مهدی پورطاهری

Currently, the strategies implemented for rural guidance have failed to adequately address the fundamental requirements of rural communities, primarily due to the reliance on top-down, centralized methodologies; consequently, participatory approaches have emerged as a critical countermeasure to these hierarchical planning paradigms. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to assess the engagement of individuals in the formulation of guide plans utilizing a participatory approach and to juxtapose this with prior experiences related to guide plan development, with the ultimate aim of utilizing the findings from this comparative analysis to establish a foundational framework for the development of a novel service description within the scope of preparing rural guide plans through the involvement of local populations. The methodological framework employed in this research is characterized as mixed-methods.  The requisite data were procured through the compilation of documents and field surveys conducted via the establishment of collaborative workshops. The statistical population encompasses 20 villages situated within the Eilagh Southern District subset of Bolban Abad Division, located in Dehgolan city, of which 9 villages possessing guide plans were systematically selected as samples organized into 5 groups. To scrutinize the hypotheses, the SPSS software was employed, utilizing ANOVA, Tukey, and T tests for the analysis of two dependent groups, alongside ArcGIS software. The findings indicated that, as per the respondents, the physical-technical index is regarded as paramount. Furthermore, the current assessment of indicators related to public participation in the formulation of rural guide plans, when compared to its significance, is perceived to be below the average threshold and has been appraised as existing in an unstable condition.

The endogenous rural development paradigm is one of the newest philosophical ideas that has occupied an essential part of rural studies. However, there is still no deep understanding of the different aspects of this new paradigm. This study aims to investigate the different paradigmatic aspects of Neo-Endogenous rural development. This article completes the existing narratives about the emerging paradigm in such a way that it This study has done a systematic review and thematic analysis of 47 texts using PRISMA guidelines. Examining these texts led to the identification of four main themes and 18 sub-themes. The results show that a significant part of the Endogenous endogenous rural development literature has been produced in Europe. The main focus of the studies covers the topics of structural ontology and relational epistemology, and fewer studies have dealt with ethics and process-communicative praxis. Subjective results show that the Neo_Endogenous rural development paradigm has surpassed the previous two paradigms of exogenous development and endogenous development regarding paradigmatic characteristics. The most important lesson of this paradigm is to consider the interaction between local actors, institutions, and external forces within the networks in forming rural development policies, which can give us a deeper understanding of the rural development process. However, applying this new paradigm requires careful examination of each rural area's unique characteristics and dynamics.

Climate change may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social damages; In addition, vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought, so the purpose of this study is to assess the regional vulnerability of Sistan and Baluchistan and provide appropriate strategies to reduce vulnerability to drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators were used to measure vulnerability to drought risk and its three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity); The results showed that the cities of Chabahar (2) and Khash (1.79) are more vulnerable to drought. In addition, this study showed that vulnerability to drought is related to the social and economic development of the region. In general, places with the highest level of exposure, in the overall index, experienced the most vulnerability, also, places with high adaptive capacity were not necessarily less sensitive to drought.

Spatial policy regarding flood risk management is a series of actions that aims at achieving a logical solution for reducing the damages caused by floods and reducing the spread of floods. Spatial policies for flood risk management in villages are at the intersection of many management considerations, and thus, when formulating spatial policies for flood risk management, several indicators including environmental, economic, social-cultural, managerial-institutional and physical indicators should be considered. In this regard, this research examined the importance of each of the indicators in formulating the spatial policy of flood risk management in villages. According to the purpose of the research, which is identifying the importance of indicators in spatial policy making, the statistical population of the research consisted of experts, including academic faculty members specializing in this field, graduates and doctoral students defending their theses on the issues, and the people in charge. For this purpose, 70 participants were selected. From their point of view, the relevant questionnaire has a good level of validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97, which shows a very good level, considering the type of indicators and the number of samples. ANOVA, statistical tests, and Duncan's post hoc statistical test were used. The results indicated that the environmental index has the least importance with the value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with the value 1056/3. Social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators with a value of 3.3105 are close. The two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional), due to their closeness to the significance of physical index (land use), were placed in the third spectrum. The only index that was separately placed in one spectrum and group is the physical index (land use). This indicator with the value of 3.4186 is in the third group and has the largest sub-set, which shows the greater importance of this index on spatial policy of flood risk management in villages.

