyranny to the rule of law. Eventually, the constitution became the main critic's claim, and the constitutional order was issued. However, at the stage of drafting the constitutional amendment, constitutionalism was considered by shariatians to be contrary to sharia and thus faced a major challenge.The Habl-ol- matin, which had been promoting constitutionalism since many years ago, with secular explanations, after the challenge, changed its position and promoted constitutionality based on the idea of separating sharia from the custom.The basic question of the article is that Habl-ol- matin explained the idea on the basis of what basis and purpose?The findings of the research on the basis of the descriptive-explanatory method show that after the constitution was considered to be contrary to sharia, this publication regulates its secular explanation of constitutionalism on the basis of the jurisprudential permission of the Scholars of Najaf on the necessity of the separation of the sharia from the custom at the time of the absent, and as a way of linking the thinking of the modern state and sharia.

The wars between Iran and Russia in nineteenth century, are an important historical milestone  which made Iranians aware of their backwardness. The most important way to deal with this situation, was to obtain the democratic achievements of the modern western civilization and the transition from authoritarian government to a law abiding and obligated government. Of course, the background of Iranian ,s awareness of the consequences of modern civilization and especially idea of ​​constitutionalism, goes back to earlier times. The Study of Persian logbooks of India, although not published in Iran and apparently had no direct effect on the political awakening of the elites and the masses of Iranian people in the years leading up to constitutionalism, shows that India under British colonization and works of those Iranians who were living there, were important sources for Iranians to know modern civilization including British constitutionalism. And what was the connection between the rule of constitutional system and the progress of the country and the welfare and comfort of the people? The following article try to answer the question that what was the understanding of authors of the three logbooks, Shegarfnamey-E Velayat by Etesam al-Din, Tohfatolalam by Abdul Latif Shushtari and Masir -E Talebi by Mirza Aboutalebkhan, from British constitutionalism and what was the connection between the rule of constitutional system with the progress of the country and the welfare of the people. Thus, the purpose of this article is to show that before the Iran-Russia wars and the Iranians awareness of their backwardness, a kind of attention to the progress and reflection of the idea of ​​constitutionalism and the necessity of its establishment in Islamic countries, especially Iran, in the works of Persian writers in India can be found. The three mentioned logbooks can be considered as the first narrators of the idea of ​​constitutionalism in Persian. An important features of these writings is that they did not see the issue of progress and constitutionalism in the West, including Britain, only in terms of concepts such as their degeneration or backwardness. And so their main content is a sign of the mentality confrontation of some Iranians with the developments of the modern world which focuses more on institutional differences and current procedures, rather than on understanding its intellectual and thought-provoking foundations. Therefore, understanding the contents of these logbooks is important and necessary for the analysis of the process that the Iranians mind and thought has started in the face of the new civilization and the way it has passed. 

The research method of the present article is descriptive-analytical in order to focus on the texts of these logbooks and understanding the issue and their concern to explain the perspectives of the authors of these works about the evolution of modern world and in particular the narrative of British constitutionalism and survey the comparative study between Islamic and Eastern countries especially Iran with the developments and events of the modern world from the perspective of the authors of these logbooks.In this regard, the method of collecting information, is library method and based on the text of the three mentioned logbooks, with the emphasis on clarifying the desired intellectual principles by the authors of the logbooks, which is specifically based on their descriptive discourses which is done according to the British constitutional rules and regulations.

 Among the three case study logbooks despite some commonalities, Including in view of the achievements of the new world there are also differences, especially with the British Constitutionalism. Etesam Al-Din describes constitutionalism with traditional literature and concepts, and states that the king's authority, separation of powers, and the legal and democratic exercise of power are the main features of the British political system. Also Mirza Aboutaleb pays special attention to the customary nature of the laws and the separation of religion from politics in Britain. (Isfahani, ibid:251). Compared to the other two authors, and despite the fact that Shushtari did not see Britain and its political institutions, including the parliament directly and closely, he pays more attention to the British constitutional achievements and using them for Iran. On the one hand, he attributes the creation of constitutionalism to the eradication of the influence and authority of the Roman Church and British religious independence, as well as the involvement of natural and Western philosophers (Shushtari:254-251). On the other hand, there is a direct relationship between the establishment of constitutionalism and the progress and power of Britain and the welfare of the people and the provision of the rights of the British people (ibid: 259, 277-276, 284). In this way, he criticizes the authoritarian system of Iran and considers the rule of constitutionalism as a condition for Iran's progress and its empowerment (ibid:339). 

