میرمحمد اسعدی

In order to minimize losses in tourism industry, it is necessary to study the best methods of survival in a crisis and Iran's location to a high risk of crisis in the region, increases the need to present a crisis model in this industry. In order to find a suitable solution in accepting the crisis and providing practical measures, the factor of corporate social responsibility was studied.

This research is of an applied type, which was conducted with the approach of content analysis and data collection was done from the study of research literature and in-depth interviews with experts. Sampling continued in a targeted way, with Atlas software and in-depth examination of themes.

The indicators of human resource management, revenue management, crisis communication, alternative approaches to providing services and social legitimacy, which are derived from strategic methods of social responsibility, show the high impact of these factors on tourism crises.

Forming a crisis management team, determining the international and domestic target market, market adaptation with products and services, trust-building, the suggested solutions were discussed by the experts.

Corporate Social Responsibility is presented with key indexes and examples of sub-indexes: in this order, in the key index of human resources management: it provides improving competitiveness. In the revenue management index: price optimization, in the crisis communication index: it provides the impact on professional ethics. In the index of alternative approaches to providing services: product optimization, and in the index of social legitimacy: it provides shared value

The main difference between Coronavirus crisis and other crises has been its range of influence, in a way that it has effected many countries world-wide. This catastrophic crisis causes one million people per day lose their jobs just in tourism industry field in the world and it has jeopardized many lives around the world. The tourism industry has long been identified as one of the most vulnerable industries to crises and disasters (Biggs et al,2012:645). Health crises such as epidemics can have a negative impact on tourism, as travel can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases (Mason et al,2005:13). The World Health Organization has recommended a series of travel restrictions for countries experiencing coronavirus outbreaks. These restrictions have been applied in many countries, which has significantly affected tourism (UNWTO, 2020). Over the past 15 years, many health-related crises, especially epidemics, have severely damaged the tourism industry at the regional and international levels, such as SARS and Ebola, and foot and mouth disease (Novelli et al,2018:77). Tourism, as a fragile and highly vulnerable industry that inherently has human interaction and mobility, is more at risk than any other economy.

The present article is a developmental - applied research considering the extent of this catastrophic crisis. Data analysis according to the results of interviews was performed by Theme analysis. The process starts when the analyst begins to notice, and look for, patterns of meaning and issues of potential interest in the data – this may be during data collection. Immersion usually involves ‘repeated reading’ of the data, and reading the data in an active way - searching for meanings, patterns and so on (Braun and Clarke,2006:16).

To answer the first question of the research according to the results of interviews and research documents, the most important challenges in tourism businesses are: paying staffs salaries, paying monthly payments, rent, bills, taxes and staff insurance premiums, refund of cancelled travel funds ,impossibility of refunding paid funds for booking foreign payments and hotels, trained manpower layoffs, hotel upkeeps costs at the time of hotel closure, health and safety of staff and tourists matter, long epidemic and intolerance of travellers, widespread consequences of this event (epidemic), fear of the future, lack of necessary liquidity of travel services offices to compensate Travel cancellation (tickets, hotels, etc.), the lack of rules to compensate costs and the departure of service offices from the normal situation.Opportunities ahead are: Transformation of traditional tourism model into new model based on tourist needs, increasing digital marketing and communication with domestic and foreign tourists to build a safe and risk-free travel, maintaining and communicating with Previous and loyal customers as starting points, oopportunity for small businesses by controlling and reducing costs and flexibility to change strategy, creating parallel and complementary businesses to reduce vulnerability in crisis.According to the findings of the present study, the most important strategies for overcoming the corona crisis are: confidence building propaganda action plan, tax forgiveness and paying grant, the necessity of taking crisis management knowledge seriously, forming a crisis management team, planning target market in domestic and international levels and expanding domestic tourism for provoking demands in the country.