Considering the importance of small businesses in the country's economy, clusters can provide a suitable platform for the sustainability of tourism destinations due to their many relative and competitive advantages. Therefore, the current research aims to explain the spatial clustering of small businesses in tourist villages. This research has been done in a descriptive survey method, which is based on a survey of experts and stakeholders. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with 189 ecotourism Ecolodges in the 9th Territorial Region (North, Razavi, and South Khorasan). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally determined the number of 26 villages. Data analysis was done using GIS software. The results of the multi-criteria analysis technique showed that the villages of Namagh, Mazinan, Zaferanieh, Arzeneh, and Karimo have stronger potential than the other villages studied, and the results of the Gutman model showed that the villages of Kang, Zafaranieh, Khorashad, Firouze, and Ruyin have They are at a high level in terms of wealth compared to other studied villages. Also, the characteristics of small rural business clusters were examined and the results showed that small rural tourism businesses in the region do not have geographical and sectoral concentration, in terms of internal and external linkages, horizontal communication and the vertical between rural small businesses and other businesses has been excellent in most cases and poor in some cases.

Ecolodge need policy to guide and determine short-term and long-term decisions among different options.Policymaking in Ecolodge is a collection of rules, regulations, instructions and strategies that provides a framework in which the governmental and local decisions directly affect the sustainable development of Ecolodge. In this research, we aim to identify spatial policy indicators in Ecolodge and figure out their importance in the Hawraman region. Therefore, the question is which of the spatial policy elements of Ecolodge have the most importance in this case study? The research method is practical by purpose and descriptive-analytical by type. At first, it described and interpreted the existing relationships between the research variables (statistical system and information, ruling bureaucracy, ruling values, structure of power, implementation and monitoring of policies). Research statistical society includes the ecotourism managers of the target villages of Hawraman region, General Department of Cultural Heritage experts, Tourism and Handicrafts Department, as well as tourism specialists including faculty members and related experts. This research results shows that according to Tukey's test, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator with an average of 3.673 (combination of opinions) has the highest importance in the spatial policy of Ecolodge in the Hawraman region.Thus, based on the results of the hypothesis test, it can be accepted that there is a significant difference between the spatial policy elements of the Ecolodge in the Hawraman region, and in this regard, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator is the most important among the five.

Sustainable spatial development, in addition to general factors of development, also includes ‎ecological aspects, equality, integration, compatibility and environmental limitations. This ‎approach tries to deal with the phenomenon of regional imbalances and provide appropriate ‎solutions to achieve balanced and sustainable development at the level of the country. The ‎purpose of the present research was to analyze the use of rural spaces with an emphasis on ‎sustainable spatial development in Delfan villages. The methodological process used this ‎research is applied in terms of purpose, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The ‎method of collecting data and information is in the form of library and documental. Dimatel ‎cause and effect tool was used to analyze the information. which was done by the expert ‎panel method. The findings indicate that the spatial planning of Delfan villages is not based ‎on the strategic indicators of spatial sustainable development, but rather the formation of ‎factors such as: governance of economic thinking (1.17), and skeletal-infrastructure (0.67). as ‎the most influential, and equality and integration (-0.75 and -0.74) as the most impressionable ‎factors. Therefore, the planning of these settlements has not been in the framework of ‎sustainable development, especially spatial sustainable development. It means that it does not ‎include the principle of interdisciplinary and supra-disciplinary (the element of people and ‎place) which is a strategic challenge of sustainable spatial development. This has caused the ‎imbalance and spatial balance of the villages of this city. In the end, suggestions such as: ‎reforming the mental and executive structure of officials from paying attention to the general ‎dimensions of development, in terms of factors of equality, integration, compatibility and ‎existing environmental limitations; Rejecting the views of rural development from a purely ‎economic and political point of view; etc. has been presented.‎

Tourists are looking for memorable experiences while traveling, and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. For this purpose, the main goal of the current research is to identify the factors influencing the creation of memorable experiences for tourists from rural destinations.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to collect data, both the librarymethod using documents and the field method through questionnaires have been used. 384 questionnaires were completed by tourists who had traveled to the tourist villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabeh-Shandiz counties.