Although the understanding of these logbooks from constitutionalism was not based on analysis of the theoretical foundations of modern European political thought and none of them had a clear discourse on the advancement of Muslims or Iranians, but they reflected some aspects of the way which Muslims and Iranians confront with the manifestations of modern European civilization. And for the first time, some modern institutions, as well as the content of some modern concepts, are presented to their audience. It seems that in addition to their traditional affiliations in not presenting a positive and specific account of British constitutionalism, such as being likely to be the headline of the Iranian people and officials, their political attitudes and dependence on the institutions of power in India, including the British has also been so effective that it has even created a kind of empathetic view to the British in a significant part of these works. Also, the authors of three mentioned logbooks were not yet in the reactionary and helpless atmosphere caused by Iran's defeat of Russia and the pressure of the modern civilization, and therefore it is natural that such logbooks should not have been written with the concern of progress and within the framework or under the influence of the discourse of progressivism and modernity and with the knowledge of the foundations of modern European political thought. In their point of view, the West, including the United Kingdom, was not seen as the only model for progressing to be compared with Iran's degeneration and backwardness. Therefore, they can be considered as narrators who, before proposing the idea of ​​degeneration and backwardness of Iran and forming the concern for progress, presented a narrative of the British constitutionalism. This shortcoming does not necessarily diminish the importance of these texts, and the value of the narration of this group of travel writers should not be overlooked. The acquaintance with their point of view, and of course the attention to the logic of subsequent developments, points out that the issue of Iranian backwardness was largely raised over time, especially through the observation of inefficiencies and failures such as Iran's defeat by Russia. And apparently those inside Iran became more central to those who were in areas such as India. In addition, a significant portion of Iranians who later became acquainted with the developments of the modern world gradually found a greater tendency to understand the normative nature of thought contained in the text of modern developments. What was almost absent in the eyes of travel writers in Inida, who were mostly political officials, that they were more concerned with the hard-line and institutional dimensions of change. In addition of some factors like the lack of translation and publication of logbooks at that time in Iran or the locative and temporal distance, perhaps this is the difference in perspective that makes it impossible to speak directly and positively influence of this group of Indian Iranians on Iranian constitutionalism. However, these texts show some marks of the first encounters of the Iranian thought with new developments. Perhaps these works can be considered conceptually and theoretically in the interval between the creation of astonishment, such as those who were later encountered to it such as Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi, and the beginning of reflections on the kind of question that Abbas Mirza asked why this is our situation, and what should be done?

Based on Reza Shah's goals and attitudes, fundamental changes were made in the traditional elements and culture. The Shah's attempt was to rethink and create a new interfaith belief in society. The Pahlavi government began to create a new culture to strengthen the modern national government. In order to achieve its goal and program, the government has used existing and new tools to implement the government's goals. Among the various tools and organizations, the organization "Raising Thoughts" was of great theoretical and executive importance and credibility.Therefore, in addition to high credibility in macro-politics, the Pahlavi government's attention to the organization was pursued unusually. Accordingly, in the present article, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze cultural policies based on a particular theory, and to analyze and explain the cultural tools and elements in the direction of the modern absolute state, to achieve its goals. The findings of the paper, using the method of historical analysis based on historical documents, sources and evidence, show that cultural policy and organization in the Pahlavi government had a great impact on cultural unification and harmonization of minds in order to legitimize.

