موسی جاودانی

New pharmaceutical forms of natural compounds such as curcumin can be an effective intervention to control peritonitis and abdominal adhesion. 

This study investigates the effects of slow-release curcumin-loaded selenium nanoparticles (Cur@S.N) on some inflammatory biomarkers in experimental peritonitis.

After synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (S.N) and (Cur@S.N), experimental peritonitis was surgically induced in 80 adult male rats. The control group received no treatment, whereas the other groups received single intraperitoneal doses of 0.25 mg/kg S.N, 50 mg/kg curcumin, and 0.25+50 mg/kg (Cur@S.N). Blood malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were measured on days 3, 7 and 14, and also intra-abdominal adhesion assessment was done.

On day 3, NO levels in all treatment groups significantly decreased (P>0.05), while the lowest level was seen on day 14 in the S.N group (P˂0.05). MDA was significantly lower in the S.N and Cur@S.N groups than in the control on days 3, 7 and 14 (P˂0.05). TNF-α levels in S.N and Cur@S.N groups were significantly lower than in the control group on day 3 (P≤0.05). Meanwhile, the S.N group had the lowest level on day 14. IL-6 significantly decreased on days 3 and 7 in the Cur@S.N and curcumin groups compared to the control group (P˂0.05).

Cur@S.N group possesses significant anti-inflammatory efficacy by reducing MDA, NO, IL-6 and TNF-α, decreasing peritonitis and intra-abdominal adhesion.

Burns trigger intricate inflammatory processes and the generation of free radicals. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial characteristics of the Artemisia annua plant have a significant potential for enhancing the healing process for wounds. This study examines the impact of an Artemisia annua extract-coated copper nanoparticle ointment on the antioxidant enzyme activity in second-degree burns in mice. After the green synthesis of coated copper nanoparticles, 100 male mice were divided into five groups: control without treatment, eucerin ointment group, 0.2% copper nanoparticle ointment, 0.2% copper nanoparticles coated with Artemisia annua extract ointment, and 5% Artemisia annua extract ointment. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of lipid peroxidation in tissue homogenates were measured on days 14, 7, 3, and 21. SOD, CAT, and GPX activities were all significantly higher on day 7 in the coated copper nanoparticle ointment group compared to the control group (P˂0.05). The level of MDA was also significantly lower in the control group on days 7, 14, and 21 (P 0.05). The extract of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua is useful for making and coating copper nanoparticles. In addition to the advantages of plant extract, copper nanoparticles have a synergistic impact that speeds up the healing of second-degree burn wounds in mice by lowering lipid peroxidation in wound tissue and boosting antioxidant activity.

Endometritis is a female reproductive disease characterized by the inflammation of the endometrial glandular and stromal tissues. It is usually occurred due to uterine contamination with infectious causes. Animal models of clinical endometritis are very important to prevent the incidence and treatment of endometritis. Vaginal cytology method is considered as a golden standard for determining the estrous cycle stage in female rats. The aim of this study was to induce endometritis in a rat model and determine the stages of the estrous cycle of this animal using vaginal cytology method in order to successfully induce this condition in this animal model.

Inflammation changes the production of endometrial cytokines, which may result in menstrual disorders and decreased endometrial reception by impaired endometrial tissue dysfunction. Increased expression of specific cytokines genes such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α can be used to detect the severity and degree of endometritis. Uterine infections are known as a result of damage to the defense mechanisms of the uterine tissue, which are caused by physiological changes in the postpartum period. Another change that occurs in the postpartum period is the increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. The imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and its clearance leads to the creation of oxidative stress conditions. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between inflammatory diseases such as endometritis and oxidative stress. On other hand, by accurately determining the estrous cycle of rats by using vaginal cytology, endometritis can be well induced in this species.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women, whose clinical symptoms include menstrual disorders, secondary amenorrhea, and hormonal disorders in blood serum, hirsutism, acne, obesity, and infertility. On the other hand, acute scrotum is a urological emergency, the symptoms of which include sudden pain in the scrotum and its redness and swelling. In this uropathology, the spermatic cord twists around its axis and disturbs the testicular perfusion. From the point of view that many of the endocrine and metabolic characteristics of the rat model of PCOS are similar to this syndrome in women, and also most of these characteristics in the model of ellipsoid torsion in rats are similar to ellipsoid torsion in men, Rat model is extensively used for induction. One of the important features of PCOS is a mild chronic inflammatory condition, which is considered as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Inducing PCOS using androgens before birth is much more appropriate than postnatal induction of this syndrome in rats. The excessive amount of reactive oxygen species that are released in the environment during ischemic and reperfusion injury causes oxidative stress in the testicular parenchyma, damage to the cellular genome content, and induction of apoptosis through the activation of caspase cascades. All of these changes directly increase necrosis in testicular tissue.