In general, 8 factors affecting the creation of positive memorable experiences and 2 factors affecting the creation of negative memorable experiences were extracted. The most effective factor in creating positive memorable experiences was the authenticity and credibility factor, as well as the inappropriate environmental management factor, the most effective factor in creating negative memorable experiences.

In general, these factors can have a significant impact on attracting tourists and creating memorable experiences for them. Providing platforms for culture and basic hospitality of local residents and preserving rural identity and authenticity are among the suggestions that can be made.

Originality/value:

 the theoretical literature on factors influencing the creation of positive and negative memorable experiences of rural destinations is very limited, therefore this study provides a new understanding regarding the factors influencing the formation of memorable experiences of rural destinations, which are used by managers of rural destinations to increase loyalty and attracting more tourists.

Many years have passed since the initiation and implementation of sustainable rural development projects in the country of Iran, however, rural communities in many regions of the country still face numerous challenges. In this regard, government planners and administrators have made efforts to address the issues and problems of rural areas by presenting new approaches. Accordingly, the current research aims to provide a different approach to rural development by critically and comparatively analyzing traditional approaches in rural development planning. Therefore, the present research is of a developmental type, and the research method is analytical-interpretive, with data collection primarily based on library and documentary research. The findings of the study indicate that the top-down approach based on the endogenous approach and sectoral planning still dominates the rural development system in Iran, and as a result, the desired development of rural communities nationwide has not been achieved. The results show that sustainable rural development can be facilitated at the national level by incorporating the characteristics of a territorial approach. This suggests that a proposal beyond agriculture should be based on the participation of all stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of social factors and rural institutions, and incorporating both agricultural and non-agricultural occupations, considering the interrelationships between agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, and most importantly, it should be inconsistent with a spatial perspective on urban-rural relations. Therefore, the process of rural development in the country would be economically rational, socially equitable, and environmentally responsible.

Spatial Planning Desirable pattern of Ecolodges is a mental and objective image of stakeholder role at space context at the regional and local level at a given period of time; when a favorable and accessible landscape of the ideals and needs of the stakeholders Shows. This research has been done in a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with 189 ecotourism Ecolodges in the 9th Territorial Region (North, Razavi and South Khorasan). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally determined the number of 26 villages and 38 ecotourism Ecolodges. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. The findings of the study based on the test results of ANOVA showed that the spatial planning of the value chain governance is the desirable Pattern of ecotourism Ecolodges in the study area. Also, the results of the T test showed that the level of desirability of each of the average pattern components is up to high, and in addition, Pearson correlation test results showed that between all the desirable pattern of Ecolodges, a significant relationship directly with different intensity intensity. And the results of the multi -criteria analysis model showed that the villages studied are not equal in in terms of design, management and pattern monitoring in the region.

Spatial policy regarding flood risk management is a series of actions that are aimed at achieving a logical solution in reducing the damage caused by floods and reducing the spread of floods (Sinha et al., 2020). The impact of devastating floods on global lives and livelihoods is growing. Large-scale floods caused 104 billion US dollars in damages globally between 2000 and 2015 (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015). As the climate changes, populations increase, and demand for housing and infrastructure grows, now more than ever, society needs to manage its flood risk and adapt to climate change. For this reason, achieving a spatial and logical comprehensive policy in flood risk management in a way that is efficient and sustainable, in research, policies and practice, requires (related program in flood management, 2017). Accordingly, the issue raised here is that; among the mentioned indicators, which of them is more important in making the spatial policy of rural flood risk management more efficient? Based on this, the necessity of research in this direction is that the present research has first identified all the items related to the indicators. Then he examines the importance of each of them in order to be able to answer this research problem.

The method of the present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of information gathering. The method of data collection in this research will be both library and field. In the first step, library studies related to the research title will be used to compile the research literature, background, and theoretical foundations of the research. In addition, in the second step, it is used in the field and quantitatively by using the questionnaire tool to check the hypotheses of the research. The statistical population of this research consists of experts in the field, including faculty members specializing in this field, graduates and doctoral students with the title of a related thesis, and people in charge of the field, for this purpose, 70 samples have been selected (explained in the table below). From their point of view, the related questionnaire has a favorable level of validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97, which shows a very favorable level. Finally, one-way ANOVA (F) statistical test was used to analyze the data obtained from the mentioned questionnaire for the items of each index and finally all the indices.

