مهدی منوچهری

Emergency department (ED) nurses are exposed to cognitive failures, which refers to impaired perception, memory and motor function. Their personality traits seem to have a role in the occurrence of these failures. This study aims to determine the relationship between cognitive failure and personality traits of ED nurses in Urmia, Iran.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 165 nurses working in the EDs of hospitals affiliated to Urmia University of Medical Sciences from February to May 2021. Data were collected using the cognitive failure questionnaire (CFQ) and the NEO five-factor personality inventory. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were used to describe variables. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. The significant level was set at 0.05

The mean total score of CFQ was 1.56±0.78. Regarding the dimensions of CFQ, the highest mean score was for the distractibility dimension (1.66±0.77), while the lowest mean score was for the dimension of false triggering (1.42±0.93). Regarding personality traits, the highest mean score was for conscientiousness (29.98±6.74), while the lowest mean score was for neuroticism (21.21±6.56). We found a significant and negative correlation between cognitive failure (and its dimensions) and all personality traits (P<0.001). Furthermore, we identified a significant relationship between nurses’ cognitive failures and the use of sedatives (P=0.001), work shift (P<0.001), and satisfaction with salary (P=0.041). 

The cognitive failure level of ED nurses in Urmia is moderate. There is a significant relationship between their cognitive failure and personality traits. The nurses with high conscientiousness have fewer occupational cognitive failures. In contrast, those with high neuroticism have more occupational cognitive failures.

Intimacy is a fundamental psychological need for every human being, driving them to connect with others. However, many individuals struggle to fulfill this need due to various negative experiences. Problems related to emotional closeness and fear of intimacy are associated with a wide range of mental health issues as well as harmful physical impacts. Recognizing intimacy as a crucial need rooted in our early relationships with caregivers, along with the harmful consequences of its absence in human connections, highlights the importance of investigating the underlying causes and factors contributing to avoidance of intimacy. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mediating factors that influence this issue and mitigate its negative effects. The aim of the present study was to model structural equations of the relationship between childhood trauma and by adults` fear of intimacy examining the mediating role of integrative self–knowledge.

This study is a correlational and structural equation modeling study, and the statistical population of this study consisted of women and men aged 20 to 50 in Tehran. A total of 303 people were selected as a statistical sample using the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria included participants' satisfaction, age range between 20 and 50 years and the absence of a history of mental disorders. The exclusion criteria included failure to complete the questionnaire and suffering from mental disorders. Participants completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (Descatner & Thelen, 1991), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), and the Integrative Self–Knowledge Scale (Ghorbani et al., 2008). To analyze the research data at the descriptive level, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. At the inferential level, structural equation modeling was used in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. Fit indices were used to check the model's fit, and a mean–engineered test was performed using the bootstrap method. The significant level of the tests was considered equal to 0.05.

The result showed that the proposed model was suitable with the collected data (RMSEA=0.079, CFI=0.951, GFI=0.947, χ2/df=2.864). The indirect effect of childhood trauma on fear of intimacy with the mediating role of integrative self–knowledge was significant (p<0.001, β=0.065). Additionally, the direct effect of childhood trauma on fear of intimacy (p=0.040, β=0.176) was statistically significant. Also, the direct effect of childhood trauma on integrative self–knowledge (p=0.020, β=– 0.207) was statistically significant. Also, the effect of integrative self–knowledge on the fear of intimacy (p=0.015, β=–0.314) was statistically significant.

According to the results, integrative self–knowledge partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy. Therefore, the results of this study may be promising to enhance the capacity of individuals` self–knowledge in psychotherapy sessions so that effective steps can be taken to reduce and prevent the detrimental effects of fear of intimacy in the adult population.

Life skills are a set of abilities designed by the World Health Organization to promote the quality of life and recommend it to all members of society. This study aimed to determine and evaluate the effective components of the life skills course.

The present research was a qualitative and of the phenomenology model. Using purposive based sampling method, 20 participants of life skills course were selected who met the studying criteria including the maximum absence of 2 sessions in a 10-session course, age over 18 years, and personal consent to participate in the study. Data were collected using semi-structured and individual open-ended interviews until data saturation was achieved. The recorded interviews were then handwritten and analyzed.