Regarding the first priority, the action plan of trust-building advertisements, it is possible to increase digital marketing and communication with domestic and international tourists for planning a safe and risk-free trip in Iran by observing health protocols. In order to the second priority’s execute, tax exemption and grant payment, information can be collected from experiences of successful countries like Turkey, Italy, Spain, Germany, China and Egypt. In order to execute the third priority, the necessity of taking crisis management knowledge seriously and form a management team, it is possible to collect information in area and local places and also set up small professional teams and find a safe area in related and unrelated areas. According to the forth priority’s execute, the plan of determining the target market in domestic and international level, it is possible to maintain and communicate with previous and loyal customers as a starting point (travel initiator), and also focused on identifying target countries (with white flags that have less infected by coronavirus) as well as identifying cities with white flags in designated countries. Regarding the fifth priority’s execute that is expanding domestic tourism for provoking demands in the country, it can be possible to plan the conformity market and simulate products to the tourist’s demand, as well as controlling the costs in order to improve organizational agility.

Considering the necessity and importance of green marketing in today's environmental conditions and the competitive arena of tourism, as well as the consequences of perceived greenwashing, the present research has identified solutions for the reduction of perceived greenwashing and immunity from related charges for the marketers of tourism green accommodations.

In this regard, in-depth interviews with experts were used, sampling was done in a targeted manner and continued until saturation was reached. Data analysis was also done by grounded theory method.

The findings of the research showed that the general solutions in this field are: honesty and proportionality in action and claim, transparent presentation of green information, and ensuring the accuracy of tourist perceptions, each of which includes subcategories and relevant indicators.

Therefore, according to the solutions presented, it is necessary for green marketers, in addition to avoiding any kind of greenwashing and making the necessary evidence available to verify the validity of the claim, to also examine the perceptions of tourists in this regard, and in order to resolve any possible misunderstandings try.

Following the mentioned strategies can be a guide for green accommodation marketers (in presenting more effective and honest green claims and protecting real green accommodation in the face of accusations of greenwashing and its consequences) and a basis for future research.

Tourism can serve as a reliable complement to economic planning and conservation efforts in desert regions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the economic impact of night sky tourism in the Mesr desert, a region renowned for its starry night skies.

The questionnaire was the primary data collection tool in this research. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, academics, and tourism scholars, and for assessing its reliability, the questionnaire was administered to a sample of rural residents. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the study was calculated as 0.78, which is considered acceptable.

The research results indicate that night sky tourism has had a significant impact on the economic sustainability of the study area in four aspects: employment generation, income enhancement, improvement in the quantity and quality of handicrafts and local products, investment, and tourism services. The findings demonstrate a strong positive correlation, particularly for the rural employment index. Therefore, it is evident that the expansion of night sky tourism results in significant differences in economic indices. Owing to the direct and positive nature of this relationship, it is possible to attribute the direct influence of night sky tourism to the growth of these economic indices.

Innovation: 

Regression analysis results reveal that, among the economic indices, employment and income have the most significant impacts, which also contribute to economic sustainability. The results indicate, with 99% confidence, that night sky tourism affects all economic factors in the region, with the highest coefficient observed in the rural employment index (r = 0.403). Additionally, beta weights demonstrate that the employment index has the highest standardized coefficient of 0.465 in the regression model under investigation.

In order to develop knowledge about the consequences of perceived greenwashing in the tourism industry, the present study aims to investigate the effect of this phenomenon by tourists on achieving green marketing goals (improving green trust in the brand, green word-of-mouth advertising, green brand image, green ethical commitment, green behavioral tendencies, green satisfaction, green purchasing behavior, green loyalty, and perceived green quality) in eco-lodges. Partial least squares structural equations were used to analyze the data. A statistical sample was selected by a simple random method from the tourists visiting eco-lodges in Isfahan province. The findings showed that perceived greenwashing has the most negative effect on green satisfaction, perceived green quality, green brand image, green brand trust, green word-of-mouth advertising, green ethical commitment, green loyalty, behavioral tendencies, and green purchasing behavior. Therefore, it is expected that along with supporting green tourism businesses and encouraging the adoption of sustainable practices, the issue of greenwashing will be increasingly monitored and legislated. It is also essential that eco-resorts consider the compliance of their performance and environmental commitments beyond a mere regulation and consider the impact of their environmental liability on various aspects of marketing. In order to achieve their marketing goals, review their environmental commitments, identify the existing perceptual and functional gaps and the causes of their occurrence, and take the necessary measures to eliminate them.