According to the problem stated in the introduction, in order to examine the importance of various indicators in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management, to examine the status of each of the five indicators (environmental, economic, social-cultural, managerial-institutional) and physical (land use)) deals with spatial policy of rural flood risk management To be able to identify the various aspects of the importance of each of the indicators and finally respond to the problem according to the opinions of the sample community.To determine the importance of each of the indicators on the spatial policy of rural flood risk management, we have used Duncan's post hoc test, and the output of this test is grouped into three spectrums. They are classified according to their importance. So that the environmental index is the least important with a value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with a value of 3.1056, but the economic index is due to its proximity to social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators. With the value of 3105.3, they are the same shade in the spectrum and these two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional) are placed in the third spectrum because of their proximity to the importance of the physical index (land use) and the only index that is the individual is placed in a spectrum and group. It is the physical index (land use) which is placed in the third group with the value of 3.4186 and has the largest sub-set for alpha, which shows the greater importance of this index on the spatial policy of management. The flood risk for the villages located in the watershed of Gorgan River in Golestan province has been that the following graph, which is the output of Duncan's post hoc test, also indicates the same performance of the indicators that as can be seen, environmental indicators are the least important. In addition, after that, the social-cultural index is the least important, and then the economic index and then the administrative-institutional index play a more important role. Finally, the physical indicators (land use) are the most important. The category of significance level, which is stated below the three groups, shows the lack of significance within the groups because of the closeness of their performance within each of the three spectrums.

According to the investigations carried out in the present study in two steps, first, through the study of available sources, the effective indicators and items in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management have been identified. Based on this, 5 indicators and 120 items have been identified. In order to check the importance of each of them, according to the type of indicators, ANOVA test (one-way analysis of variance) was used, the results of which can be summarized as follows: in the inter-group and intra-group sections. It is possible to understand the level of output desirability according to the average of squares and the sum of squares But what is important and effective in the ANOVA test output table is the F test statistic and the significance level value, which the test statistic number is 6.229 and the significance level value is 99 percent, which shows the very high importance of the five indicators on politics. Spatial planning is rural flood risk management. Based on this, Duncan's test was used to determine the importance of each of the indicators separately, and the results show that the output of this test is that the indicators are grouped into three spectrums, the reason for this problem Three spectrums are categorized according to their importance, So that the environmental index is the least important with a value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with a value of 3.1056, but the economic index is due to its proximity to social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators. With the value of 3105.3, they are the same shade in the spectrum and these two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional) are placed in the third spectrum because of their proximity to the importance of the physical index (land use) and the only index that is Separately, it is placed in a spectrum and group, it is the physical index (land use), which is placed in the third group with a value of 3.4186, and has the largest subset for alpha.This shows the greater importance of this index on the spatial policy of flood risk management for the villages located in the Gorgan River watershed of Golestan province, and the following graph, which is the output of Duncan's post hoc test, also indicates the same performance of the indicators. As it can be seen, the environmental indicators are the least important, then the socio-cultural index is the least important, and then the economic index and then the administrative-institutional index play a more important role. Finally, physical indicators (land use) have the most importance in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management.

Rural housing is one of the most important components of the biological and social base of every household, which plays an important role in ensuring the comfort and convenience of its residents. In this regard, providing sustainable rural housing as housing that is socially, economically and physically compatible with the environment has become a fundamental problem in rural areas; Therefore, the aim of the current research, which was carried out using the DIMTEL technique, is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of rural housing in Belyan district of Kazeron city and to introduce the effective and efficient factors. In this regard, in order to select the sample size according to the size of the region, stratified method was used and in some cases, snowball method was used.In order to identify indicators, factors and variables affecting the sustainability of rural housing in Belyan district, with a special emphasis on field study and research studies in this specialized field, 7 factors were identified along with 21 items, and the basis for the design of Dimtel questionnaire was used as the main research tool in field studies. took The statistical population of the present study included three groups, and a total of 30 questionnaires were completed. The obtained alpha of the questionnaire was 0.91, which shows high reliability. The results of statistical studies show that the most important influencing factor (ri) on the stability of rural housing in the study area is the physical factor, the most important effective factor (cj) is the psychological factor, the most effective and effective factor (ri ci) is the psychological factor, and in terms of the total intensity Effectiveness and effectiveness (ri-ci) in the sustainability of rural housing, the economic factor has a causal role and the infrastructural factor has a causal role.