Zingeber Officinale is among the most known and used plants in herbal medicine around the world. The root of this plant is specifically of anti-inflammatory properties. That is why we used powdered ginger rhizome to evaluate its anti-inflammatory effects in puppies undergoing scrotal ablation. So, 10 healthy male dogs aged 2-3 months were assigned into 2 groups (control and treatment) randomly. Each dog was prescribed 250 mg of ginger rhizome powder orally just 2 hours before the surgery. This prescription was continued for 10 further days. Blood samples were collected in 5 times routinely. Further biochemical and hormonal analyses were done and results confirmed a significant decrease in the hormonal and biochemical factors, such as neutrophils, cortisol, urea, cholesterol and some hepatic enzymes such as LDH and ALP. Although serumic levels of glucose and albumin did not show a significant change, cortisol levels dropped significantly in 3rd and 24th hour. Also, there was a significant decrease in neutrophil levels in treatment group in 3rd hour and 3rd day. Among other factors, serumic levels of urea, ALP and LDH had shown to have significantly changed. Finally, oral administration of ginger rhizome powder following scrotal ablation in male dogs seems to control inflammatory and hematobiochemical conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal administration of ozone on experimental wound healing in an animal model of rabbits. In this study, 40 Newzealandian rabbits, were selected for surgery. Full-thickness wound by 10 mm biopsy punch was create on the right side of thoracic vertebra. The rabbits randomly were divided into two equal groups of control and ozone. In the ozone group, up to three days after surgery, one dose of ozone was administered daily and after the third day, one day in between until the fourteenth day, ozone was administered by intraperitoneal injection. In the control group, normal saline solution was administered by intraperitoneal injection on the mentioned days, same as the ozone group. The macroscopic surface area of the wounds on days 2, 5, 9 and 14 were evaluated. From each group, 5 wounds on the mentioned days were examined histopathologically.  Macroscopic results showed differences between the two groups. In the Ozone group, the area of wound was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control group. Level of inflammation was significantly lower in the ozone group. On day 14, the control group had a significantly higher vascularization rate than the ozone group. It was concluded that systemic ozone therapy increases the quality of wound healing process.

Bone fracture is one of the most common cases in animals and even in humans. Various methods have been used to treat and repair fractures. The prevalence of fractures and the time-consuming methods used today have led us to come up with a new way to treat animals faster. For this purpose, 5 New Zealand male rabbits weighing 0.5-1.5 kg were selected and kept for six weeks. After anesthesia under sterile conditions, the skin was exposed to the radius bones and excised part of the bone. After receiving antibiotics, the rabbits were divided into 5 groups, each containing treatment and control, and received 30 mg / kg and 1 mg / kg of chia seed extract for thirty days and they were examined histopathologically during week 1 and 2, and 3. The pathology of this study showed that the dosage of 1mg / kg had better healing effects compared with the other groups from the fourth week and bone mineral density was more evident. According to the results of this study, chia seeds can be a substitute for chemical pharmaceutical supplementation to repair bone defects.

Endometriosis is one of the main causes of pelvic pain and subfertility, which is characterized by endometrial-like tissues outside the uterus and primarily is created in the pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, walls between the rectum and vagina and in rare cases in the diaphragm, pleura and pericardium. Some risk factors for endometriosis are obstruction in menstrual hemorrhage, an increase in the duration of endogenous estrogen, short menstrual cycles and childbirth at an early age. On the other hand, osteoporosis is a metabolic disease that is determined by bone mineral density and the destruction of the bone microstructure that increases the risk of bone fracture. About 200 million people worldwide are suffering from osteoporosis, that 34% of them are women over 50 years old. The first and most commonly used model for the induction of this disease is the ovariectomy model in rats, which gives a model of the relationship between osteoporosis and menopause.