From the time of Nasser al-Din Shah onwards, we have witnessed the emergence of the discourse of nationalism and the definition of national identity based on the components of "perennialism" in Iran. One hundred years of experience show that such a definition of national identity has been detrimental to the realization of national unity and the protection of the rights of Iranians. On the other hand, today there is no single definition of national identity among thinkers and elites and serious discussions are underway in this regard. At the same time, the preservation of Iran requires a nationalism based on the sovereignty of the nation, the satisfaction and security of the rights and interests of all members of the nation. Accordingly, it is necessary to re-read and critique the definition of national identity based on the components of "perennialism". In the meantime, despite the fact that Habal al-Matin has promoted the relationship between the state and the nation in the modern sense, it defines national identity based on the components of "perennialism". The question of the present article is that according to the "modernist paradigm of nationalism", what is the critique of the national identity defined by this publication? Findings show that the definition of Iranian identity and national identity is based on the ethnic-cultural definition of the nation and has no relation with the modern nation.

 

Sometimes, improper satisfaction of childhood needs leads to the formation of early maladaptive schemas in them, resulting in the development of psychological problems. Given the adverse effects of early maladaptive schemas in various aspects of personal, social, occupational, and educational life, identifying the psychological interventions affecting these schemas while modifying them can help reduce the negative consequences. One of the most common therapies used in early maladaptive schemas is schematic therapy. Another intervention that can effectively modify early maladaptive schemas is interventions based on cognitive therapies. One type of intervention based on a cognitive approach that is less discussed in Iran is trial–based cognitive therapy. Therefore, by reviewing different research backgrounds and since schema therapy is a common intervention in this field, this study aimed to introduce a trial–based cognitive approach and compare its effectiveness with schema therapy on modulating early maladaptive schemas.

This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population included all individuals referring to the Psychiatric Center of Qom City, Iran, in 2019 to investigate and address their psychological problems. Of them, 30 qualified volunteers entered the study and were randomly assigned to the study groups (schema therapy, cognitive therapy, & control groups; n=10/group). The inclusion criteria of this research had the desire to participate in the research, being a resident of Qom, not having specific physical illness problems, and having literacy to write and complete the research questionnaire. The exclusion criteria were reluctance to participate in further research, relocation from Qom during the research, absence from the interventional sessions, and illiteracy. The instrument used in this study in the pretest and posttest stages was the Yang Early maladaptive Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (Young & Brown, 1998). Young schema therapy protocol was performed in eight 45–minute sessions, and trial–based cognitive therapy protocol was performed in 8 sixty–minute sessions in the experimental groups; however, no intervention was provided to the control group. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test, were used at a significant level of 0.05 in SPSS.

The collected results suggested that trial–based cognitive therapy and schema therapy significantly modulated early maladaptive schemas of the studied individuals (p<0.001). The effect of these interventions on the modulation of early maladaptive schemas was measured as 29.6%. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of trial–based cognitive therapy and schema therapy in modulating the initial maladaptive schema (p=0.670). However, these two groups were significantly different from the control group (p<0.001).

According to the results of this study, trial–based cognitive therapy and schema therapy are equally effective in modulating early maladaptive schemas.

The reporting model for governmental funds has always been of particular importance. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has been actively engaged in the process of making improvements to the financial reporting model to provide more useful information to the users of the financial reports of governmental entities. The GASB proposed three recognition approaches to replace the current financial resources reporting model for governmental funds. The three approaches vary along a time dimension. The ‘‘near-term’’ model is the most similar to the current model with a specified reporting period of 60–90 days. A ‘‘short-term’’ model extends the transaction reporting to be the government’s one-year operating cycle. Finally, a ‘‘long-term’’ model would report both current and noncurrent assets and liabilities for governmental funds. This article, based on research by Marshall et al., raises questions about improving the reporting model for governmental funds, and finally provides recommendations.