Spatial planning of eco-lodge value chain governance allows us to understand how the eco-lodge life cycle is affected by the results of the communication networks and the degree of coordination and trust between the links (vertical and horizontal) in the chain helps to form clusters. Hence, close interactions between value chain links, support markets, empowering environment, vertical-horizontal communication and the final market in the dimensions of partnership, integration, efficiency and effectiveness, etc. cause sustainable spatial development. This research has been done using a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with a total of 189 ecotourism resorts in the 9th region of the country (North, Razavi and South Khorasan)). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally 26 villages and 38 ecotourism resorts were determined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. Findings based on the Gabriel test showed that participation indicators with an overall average of 2.98 and efficiency with an average of 2.95 are more important than other indicators of spatial planning governance of the value chain of eco-lodges. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that all spatial planning indicators of ecotourism eco-lodge value chain governance are in an unfavorable situation and the results of gray relationship analysis, in this case, showed that the studied villages in terms of spatial planning of ecotourism resort value chain governance in the region are not equal.

Method of the article is within the framework of library studies, also the BWM weighting method and the MABAC prioritization model were employed to analyze the criteria and approaches governing the parts in question. The results indicated that the planning performance in the areas under investigation was at a low level and the performance level of the sub-divisions of Delfan city was mostly explicated based on the compatibility approach. So that among the approaches and criteria influencing the planning of parts under study, based on the opinion of 22 experts of the city, the compatibility approach with a weight of 0.421 had the most weight in the performance of the parts of Delfan city. This means that in the subset of subjective and objective elements based on the compatibility approach and compatibility criteria, the following items have most importance in the planning performance of rural spaces in the parts under study including: distance from highways; distance from the main roads; distance from medical and hospital facilities; distance from military and law enforcement centers; proximity to cultural facilities; proximity to sports facilities; effectiveness, economic efficiency and flexibility of location; harmonization with cultural norms and social values; the capacity to job creation and income increase; the degree of adaptation to climate change; the degree of compatibility with the thinking of decision makers and policy makers; accessibility to resource distribution; the level of access to the quality of land, water, and raw materials; the level of infrastructure quality; compatibility with the composition, arrangement, layout and shape of villages. Finally, with the integrated model, the central part compared with other parts of Delfan city enjoyed the greatest planning performance.

Nowadays, the probability of occurrence of the social entrepreneurship as a social and humanitarian mission is increasing through various types of businesses, including types of tourism. The present research was conducted to analyze the mediating role of rural tourism in the impact of social entrepreneurship on economic development in North Khorasan province.

This study follows a descriptive research method and is practical in terms of purpose and survey type in terms of the data collection method. Moreover, SPSS software was used for descriptive statistics, and Lisrel software was utilized to test research hypotheses. The statistical population of the research was ten target villages and tourist destinations of North Khorasan province, which were selected through the purposeful sampling method. The tool for collecting information related to the research variables was an interview-based questionnaire, whose content and construct validities were checked. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test as higher than 0.7 for all three variables of the current research.

The obtained results indicate that the variable of social entrepreneurship has a direct and significant effect on the variables of economic development and rural tourism. Also, the rural tourism variable positively affects the economic development variable. On the other hand, the social entrepreneurship variable, through the mediator role of the rural tourism variable, has an indirect and significant effect on economic development.

The key result is that the emergence of social entrepreneurship in villages with tourism potential leads to economic prosperity in both direct and indirect ways.

Most of the previous studies have paid attention to the direct and indirect social and cultural effects of social entrepreneurship, but in the present research, these effects were investigated in the economic development of villages with tourism potential.