Focusing on "the residents' support for the development of health tourism" as a variable that could be considered by marketers to increase demands for this kind of tourism, this study sought to investigate the variables affected by the residents' support and prepare a fuzzy cognitive map of such factors using a systemic model. To this end, the aforementioned variables were identified using the Delphi technique. Then, the research model was developed and analyzed using fuzzy cognitive mapping. The findings of the study suggested that the residents' support affected factors such as the destination image, tourist satisfaction, tourist loyalty, positive advertisements by word of mouth, perceived quality of services, tourists' emotional solidarity with the residents, and spatial belonging of tourists to destinations. Moreover, the results of fuzzy cognitive mapping showed that in a system consisting of the above-mentioned variables, the residents' support played a significant role in tourist loyalty and positive word-of-mouth advertisement, with its impact being greater than that of satisfaction or even service quality. In other words, winning the residents' support is a priority in this regard. Moreover, residents' support affects other relevant factors, including perceived quality, tourist satisfaction, spatial belonging, and emotional attachment. Therefore, gaining the residents’ support is highly recommended to be considered in marketing health tourism. Considering the research gaps in this field, the results of the current study could be used for enriching the related literature.

In order to compensate part of the damage to the tourism industry in the Covid-19 epidemic, through health tourism marketing, understanding the factors affecting residents' support for the sustainable development of health tourism is essential; Therefore, the present study aims to provide a comprehensive model of a Meta-synthesis of factors affecting residents' support for sustainable development of health tourism and identify the most effective factors. The research is exploratory and applied, and has been done in two steps. In the first step, the mentioned factors were identified and classified by systematic review of previous researches and using Meta-synthesis technique. Then, in the second step, the graph of causal relationships was plotted using fuzzy cognitive mapping and the most effective factors were identified. The statistical sample consisted of 12 experts who were purposefully selected. The findings of the first step showed 46 factors in 9 dimensions. The mentioned dimensions (with the exception of demographic variables), entered the second step of the research to draw a graph. The findings showed that the most effective dimensions in the graph are: Perceived positive (2.75) and negative effects of health tourism (2.72), the level of involvement of residents in health tourism (2.16), Perceived proceeds of government and destination (1.80), Residents' opinion about health tourism (1.52), Trust (1.06), indicators of residents' dependence (0.80), residents' attitudes about quality of life and residence (0.08). In general, the results in addition to increasing theoretical knowledge, has applications for more effective marketing of health tourism.

The contrast of the organization's environmental performance with the green image presented is an example of greenwashing. Greenwashing in eco-lodges (which were created with the aim of developing sustainable tourism), has wide consequences for the environment, industry, tourists and other stakeholders. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors affecting greenwashing in these eco-lodges in order to control the problem. According to previous research, factors affecting can be divided greenwashing into three categories: 1. Causal factors (motivation to take advantage of the short-term benefits of green including image improvement, increasing market share, attracting capital, winning the trust of stakeholders, economic efficiency and competitive advantage); 2. Background (weakness of the internal environment (individual psychological triggers), the weakness of environmental knowledge) and the weakness of the external environment (weakness of informing relevant departments, the weakness of supervision)); 3. The moderator (tourist's environmental feedback); But due to the limited resources, in order to plan more precisely and control greenwashing, a quantitative test of these relationships is necessary. Therefore, in the current research, the effect of the mentioned factors on greenwashing in the eco-lodges of Isfahan Province was tested.

The research has a comparative approach, practical orientation, philosophical foundations of positivism, quantitative methodology and survey strategy. Data collection was done in the field and through a closed questionnaire. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. Internal and external validity, and reliability (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and factor loadings) of the measuring instrument were also calculated and confirmed. Sampling was also done by a simple random method from the statistical population of managers of eco-lodges in Isfahan Province and the data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equations.

The findings of the research showed that background factors have a direct positive effect and environmental feedback has a direct and indirect negative effect (due to background factors) on greenwashing, but the effect of causal factors and the moderating effect of environmental feedback (on the effect of causal factors on greenwashing) is not significant. Therefore, it is necessary to try to receive environmental feedback from guest tourists in eco-lodges. It is also recommended that tourism planners and officials focus on reducing background weaknesses. In this regard, the following solutions can be fruitful: increasing supervision, improving information and training of managers of eco-lodges regarding issues such as environmental considerations, the consequences of failure in this field and its effect on the long-term success of the eco-lodge in attracting tourists.