In the first and second World Wars, foreign forces ignored the fact that Iran proclaimed being impartial, and occupied it. Meanwhile, the reaction of the religious scholars and clerics as the religious leaders of the society was much important and influential. In the World War I, they proclaimed Jihad and inducted many forces for confronting the occupying troops. They even took part in those struggles personally. In the World War II, however, they did show no reaction towards occupation of the country. The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for different reactions of the religious scholars and clerics towards the occupation of the country in the first and second World Wars. To do so, we have used a comparative method of study. The findings of the study show that factors such as weakening of the scholars’ position through Reza Shah’s anti-religious policies, proclamation of giving up resistance by the central government in the Second World War, fruitlessness of any resistance against occupying powers considering what was experienced in the First World War, low level of damages in the Second World War, and the scholars’ attempt for reviving the status of Islam and clerics after Reza Shah’s resigning were all effective in different reaction by the religious scholars.

One of the major problems facing human societies in recent decades is the stress phenomenon, especially in the workplace. Job stress is the harmful responses that result from a mismatch between onechr('39')s abilities and knowledge with job pressures and demands. Stress is one of the most important and effective factors in disturbing peoplechr('39')s health, that makes a person unable to perform his or her individual, family and social duties and commitments optimally. Public health means complete physical, mental and social welfare (Not just lack of illness and disability). One of the most common disorders in general and occupational groups is mental disorders. The most important signs and symptoms of mental health include self-reliance, independence, the ability to cope with others, the ability to accept responsibility and the duty, to express love and affection, the ability to endure failure, and so on. Manpower is one of the most important resources and the most significant asset of any organization; also, staffs health is one of the key Scales of effectiveness of any organization. Today, university staff are exposed to workplace stress, their health has been harmed. In addition, it is essential for lecturers and staff to be healthy individuals to ensure that those who educate and deliver the community have adequate health and expertise. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between public health and occupational stressors and its influencing factors among staffs of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytic and correlation type study was conducted on 153 staffs (employees and faculty members) of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The samples were selected using Cochran statistical formula and simple random sampling. Data collection tools were Goldberg and Hiller General Health Questionnaire, Philippe L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire and Demographic Questionnaire. The GHQ questionnaire was designed by Goldberg and Hiller and localized by Taghavi in ​​Iran. The questionnaire consisted of 28 questions and 4 subscales of seven questions, including somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression, in which general health and its dimensions are divided into four domains: none or least, mild disorder, moderate disorder and severe disorder. In this study, 4-point Likert scale, from 0 to 3, was used to score GHQ-28 questionnaires; also, cut-off point 6 was used for each subscale and cut-off point 22 for overall score. The Philip L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire is one of the validated job stress questionnaires approved by the American Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). This questionnaire was designed by Philip L. Rice and localized by Hatami in Iran. The Philip L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire contains 57 questions and three subscales of interpersonal relationships (26 questions), workplace physical conditions (22 questions) and job interests (9 questions) that job stress and each of its subscales are divided into three levels of low, moderate and severe stress. Occupational Stress Questionnaire scores were scored on a 5-point Likert scale from one (never) to five (always). In the present study, in interpreting occupational stress (total), a score less than 120.96 indicates low stress, a score between 120.96 - 183.54 moderate stress and a score above 183.54 indicates severe stress. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and regression tests.

The total mean score of general health and occupational stress in the study population was 25.09 (14.81) and 25.152 (31.29), respectively. Also, 50.3% of the studied subjects had no or least impairment in scope of general health and 68.6% of the study participants had moderate level of job stress. In the survey of general health dimensions, the highest score belonged to social dysfunction with mean score of 7.49 (3.58) and also mean score of all three subscales of occupational stress was in average level, although, the highest score among the subscales belonged to the subscale of interpersonal relationships. Pearson correlation test showed a significant and direct correlation between job stress and general health (p<0.05). Also, the highest and lowest correlation coefficients were observed between severe depression with interpersonal relationships (r = 0.462) and severe depression with job interests (r = 0.250), respectively. The results of linear regression test showed that job stress was able to predict 22% of changes in somatic symptoms, 21.4% of changes in anxiety and insomnia, 19.1% of changes in social dysfunction, 18% of changes in severe depression and 27.5% of public health changes. According to the results of stepwise linear regression test, job interests subscale was not able to predict changes in general health and its dimensions (p> 0.05). Also, subscales of interpersonal relationships and physical conditions of workplace with 22.3% and 5.5% respectively are able to predict changes in public health. According to the results of this test, only the interpersonal relationship subscale predicted 20.9% of the changes in the severe depression subscale. T-test showed a significant difference between the mean score of the components of somatic symptoms, interpersonal relationships and job stress with marital status (p <0.05), so that the mean score of all three components was higher in single than married individuals. Also, according to the results of this test, there was a significant difference between the somatic symptoms subscales and the gender variables in the study population (p <0.05). The mean score of this subscale was higher in females than males. Chi-square test showed no significant relationship between all dimensions and subscales of job stress and general health with educational level and type of employment (p> 0.05). According to the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was a significant difference between subscales of interpersonal relationships and age groups (p <0.05). This difference was found between the age groups under 30 years with 30-40 years and under 30 years with 40-50 years, so that the mean score of this component in persons with age group under 30 years was higher than the other two groups. Also, according to the results of this test, no statistically significant differences were found between mean scores of all dimensions and subscales of occupational stress and general health with work experience (p> 0.05).

