نادر هوشمندیار

In human societies, citizenship rights have always been considered,and neglecting them has led to the increase of many cultural, social, political,and economic anomalies and endangered citizenship rights.Various conditions and factors have affected the degree of realization of citizenship rights in the society,among which we can mention the political culture. The main question of this article is that what are the main similarities and differences of citizenship rights in the two countries of Iran and Turkey?In the hypothesis,it can be stated that the main aspects of the similarity of the influence of political culture on the citizenship rights of thetwo countries of Iran and Turkey include the granting of voting rights to women, the political participationof women and the allocation of important political and managerial positions to them; Free education means easy access to a lawyer.While the main aspects of distinguishing the influence of political culture on the citizenship rights of the two countries of Iran and Turkey are the existence of fundamental conflicts in the constitutions ofthetwo countries,especially regarding words such as nation,ethnic groups and nationalities,different political systems and government structure based on non-secularist and secularist ideology;Twodifferent political cultures with regard to religious and traditional values, weakness of civil society and political participation of parties;Social participation of ethnic groups,equality of rights among ethnic groups,death penalty,participation of religious women in educational systemsUsing the descriptive-analytical method,this article examines therole and position of political culture in the realizationof citizenship rights in the two countries of Iran and Turkey.

The term dual citizen or dual national refers to an individual who is legally recognized by two countries at the same time. Dual citizenship has been a challenging issue in the Islamic Republic of Iran for many years. The current study aimed to evaluate the existing approaches towards Iranians with dual citizenship, focusing on the principle of state responsibility. Key issues in this context include the implementation of laws concerning Iranian nationals, moral responsibility for providing compensation, fostering hope and preventing feelings of discrimination, building capacity, and looking for international capacities. Additionally, using the experiences of other countries is crucial in fulfilling the state responsibilities towards Iranians abroad and those with dual citizenship.In this respect, the research sought to answer the following questions: What are the existing approaches towards Iranian dual nationals? And what is the state responsibility towards them? The study is based on the hypothesis that the predominance of either a purely threatoriented or purely opportunityoriented perspective over the past few decades, rather than formulating moderate policies that capitalize on opportunities while minimizing threats, has not only complicated the issue of Iranian dual nationals but has also alienated Iranians abroad from their homeland. This has resulted in significant costs to the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, both domestically and globally.

Literature Review:

In his Persianlanguage book titled Citizenship and Dual Citizenship From the Perspective of International Law and Iranian Judicial Procedure (2018), Farahdoost examines the Iranian legal system, particularly its jurisdiction on these issues, and assesses the similarities and differences between international law and Iranian judicial procedure in this respect.Similarly, Boll (2007), in Multiple Nationality and International Law, adopts a political perspective and provides a comprehensive review of governmental practices about dual citizenship in more than 75 countries, including Iran.

While classical approaches to the concepts of citizenship and dual citizenship are based on a hard perspective, the current research adopted an innovative qualitative approach to explore the evolution of major conceptions about citizenship and dual citizenship. To collect the data, the study relied on library resources, including relevant books, articles, and laws. Concerning the theoretical framework, the analysis utilized the concept of state responsibility to provide the necessary groundwork for evaluating the evolution of citizenship and dual citizenship. Concerned with the role of states as the main decisionmakers in both domestic and foreign arenas, the state responsibility encompasses safeguarding national interests and protecting citizens both at home and abroad.