Endometriosis animal models are highly contributing to the development of new non-invasive diagnostic tools and improve therapeutic methods for treatment of endometriosis in women. Although no animal models are absolutely ideal and excellent, but the presence of many similarities in the response of the human skeletal system and rats to reduce estrogen levels and therapeutic compounds caused by the ovariectomy model of the rat, a suitable model for osteoporosis research. The response of rat bones to ovariectomy depends on the type of bone (trabecular against cortical), bone sites (femur, proximal Tibia, and lumbar vertebrae) and it depends on the time elapsed after ovariectomy (the time required to reduce the amount of estrogen levels).

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating injuries in patients. The main mechanisms of the pathogenesis of secondary injury include nerve degeneration, gliosis, and inflammation. Spinal cord injury induces a disorder or failure in several organs due to the vital role of the spinal cord in regulating bodily functions. Osteoporosis is a consequence of spinal cord injury that occurs in the vast majority of patients with spinal cord injury.
Articles on the related topic were searched in the following databases: Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Science, PubMed and Google scholar to have been used in writing from this review article. A total of 120 related research papers, including quantitatve and qualitative researches in English, from the last 57 years papers (1962- 2019) were included in this study. The review article is written according to 120 articles and the keywords “Spinal cord injury, Osteoporosis, Inflammation, Osteoblast and Osteoclast”.

Although weight loss is an important factor in the development of osteoporosis following SCI, inflammation, nerve damage, and hormonal changes also contribute to this process. Hormonal changes mediated by SCI may contribute to postoperative osteoporosis with several mechanisms. These mechanisms included: increased renal excretion and decreased intestinal absorption of calcium, consequently, a negative balance of calcium ions; Vitamin D deficiency; impair the function of the gonads and inhibits the osteoanabolic (ossification) activity of sex steroids; elevated blood leptin; Pituitary suppression of parathyroid hormone, and bone loss following SCI may (at least in part) be caused directly by insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factor.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes inflammation by activating innate immune responses. The process of secondary spinal cord injury involves oligodendrocyte apoptosis, myelin sheath degradation, axonal degeneration, and nerve cell death. The inflammatory microenvironment created by SCI affects nerve repair and recovery. In SCI, macrophage activation, accumulation, and persistent inflammation occur. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells with variable and extensive functions that some of their phenotypes play an important role in decreasing post-nerve injury recovery. After neurodegeneration, resident and peripheral immune cell-derived microglia participate in the inflammatory process and upregulate inflammatory cytokines. Other important issues include the role of monocytes as a source of macrophages in the process of spinal cord injury. Understanding the aspect and function of these cells can be helpful to design novel therapeutic strategies.

Rapid infiltration of leukocytes into the injured spinal cord is involved in the pathogenesis of secondary spinal cord injury. Therapeutic approaches to inhibit leukocyte infiltration into the injured site enhance the recovery of nerve and white matter injuries after SCI. The first cells to invade the spinal cord are monocytes and neutrophils. Monocytes are the source of cytokines, inflammatory chemokines, and oxidative stress that infiltrate the injured site within the first 24 hours after SCI and reach their peak within 4 to 7 days after injury. This article reviews the different roles of macrophages and monocytes and their potential impacts in adopting novel therapeutic approaches in patients with SCI.

Various lesions trigger an inflammatory response in the host body. These injuries include surgical stress Surgery exerts stress on the body. Systemic inflammatory syndrome is a reflection of the degree of surgical stress and as a system of assessing the severity of postoperative stress. Regular complexes of inflammatory polypeptide molecules contribute to the development of this inflammatory response known as cytokines. Lack of local control over the release of these cytokines can cause systemic inflammation, and potentially devastating complications.
In writing this review articles, articles indexed in the following databases were used: Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Science, PubMed and Google Scholar Ninety two related research papers, including quantitative and qualitative researches in English, related to the last 40 years (1979- 2019) were included in this study. The current review article has been written based on 92 articles and the keywords of “Surgical Stress, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines”.Studies in humans and animal models suggest that both types of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines following diverse primary stimuli, including endotoxin release, complement system activation, ischemia-perfusion injury, and other ways.

Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are the result of a complex unpredictable interaction of immune system effects on the body and even multiple effects on body organs. New therapeutic strategies for the absorption of cytokines are a powerful way to enhance and improve proper output, following systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

In critical care, and/or in the perioperative setting, pain is often a major component of the clinical picture. It is often of inflammatory origin, because all the chemical mediators of inflammation stimulate or sensitize the nociceptors. It can also be of mechanical origin, for example when it is associated with dilatation of a hollow organ or with compression, laceration or destruction of tissue. In such cases, intensive pain appears soon after the injury and is amplified later when inflammation sets in. Finally, pain can arise from the brain stem, through direct excitation of the pain-transmitting spinal neurons. When pain is poorly managed it is a source of complications that make the prognosis more uncertain. Multimodal analgesia is based on a concept that is also used in general anesthesia and in cancer therapy. The principle is simple: when tackling a complex and multifactorial process, the benefit/risk ratio is improved by using a combination of different approaches. Their beneficial effects are additive, and each one is used more sparingly to limit their individual adverse effects. For a long time, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids were used alone singly, and it was proposed to use one or other type depending on the intensity of the pain. The problem is no longer put in these terms. A combination of several molecules is used in all cases and the analgesic protocol changes depending on the type of pain.

Bone injuries caused by accidents, tumors, osteomyelitis, loosening devices, fixed or corrective osteotomy surgical interventions are needed to surgical interventions because spontaneous recovery occurs only in small and limited damage. Autografting technique is still as a golden standard technique but there are some limitations like harvested area complications. There are many osteoinduction agents such as platelet-derived growth factor, vascular growth factors and growth factor that cause cell differentiation, proliferation of cells and fibroblasts deposition. This study was conducted on 4 groups (20 Rabbits, each group=5) of rabbits. The control group the defected area was left empty and in autograft group autologous bone was implanted in the defected area. In xenogenic PRP group, bovine PRP 1 ml was injected in the defected area. Finally, in allogenic PRP group, rabbit PRP 1 ml was injected in the defected area. X-rays were taken on 14th, 28th, 42nd and 56th postoperative days. After 8 weeks Post-Operation bone samples were taken from healed area for for histopathological evaluation. Results showed that the use of PRP has been efficient in rabbit bone defect healing and the use of bovine PRP is more representative.

AbstractCase Description- An adult male dog (skye terrier breed)affiliated with the trauma history in thoracic limb elbow was referred to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology of Shahrekord University. Clinical sings included severe lameness of the involved limb, swelling and pain in the palpation and the creation of a crack in the elbow area. Clinical Findings- In the evaluation of the region's Radiology section, the fracture of the humeral condyle and displacement of the elbow joints was determined.Treatment and Outcome- The final treatment for surgical intervention was chosen to establish the internal fixation of fracture parts by using the transcondylar lag screw method and then using the screw and plates.Clinical Relevance- The humeral condylar fractures in the dog is the common fracture cases because the existence supracondylar foramen in the humerus bone, renders the dog prone to such fractures. Humeral condylar fractures can be divided into lateral condylar, medial condylar and intercondylar fractures. Humeral condylar fractures may be seen in any breed of dog although spaniels are commonly affected due to their predisposition to incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC). Dogs with a recent humeral condylar fracture present with non-weightbearing thoracic limb lameness. The diagnosis is readily made from orthogonal radiographs. To fixation the fracture parts, using the transcondylar lag screw method whit a Kirschner wire (K-wire). In the intercondylar fractures, using two plates (using a bilateral approach) is attempted to fix the fractured parts.

 Anesthetics are used for a variety of reasons, such as to minimize or eliminate pain, relax muscles and even to facilitate clinical examination and diagnostic procedures. like other ruminants in camels, most of the surgical interventions are performed with local anesthesia and sedative. Different anesthetic regimens in practice for other animals also hold true in the camel..the most common drugs used for premedication/ sedation in camels were xylazine, romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine, tramadol and butorphanol. For induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, the following drugs were used most commonly: propofol, ketamine, xylazine- ketamine, ketamine-romifidine-diazepam, medetomidine-ketamine, propofol-xylazine, propofol-xylazine-diazepam, tramadol-xylazine, medetomidine-ketamine, medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol and midazolam-propofol. The drugs used to reverse the effects of analgesia were atipamezole and natrelexone. The objectives of this article were to review all scientific data regarding anaesthetic drugs and anaesthetic protocols used for pre-medication, sedation, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the field was published 2008-2015.The effective doses and reported side effects were discussed.