The staff of Ilam University of Medical Sciences were in the range of unhealthy (mild disorder) and moderate level of general health and job stress, respectively. Marital status and age were identified as the most important factors affecting job stress and general health, and interpersonal relationships and somatic symptoms were determined as the most important subscales among job stress and general health subscales. To improve general health and reduce job stress, such as developing a comprehensive stress management program, avoiding the use of high-stress and with little experience people in high-stress and high-risk jobs, prioritized to married people and men when to operate in sensitive and stressful jobs, providing consulting services to staffs within the organization, as well as regular and periodic physical and psychological staff monitoring are recommended.

Revolutionary institutions and committees were among the first and foremost measures in the history of the Islamic Revolution of Iran to establish the security and tolerance of the revolutionary society. The institutions and committees of the revolution were massively formed and organized by the movement. People spontaneously organized committees with clerics or trustees locally in mosques and various urban and rural neighborhoods. The main aim of the committee in the last days of the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty was to secure and restore order and to fight the Pahlavi regime and the counter-revolution on the other. The basic question of the paper is what were the most important security-law-enforcement measures of the revolutionaries in the last days of the Pahlavi regime and what were the mechanisms and order of the revolutionary society? It seems that the establishment of revolutionary institutions and the Revolutionary Committee was one of the most important security-law-enforcement measures. The collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty was not due to the lack of readiness and disruption of policing and gendarmerie, and institutions and committees were needed. However, the subject of this article is of research importance. This article is a qualitative and historical study based on the sources and documents of contemporary history. The findings of the study

One of the frequently-discussed issues in narratology is the analysis of the structure and the plot of the novel which embarks on deconstructing the old texts. Anchored in the ideas of Tudorv and Grimas, this research endeavors to analyze the narratological structure of Tengsir penned by Sadegh Choubak. Tangsir develops linearly on the temporal storyline; therefore, the events occur consecutively in a chain-like fashion for Zayer Mohammad. At the starting point, the situation is depicted to look normal in that Zayer Mohammad is a hardworking man working at Dehkan Harbour. Then, the situation changes with an incident. Karim Hajj Hmzayi borrowed all Zayer Mohammad's properties and refused to return them, pervading a sense of imbalanced situation throughout the novel. All the incidents being unfolded, the narrative ends with a balanced state in the novel. Zayer Mohammad kills Karim and his accomplices and then escapes to Bushehr. According to the pattern of Grimes, Zayer Mohammad is an identifier and the subject of identification involves taking his right from others. In the same vein, Zayer Mohammad is also the receiver and his internal emotion plays the role of a sender. The helpers are portrayed to be Shahro and Asator as well as his feelings. The opposition is comprised of Karim Hajji Hmaze, Sheikh Abu Torab, Mohammad Gonde-Rajab and Aqa Al-Kachal. Regarding data collections, the present study is a descriptive-documentary one conducted using content analysis. Analyzing the elements of narrative design in Tangsir, it can be said that the structure of the novel is in line with the theory of Todorov and Grimas.