The findings of the research showed the fact that eco-lodges do not practice greenwashing in order to take advantage of the green benefits, but the underlying weaknesses make them negligent in fulfilling their environmental obligations. On the other hand, more feedback from tourists makes relevant agencies and environmental activists more aware, as well as managers of eco-lodges, and this sensitivity leads to improving performance and reducing background weaknesses and greenwashing. Therefore, according to the results of the research, we provided some practical suggestions to the officials and planners of the industry. The main axes of these suggestions are: increasing the awareness of the managers of eco-lodges, increasing the environmental monitoring of the activities of these accommodations, encouraging and reminding about the environmental sustainability of eco-lodges, and focusing on strengthening the environmental feedback of tourists (through encouraging sharing of opinions, rating the green performance of accommodation and adjusting demand again based on environmental performance).

Due to the negative effects of greenwashing on the environment and tourism stakeholders, tourism industry is in dire need of extensive guidelines on environmental claims. To establish such guidelines, it is first necessary to know the stimuli of greenwashing in this industry. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying greenwashing stimuli in eco-lodges and designing its conceptual model. This study, which was an applied research, was done by using foundation data theory in Isfahan Province. To collect the data, a review of the research literature was done and in-depth interviews with the experts were followed. The condition for entering the statistical population of the research was specialization in the field studies of green marketing, greenwashing, tourism, and eco-lodges, as well as having at least 3 years of relevant work experience. Sampling was purposeful and continued until the data and theoretical saturations were achieved. The results showed that greenwashing stimulants in eco-lodges could be divided into 3 categories: causal factors (motivation to take advantage of green benefits), underlying factors (weakness of internal and external environments), and moderators (environmental feedback). The results also showed that environmental feedback, in addition to being moderating (based on the effect of causal factors on greenwashing), directly and indirectly (through underlying factors) affected greenwashing. Overall, the results and suggestions of the present study can give new insights to planners and industry officials to control greenwashing in eco-lodges.

The pattern of population growth in the world shows a growing trend towards old age, and this itself has become the origin of creating a global approach in the 21st century. With the increase in the rate of aging in the world population and the increase in the number of elderly people, one of the industries for which this part of the market seems attractive in the last few decades is the tourism industry. Medical tourism is one of the proper activities for the elderly to bring back and improve their physical and mental aspects. Due to the fact that understanding the destination selection process of elderly medical tourists is very important for governments, tourism organizations and tour operators in the field of global competition, in this research, first by reviewing the literature in the field of medical tourism for the elderly, the necessary dimensions and indicators present in the medical tourism destinations required by this group of health tourists have been identified, and in the next step, using the analytical methodology of "interpretive structural modeling", the relationships between dimensions and factors affecting the choice of health tourism destination from the perspective of elderly medical tourists have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner. The results of this study indicate that the factors of medical centers having specialized and trained human resources in various medical-psychiatric aspects related to elderly medical tourists, humanitarian view and proper treatment of doctors and medical staff, the existence of comfort and recreational facilities around the medical centers to increase the comfort and security of tourists, the ability of hospitals and medical centers to provide services, suitable accommodation facilities for elderly medical tourists, and reducing the visit and examination time of elderly medical tourists are among the most important and prominent indicators necessary to attract elderly medical tourists to a health tourism destination.

For many years, people have been using water as an inexpensive resource, and many do not believe in limiting its consumption. This attitude is problematic and has led to a water crisis. Today, besides the water crisis, we are faced with improper water resources management, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The increasing demand for water, the limitation of resources, and the principle of sustainability in water management, make it impossible to supply all existing water needs. The increasing use of surface and groundwater resources in Abarkouh Plain as a result of development of agriculture and related industries in this plain has intensified the decline of its aquifer. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a framework that can investigate the optimal allocation of water in this area. The purpose of this research was to study the status of Abarkouh Plain water resources and to evaluate the possible policies in this area. After reviewing the background and identifying the factors, a dynamic model of factors affecting the status of aquifer in Abarkouh Plain and their causal relationships were presented and analyzed through System Dynamics. According to the analysis, agricultural consumption had the greatest threat in the plain. The model was simulated in Vensim and various policies have been tested to improve the status of water resources in Abarkouh plain. The simulation showed that the policy of increasing water price, implementing the plan of fertilizing clouds and decreasing the area under cultivation had a good effect on aquifer balance index and volume.