Qualitative analysis of the interviews led to the extraction of five themes: “cognitive and emotional self-awareness,” “group dynamics,” “content capability in conceptualization and operation of structures and processes,” “gaining insight and unconscious change,” and “self-compassion formation.

According to the obtained results, life skills training in a participatory and active method based on a coherent protocol in a context of intimacy, empathy and non-judgmental group atmosphere, leads to increased self-awareness and motivation and belief in the change in individuals. This underscores the need to focus on psychological education in a participatory and active manner.

 Treatment adherence is a key factor in improving patient safety and the quality of care according to the needs of older people. Non-adherence prevents older adults from accessing the best treatment, and this issue may be especially problematic in chronic medical conditions. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the relationship between interpersonal conflicts and self-compassion with treatment adherence in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

 The method of this research was descriptive and correlational. The study’s statistical population included all older people with type 2 diabetes referred to the endocrinology clinic of the fifth district of Tehran City, Iran, during the first 6 months of 2023. Based on the formula of Tabachnick and Fidell (2007), 138 people were randomly selected as a sample. In this research, Rahim’s standard interpersonal conflict resolution style questionnaire, self-compassion scale, and treatment adherence questionnaire were used. Finally, the data was entered into SPSS software, version 26 to check the correlation between the variables, and the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used simultaneously to analyze the data.

This research showed that interpersonal conflicts predict 29.9% and self-compassion 26.5% of changes in treatment adherence. Among these, the components of interpersonal conflict styles included integrity (r=0.24), avoidant (r=-0.33), and required (r=-0.17), and the components of self-compassion, including self-kindness (r=0.24), avoiding self-judgment (r=0.21) and absence of over-identification (r=0.17) can predict treatment compliance in older people with type 2 diabetes

This research has shown that interpersonal conflicts and self-compassion have a positive and significant relationship with treatment adherence in older people with type 2 diabetes and can predict treatment compliance in these older people.

Children facing challenges such as social deficiencies during childhood may struggle in social interactions and unhealthy emotional relationships, thus increasing their vulnerability to sexual addiction. The relationship between childhood traumas and sexual addiction is influenced by various factors such as social support, mental framing, and attachment styles, highlighting the importance of thoroughly examining the impact of each of these factors on this relationship. Strong scientific evidence can guide decision-makers in implementing effective measures and policies to prevent childhood traumas and sexual addiction.

The present study aimed to model the structural equations of the relationship between childhood traumas and sexual addiction, with the mediating role of perceived social support, mental framing, and attachment styles.

The current research employed a descriptive correlational approach and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all virtual students in Tehran universities during the academic year 2021-2022. The sample size was determined to be 322 individuals based on the Klein formula (2011), considering the possibility of dropouts, with 370 individuals ultimately included. Data collection utilized the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), Sexual Addiction Screening Test (Carnes, 1988), and Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (Collins & Read, 1990). The gathered data were analyzed using path analysis in LISREL and SPSS software.

The research findings indicate significant correlations, confirming the hypothesized correlation between variables for developing the structural equation model (p< 0.05).

The relationship between childhood traumas and sexual addiction is influenced by various factors, including social support, mental framing, and attachment styles, underscoring the critical importance of thoroughly investigating the impact of each of these factors on this relationship. Strong scientific evidence can guide decision-makers in implementing effective measures and policies to prevent childhood traumas and sexual addiction.

In case of inadequacy and inadequacy of parents, issues and problems occur, including child abuse by them or the people around them; Child abuse is one of the big social problems that includes all societies, both advanced and developing, so that the health and comfort of the injured child is endangered.

The purpose of this article is to determine the fit of the prediction model of dark personality traits based on childhood traumas with the mediating role of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment styles.

The current research was of correlational type and according to the objectives, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was also used, based on Klein's formula, 147,400 people were considered. Also, separately from the questionnaires of dark personality traits (Johnson and Webster, 2010), self-regulation by Miller and Brown (1999), adult attachment style of Collins and Reed, (1990), mentalization or reflective performance by Fonagy et al. (2016), trauma Childhood Questionnaire (CTQ) was used by Bernstein, Stein, Newkamp, Walker, Pugh, et al. (2003) to adjust the model. In this research, descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and inferential statistics of correlation, regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data.