Golden eagle is one of the great raptor birds, living in mountainous and high regions of Iran. Various causes with origin of human or natural results various problems for this species. In this single-case report, a golden eagle from Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province environmental organization was referred to veterinary clinic of Shahrekord University. Clinical symptoms included: Lethargy, inability to fly, surface and deep wounds, and severe lameness in the right leg. Radiographic image revealed fracture in the bones of radius and ulna on the wings and tibiotaresus in the leg. In this operation, the method of pinning surgery was used for wings and the method of bone plating with Cerculage wire was used for leg reconstruction. After twelve weeks of care and rehabilitation activities, the bird was released in its own environment. The environmental assessment showed complete improvement and the ability to fly and hunt by this eagle in its habitat.

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that because of its minimal effects on respiratory and cardiovascular systems, frequently used in both human and veterinary medicine. But in recent years, it was recognized as a problematic drug of abuse and became increasing popular in many parts of the world. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report, use of ketamine in East Asia, Australia, North America and Europe was increasing, also in parts of South East Asia because of less International Drug Control and availability of ketamine use of its dramatically increased. Recent studies showed that abuse and long-term use of ketamine cause changes in mood, and physical condition such as damage in the urinary tract, nervous tissue and liver failure among consumers. The review article is written by the keywords “ketamine, anesthesia, abuse”. articles that published in 1978- 2016 were selected. In this study, ketamine introduced initially; then use, abuse, damage caused by arbitrary use and legality of ketamine in some countries discussed and finally methods for the determination of ketamine were mentioned.

A Kurdish 6 year-stallion referred to the Veterinary Clinic of ShahreKord University with complaint of enormous skin and subcutaneous tissue injuries and ulcer in dorsal and palmar side of both metacarpal regions. Based on the patient's history, walking of the stallion on the tarmac path immediately after shoeing caused severe swelling of metacarpal region and traditional remedy were performed by dressing crashed fresh garlic on the affected area for 3 days. Clinical examination and radiographic evaluation showed vast skin and subcutaneous wound and injury, tissue necrosis, massive granulation tissue formation and metacarpal bone involvement. In laboratory investigation of hemogram, severe leukocytosis along with mild left shift, toxic neutrophil and fibrinogen increase were observed. Wound management consisting of second intension of wound healing like as debridement of granulated and necrotic tissue and lastly, dressing the ulcers with local silver sulfadiazine, NSAID prescription and stall resting were ordered. Spite of many advantageous of fresh garlic as an herbal treatment, there were rarely documents of skin burn due to local application of raw garlic in human and the present study would be counted as the first report in horse after traditional remedy.

The purpose of this study was to find out the histological and radiographic assessment of healing of ulna fracture stabilized with feather shaft and compare with intramedullary pin. A total of 70 pigeons (Columba livia) randomly divided into two equal groups. After aseptically preparation of surgical site (left wing) and induction of anesthesia, a 3 cm longitudinal incision was made on the skin, the ulna bone was exposed gently and a segmental bone of 3 mm in length was removed in the middle of the ulnar diaphysis. The fracture in group I was repaired with an autoclaved feather shaft as an auto-graft and in group II stainless steel intramedullary pin used to treat fracture. Healing was evaluated with radiographs at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after surgery and for histological study at least 4 birds from each group were sacrificed at weeks 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 and bone sample transferred to a Histology Laboratory at Shahrekord University. Radiographic findings showed favorable bone healing progress in both groups. Results of histological evaluation revealed that at time 3 and 5 weeks, difference between two groups not significant, but in week 9 the feather group had better results than the pin group. Also comparison within groups demonstrated favorable bone healing in both groups. According to the results of the present study, feather shaft can be used as available and lightweight intramedullary fixator for avian fracture treatment.