The national development comprehensive document has mentioned that Iran must at the end of seventh development program in 1404 achieve to 20 million foreign tourists, Among our touristic provinces, Yazd province have a glorious aspects of historical civilization of Iran. So it is very important we study the current situation and future of tourism in this province. So this study is going to find a dynamic model to estimate foreign incoming tourist to Yazd in 1404 with current situation and checking the probable scenarios.this research is applied by pupose and qualitative study by methodology and descriptive analytic. At the beginning by tourism research literature and resources for determining the tourism situation of a region and interviews with 20 Yazd tourism experts, try to fine out the effective variables of Yazd such as security, transportation … In next step by variables quantities and their effects on each others, its causal loops diagram designed and the flow diagram ran in vensim software. The results shows by current tourism situation of Yazd continue till 1404, instead of at least 1.3 millions foreign tourists at most will achieve to 100,000 foreign tourists. By this result, another couple of variables`s situations in scenarios form researched and offered some suggestions such as focus on human resources training, effective and meaningful advertisement, reinforcement the private section … and also reliability and stability of model confirmed.

It is generally assumed that the well-being of rural tourism communities is related to their degree of resilience. However, despite the importance of community resilience and its potential for long-term economic development, the factors affecting the resilience of the tourism community for sustainable development are often overlooked in the planning stages of tourism development projects in many parts of the world. The purpose of this study is to present a model for the resilience of the rural tourism community to the three components of community resilience, including environmental, social, and economic resilience for sustainable tourism development. In this study, through an in-depth study of the literature and open interviews with 15 experts in the field of rural development and tourism familiar with the sustainable development of the tourism industry in Hamadan, information was collected and using a heuristic approach of theme analysis and coding, finally 45 variables, 9 components, and 3 dimensions were extracted. Then in the next stage, the research components were implemented by 15 research experts using a questionnaire and interpretive-structural modeling (ISM) method and using MATLAB software, position, importance, and the effectiveness of the extracted research components were presented at five levels. The results of this study indicate that the component of financial support for sustainable development of tourism has the greatest effect and is the cornerstone of the resilience of the rural tourism community, and the component of health and safety of the tourism community has the most dependence.

Urban tourism is a type of tourism industry that has widely become successful. This type of tourism has not received much attention not only for the development of the economy but also as a carrier of the history and culture of different cities. The landscape approach to urban elements with attention to different dimensions, temporal-spatial, civilizational-historical and objective-mental dimensions, simultaneously in the city, can redefine various attractions in urban tourism. Regardless of the modernity of landscape knowledge, the landscape approach is one of the strategies that are used currently in several issues related to the city, since this approach has special and unique features due to the nature of the landscape. On the other hand, it creates a different perspective of the city and its elements. Public spaces are part of urban spaces that have received less attention in Iranian cities. Spaces such as baths, bazaars, mosques, zourkhanehs, coffee houses, etc. are among these spaces. The coffee house is an institution with a social function that has been established in Iran since the Safavid era and over time has played several roles in society. It has become one of the distinctive elements in the Iranian city over the last few hundred years. The coffee houses were established based on the needs of the people. In addition to a place to eat and drink and a place to spend time, it has become a place that had effective functions in other areas such as culture, literature, and art in the Iranian city. A descriptive analytics method and documentary studies were used to categorize the different functions of the coffee houses using the landscape approach. In light of the redefined connotation and identity of the coffee house, it seems this place can be considered as a tourist landscape with an irreplaceable attraction in Iranian urban tourism.

Urban tourism is a complex, multi-sectoral and dispersed activity, the product of which is the sale of tourists' experiences of the city's attractions, facilities and services. Paying attention to and organizing natural, human and visual factors influencing the beauty of the environment is the most effective way to increase the quality of the travel experience. Considering the undeniable necessity of mental image in attracting urban tourists and the role of this type of tourism in the economy, in this study, an attempt has been made to provide a qualitative model of factors affecting mental image with the aim of boosting urban tourism using semantic cognitive mapping method. For this purpose, after stating the subject, theoretical foundations and reviewing the research background, 30 interviews were conducted using the qualitative research design until the theoretical saturation was reached. The study population consists of urban tourists and tourism experts. Then, using the semantic cognitive mapping approach, a conceptual model was extracted and drawn from the dimensions and components of the mental image. The obtained semantic cognitive mapping has 6 main categories and 30 theoretical propositions that can help policymakers in policy making and better and deeper understanding of this concept.