The results of the research show that the direct path of childhood trauma to dark personality traits was not significant, but all the indirect paths were significant, which indicated the confirmation of the mediation of the three variables of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment style (p<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that experts in the field of psychology focus on educating and supporting mothers to enhance their abilities in shaping secure attachment styles in their children. Clinical psychologists and therapists should particularly emphasize interventions aimed at improving cognitive restructuring and self-regulation for individuals with dark personality traits.

 With the increase in the aged population, the physical and mental health of the elderly have become more important. Since resilience is an important concept in the mental health of the elderly, this study aims to predict the resilience of the elderly in Tehran, Iran, based on their religious orientation, mental toughness, physical health, and sleep disorders.

 This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 256 elderly people aged >60 years (Mean age: 66.42±4.37 years) selected by a simple random sampling method from those living in Kahrizak Nursing Home in Tehran, Iran. They completed the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, Clough et al.’s mental toughness questionnaire-48 items, physical health questionnaire, and Lynch’s sleep disturbance questionnaire to measure resilience, religious orientation, mental toughness, physical health, and sleep disorders. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS and SPSS software, version 23.

 Religious orientation (t=4.32, r=0.24, P<0.001), mental toughness (t=6.87, r=0.68, P<0.001), physical health (t=5.12, r=0.57, P<0.001) and sleep disorders (t=-5.18, r=-0.52, P<0.001) could significantly predict the resilience of the elderly in Tehran. 

 The resilience of the elderly in Tehran has a positive and significant relationship with their religious orientation, mental toughness, physical health, and sleep disorders. These components can predict the resilience of the elderly. Therefore, by controlling these components, the resilience of the elderly can be improved.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel habits and can significantly impair quality of life (QOL). Personality has an important effect on health-related quality of life. However, its effect on the quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome is yet unknown. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship of quality of life with neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness, and their subcomponents in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods & Materials:

 This is a descriptive-correlational study. The studied population was IBS patients referred to a private gastrointestinal clinic in Tehran in 2021.The sample size was 223, and subjects were selected through the consecutive sampling method. The data were collected using NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality Of Life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used at the confidence level of 95% through the SPSS software version 24.

The mean score of IBS-QOL was 57.68±20.55. Regression analysis suggested that personality subcomponents such as self-reproach (β=-0.376, P<0.001) and positive affect (β=0.160, P=0.020) were the most important predictors of the score of IBS-QOL. The scores of self-reproach and positive affect explained 22.6% of the variance score of IBS-QOL.

The results of current study suggested that the scores of some personality subcomponents including self-reproach and positive affect significantly predict the score of IBS-QOL. Hence, it seems that in addition to common pharmaceutical treatments for IBS patients, considering personality subcomponents (particularly self-reproach and positive affect) is effective in improving these patients’ quality of life.

Mothers of children with autism have lower levels of psychological well-being than other mothers. The purpose of this study was to determine effectiveness of self-compassion education on psychological well-being and resilience in mothers of children with autism.

This research employed a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control group. Totally, 64 mothers of children with autism were selected by available sampling method, and randomly divided into experimental (n=32) and control (n=32) groups. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 90 minutes of self-care education, but the control group remained on the waiting list. To collect data Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT), Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being (SPWB), and Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Data analysis was performed using multivariable analyze of covariance.

The results showed that the self-compassion education used in this study could improve all six areas of SPWB including environmental mastery (p<0.001; F=117.914), self-acceptance (p<0.001; F=34.940), positive relations with others (p<0.001; F=42.355), purpose in life (p<0.001; F=61.213), personal growth (p<0.001; F=9.111) and autonomy (p<0.001; F=8.254), as well as all five factors of CD‐RISC including personal competence (p<0.001; F=24.883), tolerance of negative affect (p<0.001; F=47.487), positive acceptance of change (p<0.001; F=22.419), control (p<0.001; F=16.979) and spiritual influences (p<0.001; F=104.49) of mothers.

Based on the results of this study, the self-compassion education is an effective intervention in improving psychological well-being and resilience of mothers of children with autism.

The aim of this study was to compare the brain-behavioral systems in soldiers with borderline personality disorder or traits and healthy soldiers.