Tourism is taking a new path and a new approach in tourism is being formed, which can be called experience-oriented tourism. Experience-oriented tourism is a new concept of tourism that expresses the new desires and attitudes of tourists regarding the concept of travel and tourism. Therefore, the current research seeks to achieve the following goals: Identifying the components and criteria that explain experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions and then presenting a suitable model of experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions. Therefore, by interviewing 16 people from Tehran, 12 attractions were identified as creative cultural attractions of the studied area. In the following, 20 experts in the research field were interviewed in a semi-structured way using judgmental and snowball sampling methods. In the form of qualitative method of content analysis with inductive approach and with the help of MaxQda21 software, the research data were coded. After each interview, the coding process was done and the research model was drawn with three-step coding. The findings indicate that 10 main components or categories, which are mental image before the visit, individual characteristics, expectations and motivation, creative experience, the course of memorable experiences, environment and atmosphere of experiences, satisfaction, loyalty and lasting memories, are the most essential components identified. They are creative in forming an experience-oriented tourism pattern in cultural attractions.

The rural environment as the bed of human life and activities is a multidimensional issue. In the meantime, the issue of rural leisure is one of the broader issues that are reflected at the national and regional levels, and it is necessary to conduct research in all its dimensions, especially the use of leisure lands. Due to this necessity, this research intends to study and analysis the distribution of leisure land use in the villages of Maragheh city.

This research is of descriptive-analytical type and documentary-field methods have been used to collect its information. In this study, first, the required information in the field of subject and region was collected and then based on a process method using SPSS data analysis and summarization as well as integration and combination of information layers and in addition to matching the results and a more accurate understanding of the problem has been done in field studies.

The research findings showed that, among leisure uses, cultural and religious uses are of equal importance and have the first priority from the villagers' point of view. Also, the pattern of distribution of land uses has an unbalanced pattern and only the villages of Varjoui and Nova have a higher level of enjoyment.

IntroductionThe research present the optimal model of urban ecotourism management in Marivan city. Materials and MethodsThe research method is exploratory-applied and quantitative. The statistical population of the study is tourists who come to Marivan city, for which 130 people have been selected by sampling using the Cochran's formula in a simple random way. The research instrument included a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SmartPLS structural equation software. Discussion and resultsExamination of the results showed that the ecotourism management model in the mountainous urban area of Marivan is not in a good condition and does't follow the integrated statistical management. ConclusionThe optimal model of ecotourism management in the context of sustainable tourism development is the integrated governance model.

The present study examines rural businesses based on two approaches of branding and value chain as a way to activate businesses to increase productivity and achieve competitiveness. This article is a descriptive-analytical study based on probability and targeted methods in sampling and data collection. In order to analyze the data, the sum of mean scores, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, techniques of weighted summation and multi-criteria decision making (ARAS) have been used. The statistical population of the study included 220 university professors, experts of government departments and rural managers; they are made up of district heads, representatives of district councils, and representatives of villagers and business owners. The results show that among the explanatory indicators of brand products in rural areas, the satisfaction index with a weight of 0.095 is in the first place, and adaptability with a weight of 0.091 and quality orientation with a weight of 0.086 are in the next ranks. And among the common businesses and products of the region; cotton farming with a coefficient of 0.971 is in the first priority, carpet weaving with a coefficient of 0.966 is in the second priority, traditional food with a coefficient of 0.952 is in the third priority, horse breeding with a coefficient of 0.943 is in the fourth priority and ecotourism resorts with a coefficient of 0.924 are in the fifth place for branding planning. Also, the results of value chain analysis indicate that as a complementary tool for branding, activities can be identified and categorized using various business operations to determine marketing strategies and pricing policies.

Nowadays, tourism development causes environmental and physical changes in rural areas. Accordingly, this study analyzes the impacts of tourism services on environmental-physical changes in the villages of Torghabeh County. Data collection was based on the documentary and survey methods. The information about the independent variable (the development of tourism services) and dependent variable (environmental-physical impacts) were collected by Vikor method and the questionnaires, respectively. Then, they were analyzed by linear regression test in SPSS software in order to determine the impact of tourism services development on environmental-physical instability in Torghabeh County. In addition, the Landsat satellite images were used for the assessment of land use changes. In the first hypothesis, the correlation coefficient (0.86) demonstrates that there is a strong, direct and positive correlation relationship between two variables of tourism development and environmental instability and there is a significant linear relationship between these variables (Significance level=0.002). Also, in the second hypothesis, the correlation coefficient (0.92) explains that there is a direct, strong and positive relationship between two variables of tourism development and physical instability, and the relationship between these variables is also significant (Significance level=0.04). Based on the results, the area of agricultural land and rangelands has been decreasing between 1987 and 2016.  In 1987, the square of agricultural land and rangelands were 3031.3 and 5765.52 hectares, respectively. However, in 2016, these areas had fallen to 2346.2 and 550.98 hectares, respectively. According to the adjusted coefficient of determination, 83% of the environmental instability and 89% of the physical instability in the sample villages are dependent on the development of tourism services.