The destruction of articular cartilage is the major cause of articular problems. The articular cartilage has little repair postertial due to lack of perichondrium and direct blood circulation. It is, therefore important to consider this phenomena in surgical treatments. One of the articular cartilage reconstructive surgeries is using Osteo-Chondral graft. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the use of Xenogenic (calf foetal) Osteo-Chondral graft in repairing articular cartilage defect on Rabbit’s model. Osteo-Chondral pieces were prepared under aseptic condition from the joints by skin punch device and kept at a temperature of 70ºc below zero. Ten male New Zealand rabbits of one year old were randomly divided into two groups of five, as control and transplantation groups calf's fetal. The skin and joint capsule were opened by surgery and articular cartilage was exposed. After defect creation by drill, in the transplanted group an Osteo-Chondral piece was inserted in the defected area; however, in the control group the defect was created but left empty. Joint capsule and skin were sutured in both groups. During 60 days of study, radiographs were taken from rabbits of each group randomly to evaluation of osteoarthritis signs on days 14, 28 and 42. Finally all rabbits were euthanized for histopathological sampling and evaluated on day 60. The result of the clinical evaluations did not show any sing of inflammation nor limping. In radiological evaluation there was no evidence of arthritis complications but showed defect filling signs in experimental group. In the histopathologic evaluations, the defect of transplanted group was filled with fibro-cartilage tissues and without any signs of graft rejection. In two samples of five specimens of transplanted group Fibrous tissue was the dominant tissue and in other two as the dominant tissue. Only in one sample of this group the integrity of the cartilage tissue was completely formed. But in the control group, the lesions were observed without any restorative tissue and only filled by red blood cells. The study suggests that Xenogenic Foetal Osteo-Chondral tissue is an effective tissue for repairing articular cartilage defects.

Nowadays, the use of ketamine has spread as a recreational drug. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effects of long-term administration of ketamine on some hematological and biochemical parameters and tissue changes in rats.
Material and in this experimental study, forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into two control (sham) (n=20) and experimental (n=20) groups. The animals in the sham group received saline solution and the experimental group received ketamine (15 mg/kg) as intraperitoneal injection. At the days of 0, 20, 40, and 60 post injection, five rats from each group were euthanized and anatomized. Some biochemical parameters of the serum were measured and the livers and kidneys tissues underwent microscopic examination. The ANOVA,Tukey post hoc test, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analysis. The results indicated that ketamine caused an increase in the number of White Blood Cells and liver enzymes levels, the creatinine, urea, cortisol, and glucose concentrations and a decrease in the total protein and globulin in serum of ketamine group as compared to the control group. In examining the liver, vacuolar degeneration, congestion and dilation of sinusoids, infiltration of mononuclear cells around the portal area, and parenchymal necrosis were observed, and tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, tubular and glomerular atrophy, and infiltration of mononuclear cells were observed in the kidney. The results indicated that ketamine causes kidney and liver tissues damages in rats. However more comprehensive studies are needed to determine the mechanism of ketamine’s action in long-term use

Surgical interventions lead to stress response in patient. Stress and pain evaluation is considered using some physiologic parameters such as white blood count. The relative proportions of each white blood cell type, usually obtained by light microscope examination of 100 leukocytes in a stained blood smear, are the components of the leukocyte profile (LP). Aging is known to affect immune response. The present study evaluated effects of intravenous administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg)-diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) combination on leukocyte profile in five young dogs (4-6 months) and 5 old dogs (7-9 years). Three blood samples have been taken in all animals: before drug administration as basic LP, at surgical anesthetic/analgesic period and at complete recovery due to anesthetic combination injection. Results showed ketamine-diazepam affected leukocyte's response. It caused increase of lymphocytes but, leukocyte changes in young and old group showed no significant differences.

The knowledge of avian pain management is found as a new and restricted subject. Therefore, more studies are needed to be performed in this field. In addition to variation of analgesics, selection of appropriate doses of analgesics for different species of birds is an important challenge. According to the limited information about applications and effects of opioids in birds that have different hematologic profiles compared to mammals, and also because of enormous usage of these potent analgesics, this study was performed to evaluate and compare the hematological and biochemical effects of three common opioids tramadol, methadone and pethidine in pigeons. Sixty four adult pigeons of both sexes were randomly divided into 4 equal drug groups. Tramadol (4 mg/kg), methadone (5 mg/kg) and pethidine (20 mg/kg) were injected intramuscularly in groups 1, 2 and 3. Physiologic saline (0.5 ml) was intramuscularly injected to the pigeons in group 4 as the control group. Before drug administration and time of 30, 60 and 180 minutes after injection, blood samples have been taken from 4 pigeons in each group for measurement of some hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, PCV, HGB and H/L index) and serum biochemical values (TP, Alb, Glob, Glu, AST and Cortisol). Statistically evaluation of data showed suppression in stress indices as cotisole,leukocytes and H/L index which indicates profound sedative and analgesic effects of methadone compared to other opioids.