This is a descriptive-crosssectional, causal-comparative study conducted in 2019. The first statistical population of the study included all the soldiers referring to a military psychiatric hospital who had been diagnosed to have borderline personality disorder or traits, and the second one consisted of the soldiers who were mentally healthy. The sample size in each group was 106. The samples were selected using the availability sampling method, and the required data were collected using demographic questionnaires and the Behavioral Inhibition-Activation Systems Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance by SPSS Statistics 25.

The results showed that the performance of behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition system was better in healthy soldiers compared to that of soldiers with borderline personality disorder or traits.

It seems that the role of brain-behavioral systems can be considered in psychological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder or traits

The aim of the present study was to determine the difference in cognitive emotion regulation between soldiers diagnosed with a borderline personality disorder or traits and healthy soldiers.

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional and causal-comparative study, which carried out in 2019. The first statistical population consisted of all soldiers referred to the 505 Army Psychiatric Hospital of the Islamic Republic of Iran who had a borderline personality disorder or traits and the second statistical population were healthy soldiers whom they didn’t have any psychological and physical problem. The final sample size was 106 cases in each group, which these 212 cases determined by the Cochran formula. The sampling method was available and demographic questionnaires and Garnefsky Emotional Regularity Questionnaire (CERQ) collected the required data. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics include mean, frequency, percentage and MANOVA by 25th version of SPSS.

The age range of the surveyed soldiers was from 18 to 31 years old (21.98±3.86 and 23.38±2.91). The data analysis results showed that the difference in negative cognitive-emotional strategies between groups with and without borderline personality disorder or traits was statistically significant (P<0.01).

According to the findings of the present study, soldiers with borderline personality disorder or traits are more likely to use negative cognitive emotion strategies than healthy soldiers. In addition, soldiers with borderline personality disorder use less positive emotional-cognitive strategies in comparison with healthy soldiers.

Knowing the variables affecting health is clinically important. The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of coping styles in relation between attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas and health dimensions.

In a descriptive study, 500 students from Azad University of Medical Sciences of Tehran between 2017 and 2018 were selected by available sampling method. Participants (250 female and 250 male) were asked to complete questionnaires of adult attachment scales, early maladaptive schemas, coping styles, and general health. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the tested model had suitable fit. There was a significant negative relationship between subscales of attachment styles other than secure attachment with dimensions of health. In the early maladaptive schemas scale, other than the sub-scale of the other direction, the other subscales had a significant negative relationship with the dimensions of health. In the scale of coping styles, there was a significant positive correlation between problem-oriented strategy subscales, and emotional-oriented strategies had a negative significant relation with health dimensions, The results also showed that coping styles had mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas with health dimensions.

These findings, while pointing to the complexity of attachment nature, early maladaptive schemas and coping styles, emphasize the identification and conceptualization of various variables affecting health.

Several studies indicate that amyloid ß (Aß) peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles have key roles in pathogenesis and progression of the late-onset Alzhimer’s disease. Likewise it has been shown that inflammatory reactions play a significant role as well. Inflammatory mediators such as complement، chemokines and cytokines activators and inhibitors can release from activated microglia and astrocytes، causing neuronal dysfunction and death. One of the most important cytokines is tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α). This study was designed and carried out to determine the association between sporadic Alzheimer’s disease and the human TNF- α and APOE gene variations in Iranian population.

In this case – control study، the role of TNF-α gene polymorphism was determined in 167 sporadic AD patients and 163 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard salting –out method from peripheral lymphocytes and TNF-α -850C/T promoter polymorphism was genotyped using PCR/RFLP technique. Comparing the genotype and allelic frequencies were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests by SPSS 11. 5.

The obtained results indicated that the frequency of TNF-α -850 heterozygote genotype (CT) was significantly higher in AD patients comparing healthy controls (p=0. 038). Although no significant difference were observed in TNF-α -850 homozygote genotype (TT) and T allele between the studied groups. No interaction was shown between TNF-α -850 and APOE gene polymorphisms as well.

These data suggests the role of TNF-α -850 TC genotype as a risk factor for AD in Iranian population. Although to show the effects of homozygote genotype (TT) and T allele، a study with a larger sample size maybe indicated.