Identifying Crisis factors in the tourism industry has become a fundamental necessity in many tourism destinations due to natural-environmental and political events. Due to Iran's location in the Middle East which is plagued with crises, devising an unified risk strategy in tourism is unavoidable. The present study is a developmental-applied research that since the tourism industry is a service- based nature, has provided an integrated strategy for crisis management.The target population was a group of experts of the tourism industry and academic individuals.The collected data were analyzed by fuzzy cognitive mapping technique. According to the final model, the most effective crisis factors in Iran's tourism industry are: political instability in the region, insufficient Infrastructures, environmental pollution, currency fluctuations, infectious diseases and natural disasters and it recommended the use of an integrated management system in the tourism industry.

In recent decades, tourism activists in tourism areas have come up with new and innovative ideas in various areas of urban tourism to create and promote new businesses and new jobs. One of the most important issues and challenges in the field of tourism business networking is the degree and status of the interactions and relationships between these businesses and their entrepreneurs. Yazd city is one of the most important tourism areas of the country with its natural and human tourism capital. In order to optimize tourism planning, it is necessary to determine the position and power of each tourism business and the entrepreneurs and the degree of power and centrality of each business and the type, influence and interactions of each entrepreneur in the tourism business network analyzed. To be. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to analyze the interactions and relationships between businesses in Yazd. This research is an applied one and uses library and field data to collect data. The main statistical sample of the study was entrepreneurs and business owners of tourism in Yazd city. Data analysis is also based on network theory and social networking approach using Ucinet software. According to the final results of the study, the density of one-way and two-way interactions between businesses in the aspect of tourism exchange and destination management is at a relatively good level and in the information dimension is at a moderate level and at the financial level is weak.

Medical tourism is one of the growing sectors of the tourism industry and is considered as one of the attractive industries in the fields of economy, job creation, introduction of culture and even political interests for countries. Considering Iranchr('39')s capacities in the field of tourism and the significant benefits of the growth of this industry, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important cultural motivational indicators of foreign patients travelling to Iran.

The analysis of effective cultural indicators attracting medical tourists to the destinations in Iran was performed using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique. Methods of system analysis examined the interactions between its elements. The method of interpretive structural modelling was based on the opinion of experts. The experts in this study were experts in the field of medical tourism, activists of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, and managers of medical centers and hospitals accepting foreign medical tourists.

Findings indicate that the indicators of the possibility of creating a common language between foreign medical tourists and medical staff and their familiarity with Iranian culture and tradition,was the most basic cultural indicators affecting the motivation and attraction of foreign medical tourists to Iran.

Many factors affect the relationship between patients and health care providers, such as language and culture.

The tourism industry is one of the most important phenomena in the current century, which, in the near future, could be the first and most important industry in the world. Influencing economy, this industry is an important factor to promote social and cultural purposes. Considering Iran’s main economic problem, namely the reduction of oil revenues and reliance on the resistive economy, a comparison can be made among Iran, Turkey, and Malaysia. The present study in terms of purpose is applied-descriptive research and from the prospect of type is surveys, and the statistical population was expert_ university professors, tourism organization members, and agency managers; the method used for analyzing data was FCM (Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping). Based on the final model, the most influencing and influenced factors were as follows: Formulating a National tourism development plan in Iran, increasing capital and investment security in the tourism industry, improving international relations, recovering tourism infrastructures, developing domestic tourism, turning the structure of tourism organization into a ministry.

Supply chain management is one of the management approaches to provide products and services to users in a
timely manner. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors related to the Yazd health tourism supply chain using structural
equation modeling.

This study is descriptive. To collect the data, a survey approach was used that included the opinions of health experts
and tourists. To develop the survey instrument, library studies and Delphi method were used, which according to the experts, 37
final factors were used to design the questionnaire. Ensuring the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 330 health tourists in
Yazd were solicited through the survey. Using exploratory factor analysis, 7 major components were named based on items; this
way, a structural model of the study was formed, which was fitted in the process of confirmatory factor analysis and the
significance of the components was confirmed.