One of the most important subjects in tourism development assessment is the satisfaction of tourists from the ecolodge resorts quality. Naturally, increased satisfaction of tourists from the capacity and quality of recreation and residential facilities is directly proportional to the growth of tourism. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the tourists satisfaction from the quality of ecolodge resorts in rurals of Tehran province in the form of six indicators of the quality of infrastructure and health services, quality of infrastructure and welfare and catering services, quality of security, quality of territorial resources, the quality of physical infrastructure and the quality of environmental health. To this end, a questionnaire measuring the satisfaction of tourists from the quality of ecolodge resorts was prepared and standardized by statistical methods. Used method in this study is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied and the method of data collecting is done in both documentary and survey. The statistical population of the study is rural tourists in 6 rural accommodation centers. For determination of the sample size, the Cochran formula was used for uncertain or unconfined society with 95% confidence level, with the estimated number of samples estimated at 160. Data were analyzed using PASW software and CSM index. The results of the research indicate that the satisfaction of rural tourists in the quality of territorial resources quality has been higher than other sectors. In other words, the closest performance to expect is the quality of territorial resources, and the quality of the physical infrastructure is thereafter. This is while the quality of security has the lowest satisfaction.

In the last three decades, attention to the effects of the organization in society has led to the emergence of a new and important concept in business research in the name of social responsibility. Social responsibility refers to the voluntary participation of the organization in sustainable development beyond the legal requirements.While most organizations today believe that social responsibility should be considered with a sustainable development approach, the scope of social responsibility of rural tourism complexes is not clear and there is no proper understanding of the extent of their social responsibility.  In order to explain its type and content in rural tourism complexes, we need to be aware of stakeholders' perceptions (tourists, local managers, community managers and local community), which has been neglected in domestic studies  Therefore, this study has been designed to analyze the perceptions of stakeholders about the social responsibility of rural tourism complexes in Tehran province. A questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results indicate that there is a difference between the perception of the local community and tourists, local managers, and community managers, local communities and managers, and local managers and tourists

Border communities are currently under pressure from global change. This pressure is both inland and out of land, The border regions of Iran are part of the national territorial arena which, due to their geographical location, have distinct conditions in terms of development indicators. These areas, although in a sustainable systemic attitude, should complement inland failures, but because of the conflicts and disruption they pose a growing threat to the security and integrity of the land. Accordingly, the issue of this study is how the spatial structure of residence and activity in frontier and inland areas is based on development indicators and what pattern does it follow? Based on the research problem, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the description section, relying on statistical sources, it describes a few quantities, and then in the analysis section, it mainly classifies secondary analysis using the status quo matrix using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Key development indicators and indicators are also defined for each zone. The results show that the study areas have many descriptive differences in indices and indicators. The pattern of development in Iran starts from the Caspian coastal border region as a center of development. It then heads northwest and northeast. Then through the central part of Iran, it connects to the center of development of the southern border of the country. Underdeveloped centers are also located on both sides of central Iran. The eastern, western and southeastern border regions of Iran have not been developed.

 Many researchers in the fields of geography, social sciences, agriculture, and environment have defined the village and rural place. In Iran it has been mostly defined for providing government services and from a political-administrative-demographic point of view. However, some researchers and thinkers in Iran have paid attention to other dimensions of rural and rural places such as the rights of places, biological aspects, the system of rural society and its spatial aspects. We know that perhaps one of the first curiosities of any resident of each settlement is an understanding of the biological-residential phenomenon. This requires that they first know its definition and use it as a guide and guideline for the development and progress of that settlement. This becomes even more apparent when researchers and facilitator want to develop rural planning for these settlements with a qualitative methodology. Because when a person offers different definitions of their place of residence with the participation of other people, different needs and wants will be raised. It is possible that by satisfying these needs and wants, and with the help of the villagers themselves, outsiders and stakeholders will develop a settlement.