Tangsir develops based on a linear storytime (chained). The events of Zayer Mohammed's personality arise one after another in that, initially, the situation appears to be normal. Subsequently, this equilibrium changes and the imbalanced situation dominates the atmosphere of the novel. Being the events unfolded, the novel's storyline turns to a well-balanced situation, and the fate of the character gets disclosed. Chubak introduces Zayer Mohammed's character to the reader in a mixed manner (direct and indirect descriptions by actions and behavior). This study attempts to analyze the narrative design of Tengsir novel based on structuralist theories such as T. Todorov and A. Grimas.

Based on what Tudorff theorizes, the narrative scheme of Tengsir consists of a series of sequences. The storyline in this novel is that the events are consecutively chained to Zayer Mohammed in such a way that the situation is initially depicted as balanced (introduction) within which there are a variety of events. In the aftermath, the construed balanced situation is disturbed by an event (episode 1), and an imbalanced situation dominates the narrative context; Karim Hajzamzah and his allies borrow and invest all his wealth and assets. At this point, to accomplish his goals, Zayer Mohammad lives various hazardous experiences, including the killing of Karim Haj Hamzah and his allies, as well as coming to grapple with government officials. This creates an upward spiral of events. Describing these incidents comprises the middle of the narrative. Thereafter, with the final incident (chapter 2), the narrative text (story) comes to an end. The story of the novel returns to a well-balanced state of affairs; ending with killing Karim and his allies, Zayer Mohammad escapes from Bushehr with his family. In what follows, we shall examine the narrative elements in Tangsir based on the theory of Grimes. Identifiers (active, hero): Zayer Muhammad; value-bearing object (the subject of identification): Taking his (own right) property back from Karim and his allies; agent: Zayer Muhammad and the patient: His inner sense; Assistant: Shahro, Asator, His Feelings, the People and ... ; the Anti-agent: Karim Haj Hamzah, Sheikhabotrab, Mohammad Gonderajab and Aqa Ali Kachal and government officials (vice). In the novel, according to the schema mentioned, there are six narrative elements.

The narrative process in this novel is shaped in a way that the events are chained one after another for Zayer Mohammad (the main character), in such a way that at first the situation is represented to be balanced (introduction) and this situation involves a variety of events. In this situation, while the agentivity is introduced, a value-bearing object (target) is also identified for the identifier. Furthermore, the character is described in this part of the narrative. Zayer Mohammed (recipient and recogniser) is construed as a hardworking man who sells oat and is regarded as a value-bearing object (money and preservation of honor). In the aftermath, (chapter 1), this balance becomes chaotic an event and an imbalanced situation dominates the narrative environment. Karim and all his allies borrow and spend all Zayer's properties. At this stage, the activist welcomes various dangers such as killing Karim Hajzamzah and his allies, struggling with government officials to achieve his goals (value-bearing object). This leads to the formation of action and reaction on the part of the patient and anti-agent causing an upward trend in the story-line. Mentioning these events as such constitutes the middle of the narrative and includes the actions and reactions of Zayer Mohammad's personality. At this stage, the identifier is examined and assisted by the assisting forces to overcome the anti-agent forces. At this point, with the final incident happened (chapter 2), the narrative (story) gets to the final phase. Being supported by Shahro, Asator and the people (the supporting forces), he succeeds in regaining his right (his money; identification) from Karim and his allies by shooting them. The novel's story-line returns to a well-balanced state of affairs and the character finds his fate. After the events narrated, the narrative anchors in a calm shore; he escapes from Bushehr with his family after killing Karim and his allies. In the end, the general (destiny) status is determined in the event of victory or defeat, and the story obtains a new stable state that is the product of the patient and past events interplay. Finally, we can draw the following diagram for the structural analysis of the narrative plot of Tengsir: Initial balance (introducing the agent and Value-bearing object) + disturbance of the equilibrium (episode 1) - introduction the imbalanced status (examining the patient and his battle with anti-agent and the use of supporting forces) + latest confront of the agent and anti-agent (…..2) - Middle; re-occurrence of the balanced status (the final phase the materialization of the patient's destiny) that a new stable state comes to the surface.