According to the amount of variance explained, the standards of medical service centers with 32.358, information
technology with 14.696, banking with 7.63, attractions with 5.48, international standards with a value of 4.612, the diversity of
health services with a value of 2.820 and government programs with a value of 1.952, respectively, have the most significant
effect on the Yazd health tourism supply chain.

The final output of this study is a measurement model of health tourism supply chain in Yazd province, in which the
factors are categorized and suggestions were made to improve the factors.

Health tourism is a form of tourism. The convenient access to the tourism infrastructures have a great effect on absorbing the health tourists and increasing their settlement in the destination. The current study aims to analyse the health tourism Infrastructure in the city of Yazd. The sample includes: cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization experts, managers of travel agencies and respective doctors. by studying the literature review and experts’ opinions 45 variables in the form of 11 factors were identified. Following, the proposed conceptual model was developed through semi-structured interviews. Then, Cognitive Mapping modeling and Ucient and Cognizer software were used. Finally, the infrastructure including: security, Marketing and Advertising notifications, rules and regulations, Training and travel agencies were considered as the most important factors. The final output was the conceptual model for evaluate and improve the infrastructure of health tourism.

About 330 types of tourism have been identified so far, each taking into account the wishes of a different group of people. Children as supportive members of society have unique needs, and expectations and attention to developing their talents and training them properly is a developmental requirement. Child tourism is about taking into account the demands of this group of society and creating a pleasant travel experience for them. Therefore, it is necessary to plan appropriately and appropriately for the development of destination capabilities by correctly identifying the features and the variety of their needs. The purpose of this study was to determine the components of child tourism development from the cultural, infrastructural and physical aspects of destination. For this purpose, after identifying the factors affecting child tourism and their needs from the research literature, a survey was conducted among selected tourists from Yazd city. The analysis of the data collected by exploratory factor analysis resulted in the identification of 5 critical components in child tourism development. Then, the validity of the extracted variables was evaluated by applying the structural model of the elements with confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the visual and visual characteristics of the destination with 14.558% of the variance explained are the most critical factors in the development of child tourism followed by socio-cultural features, facilities and technologies, social events, and physical infrastructure and facilities.

Traveling always brings with itself a sense of rejuvenation, hope, and abandonment from daily activities. Most experts recommend traveling to the elderly, the disabled, and the veterans. The main issue for disabled people is their being ignored in the Iranian tourism network. Many urban and public spaces lack the proper facilities and are hard to use. People with disabilities have less or limited opportunities to enjoy tourism activities. Disabled tourism needs particular attention since Yazd was named a World Heritage by UNESCO. This research designed a model of the factors that influenced developing disabled tourism in Yazd. Reviewing the literature, we identified 15 essential factors, which were revised and modified into 13 after interviews with some experts. Using cognitive mapping technique and interpretive structural modeling, we designed a model for essential factors. The results showed that the most critical factors in developing disabled tourism included the role of the government in promoting such tourism, a customized transportation system for the disabled, and security.
 

Today, the existence of historical and natural potentials has made Iran as one of the most attractive tourists' destinations in the world. Yazd Province, as one of the sides of the golden triangle of tourism in Iran, with experienced doctors and specialists is a good field for medical tourism development. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the attraction of foreign tourists for treatment in Yazd, and consequently the development of this industry.

The present study was conducted using fuzzy cognitive mapping and social network analysis approach. Experts in the field of tourism and treatment in Yazd Province were used to form the expert team. Initially, 15 factors were identified by reviewing the background of the studies. Then, through screening by expert team, 12 final factors were selected and entered into fuzzy cognitive mapping process. Social network analysis approach was used for the scientific integration of cognitive mappings as well as mapping. After mapping, key factors were identified and finally, the effect of different policies in the form of medical tourism development was investigated.

Visa issuance and human resource abilities, along with quality of service, advertising, language proficiency, infrastructure, security, updated equipment, regulations, costs, respect for foreign patients' beliefs, and treatment villages were effective in attracting foreign medical tourists.

The results of this study indicate the necessity of ensuring the safety of foreign tourists through cooperation between different institutions and the importance of facilitating the issuance of visas. It also highlights the role of the skilled and capable human resources in the survival of health care system.