 The method of this research is qualitative as well as fundamental in nature in the sense that it seeks to conceptualize the core of the subject. In addition, it seeks to respond to the development needs of local communities and local and regional development organizations. It also has a phenomenological approach, strong philosophical basis, and an interrogative-deductive strategy. Also, considering the reserves of rural settlements from the definition of the village and its true nature, it seeks to research this phenomenon. During the research process, focusing on rural groups, integrating them into their daily lives in the form of additional participatory workshops using tools such as interviews, group discussion, the concepts of which are used and done in the context of 5 interviews semi-structured and 5 participatory workshops with the participation of rural groups (Agricultural activists, industry and services), youth, executive officials and council, trustees and investors, active population and women.[R1] 

 We know that perhaps one of the first curiosities of any resident is to understand and become familiar with the biological-residential phenomenon. It is necessary to first know its definition and to consider it as a guideline for the development and progress of that settlement. Therefore, according to the phenomenological method of dominating the research and the participation of the research participants, the following semantic units were suggested from their point of view to define the village: demographic – geographical, functional, social solidarity, sociology, psychological, aesthetics – architecture, environmental, institutional, systematic and spot-spatial.

 Re-conceptualizing words such as village can be instructive and a way to open up the needs and wants of a rural settlement, because through the link between its integrated implementation and a systematic look at new approaches of development, it can be considered as an institution to unfold its dimensions. The villages of Sumaghan and Mula-e-Anbar as a biological-residential phenomenon need that at first resident and the rural development planners come up with a comprehensive definition of the village, that itself is done as a guideline for its development. This process becomes more apparent when it plays a role researchers and facilitators should define, as well as develop and plan for these settlements with a qualitative methodology and perhaps phenomenology, and with an interrogative-deductive approach. Also, in new and alternative development subject, when planning for settlement, relying on rural concepts increases its feasibility. Looking at some of the researches done as well as the cores of the research, it can be realized that doing any planning without the participation of the stakeholder in the planning process undoubtedly underscores its efficiency and efectiveness. The outcome of this study was a participatory definition of the village by the participants, which is facilitated by the authors: The village is a collection of geographical spaces and bio-residential spots that have multiple functions of agriculture, production, services, industry, tourism, etc. It has a much smaller population than urban settlements and has a strong social solidarity. And the external and internal relations are very extensive to their far and near settlements. Also, its essential features are the spirit of effort and production.

In recent years, it has become more necessary to seek and apply new strategies to strengthen the foundations and diversification of economic activities in rural areas. Accordingly, in the context of the new theories of sustainable development, one of the approaches that is of great importance for the growth and sustainability of businesses in today's complex environments is branding. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify businesses with branding potential in Turkmen Sahara of Golestan province in Iran. The overwhelming limitations of product marketing are supporting the declining revenues of traditional sources in dealing with competitive markets as well as trying to expand, making available and identifying regional products with a branding approach

In this study, we first identified and localized the branding indices and then identified the brand-liable products in the region using the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method in multi-criteria decision making.

The results showed that among the indicators of brand products in rural areas, satisfaction index with weight of 0.095 was put in the first place followed by adaptability with weight of 0.091, quality-orientation approach with a weight of 0.086 and valuable with a weight of 0.081. Also, among the common businesses and products in the region, cotton cultivation with a coefficient of 0.971 was the first priority followed by carpet weaving with a coefficient of 0.966, traditional foods with a coefficient of 0.952, Turkmen horse breeding with a coefficient of 0.943 and eco-tourism with a coefficient of 0.924 for planning the branding of products and services based on Brand Explanatory Indexes and using ARAS method . Practical implications: The study provides a perspective on the process of branding products and services in rural areas . Originality/value: This paper makes two major contributions: first, the introduction of branding indicators for rural businesses, and second, applying decision making models in the process of branding products and services with brand potential in rural studies .