Due to the military and economic threats of modern civilization, the Qajar rulers were forced, at some stages, to adapt new sciences and techniques to modify and refurbish parts of their state administration. In addition, due to the acquaintance of Iranians with new changes and modern thoughts of this period, critical thoughts and progressive discourses were formed in society. Printed in Kolkata during the ending decades of Qajar era, Habl al-Matin was one of the most important newspapers which used to emphasize the adaptation of modern sciences in its progressive discourse. Based on a descriptive-analytical method and through a paradigm of critical theory, it has been tried, in present study, to criticize the approach of this newspaper to progress and modern sciences to find answers to these fundamental questions of what were the shortcomings and problems of Habl al-Matin to explore the relation between progress and modern sciences and what was its "of-modern-sciences- derived" solution to get development? Findings show that Habl al-Matin did not have a comprehensive understanding of new civilization and the ways it developed on the basis of dialectical relation of political, economic, social and cultural changes and processes, and it tried, through a positivist approach, to explain the advancement of Europe and all other societies using modern sciences, and it propagated the adoption of these sciences as a strategy for the Iran's progress, regardless of the necessity of making changes and creating capacity for bringing the country's different structures together and forming appropriate processes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological characteristics of negative affect, social inhibition, and ambiguity tolerance in prediction of quality of life in patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
In this cross-sectional study, 62 patients suffering from IBS who were referred to the Digestion Clinic of Shadid Beheshti Hospital in Qom city were selected with available sampling method. For data gathering, quality of life questionnaire in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS QOL), D personality type scale (DS-14), and ambiguity tolerance questionnaire were used Lin. Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression tests.
This study showed that psychological characteristics of negative affect, social inhibition and ambiguity tolerance are factors prediction of quality of life in IBS suffering.
For the recovery of the quality of life in patients suffering from IBS, appropriate interventions, training, counseling, and referral to psychologist to make positive changes in the mentioned psychological factors are recommended.

In this paper, the design and simulation of a transmission impedance amplifier using 0.18 µ CMOS technology for use in the amplifier section of optical telecommunication receivers are presented. The idea presented in this paper is based on the use of a parallel-parallel feedback structure with a cascade interest rate. This structure is quasi-differential and is designed to increase the allowable range of input power and prevent amplifier saturation, a circuit with a variable gain. The simulation results show a maximum gain of 64 dB, a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz, power consumption of 20mw, and a spectral intensity of the noise current referred to as the PA / 9 input. Also, by using variable gain control, the gain of the amplifier transmission impedance can be reduced to 46 dBΩ. The results indicate that the proposed design is very suitable for a 2.5 Gb / s optical telecommunication system.

Hassan al-Banna was the founder, leader and leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Muslim world in the center of Egypt. Rashid al-Ghannouchi is the founder of the Islamic Movement of Tunisia, and is inspired by the idea of the Al-Bin and the Brotherhood. The idea of "Bana" and "Ghannouchi" has had a profound reflection on the geographical range of the Muslim world and contemporary Muslim thought; From this perspective, the thought of these two Muslim thinkers is worthy of attention and research. In the following paper, the political thought of these two thinkers has been examined with a new look. The importance of studying the views and opinions of Al-Baha and Al-Ghannouchi in the critical situations of the Islamic world is the kind of confrontation with the challenges and their response. Accordingly, the main objective and the main issue of the present article is to examine the historical evolution of the reform and modernization of the state based on the thinking of Al-Banna and Al-Ghannouchi. The basic question of the article is that what are the fundamentals and principles of political thought of these two Muslim theologians? And how can the reformal approach and systemization / state be considered in the intellectual system of these two? The authors believe that Hassan al-Banna and Rashid al-Ghannouchi, in their country, sought to reform the state and revive the government on the basis of Islam. The relative success of the Islamist movement at that time was due to the thought and political views of these two thinkers on political issues and state-building. This paper uses the descriptive-explanatory method to explore and explain the positions of these two political thinkers in the field of reforming and modernizing the state.