An estimated five to eight million Iranians live abroad, with some holding dual citizenship. At the beginning of the Islamic Revolution of Iran or during the Iran–Iraq War, a group of Iranians emigrated to avoid military service or to secure better education and future prospects for their children. In recent decades, most of them have obtained the citizenship of another country. They significantly differ from those who left Iran for political reasons and obtained citizenship in another country. It is not justified to ban all these individuals from participating in Iran’s political, economic, social, and cultural activities simply due to their dual citizenship.In this respect, there are three perspectives on Iranian dual nationals. First, some believe that dual nationals represent an opportunity rather than a threat to the country. They argue that these individuals should be leveraged for the nation’s benefit. The state must understand their unique conditions and pave the way for using their capacities. In fact, immigration and dual citizenship are common in the age of globalization. The state is obliged to create a favorable economic situation for everyone.When the situation is far from favorable, dual citizenship should not be criticized for economic reasons. Moreover, when the state fails to fulfill its responsibility to create competitiveness among talents, criticizing Iranian dual nationals is unjustified. Some individuals have become dual citizens simply because they were born outside of Iran, and this should not be viewed negatively. The second perspective views dual citizenship as a threat to the country, emphasizing that citizenship and political loyalty to the government are inseparable. According to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, no one has the right to dual citizenship.They argue that it is very difficult for a person to fulfill their duties to two states simultaneously. Adopting a middle stance, the third perspective criticizes the lack of comprehensive and integrated policies, which has resulted in underutilization of the human and financial capital of Iranians abroad. It calls for the development of a systematic and sustainable strategy to create and maintain social capital.Considering the high level of human capital and the educated population in Iran, it is natural for them to seek job opportunities abroad if enough opportunities are not created at home. Iran’s low ranking in competitiveness, as well as in social and political opportunities, contributes to the phenomenon of dual citizenship.

As highlighted by the third perspective, it is the state’s responsibility to pursue and protect the rights of its citizens both domestically and internationally. It is thus essential to create the necessary groundwork for the social and economic engagement of all Iranian dual nationals. This involves building capacity for training skilled and efficient work force, minimizing threats, and increasing opportunities in the international arena. Balancing the negative and positive views of officials, fostering trust between the government and dual nationals, and learning from the experiences of other countries can provide a solid foundation for coherent and effective policymaking.This approach can help develop an optimal model for addressing the challenges faced by Iranian dual nationals and leveraging their potential to secure national interests.The initial steps toward this goal include issuing national identity cards to Iranians abroad regardless of their dual citizenship status, establishing electronic systems to answer their inquiries, and developing an automated system to inform and reassure those planning to visit Iran. A crucial step is dispelling the perception among dual nationals that they might be detained if they travel to Iran and used as political leverage against Western countries. Additionally, formulating a strategic and comprehensive policy to address the issues faced by dual nationals represents a key final step in achieving this objective. These measures will help fulfill the state’s responsibilities toward its dual nationals.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will lead to the exit of the private sector, which will lead to inefficient and inefficient allocation of resources and thus reduce economic efficiency. The government must intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to allocate resources optimally and create efficiency in the economy, although the inability of the market mechanism itself is a necessary and not sufficient condition for government intervention in the economy; A sufficient condition for government intervention is that the government reduce existing deficiencies by creating its own plan.In general, the government enters the market when the market alone is not able to create efficiency in the economy and prices alone do not reflect social costs and social benefits. But the inability of the market mechanism alone does not justify government interference in economic matters. The inability of the market is a necessary condition but not sufficient, it is necessary because if the market operated satisfactorily, there would be no need for government intervention. Because government intervention may also be accompanied by failure.research questionsWhat is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the Fourth Plan?What is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the Fifth Economic Development Plan?research goalsExamining government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plansExamining government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plans

After the Islamic revolution, the government's view of the working class and their effective role in the victory of the revolution changed. Analyzing and submerging the labor class discourse in the discourse of the Islamic Republic and the ways out, articulation and reconstruction of the labor discourse is one of the main goals of this research. The issue here is how the Islamic Republic, by articulating various discursive elements, has used "language", "slogans", "speeches", "intimidation", "repression" in order to form its hegemonic formation. Research question: "Has the discourse of the Islamic Republic caused the collapse of the labor discourse?"

In this research, relying on the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe, "opposition" is used as an analytical tool to examine how the discourse of the Islamic Republic tries to alienate the labor discourse. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the discourse of the Islamic Republic after the revolution tried to destroy the unity of the labor discourse and it succeeded to some extent in doing so, but the increase in moral awareness, the search for justice, the change of class thinking and the recognition of the needs of the classes, the possibility of coalition It has made a discourse possible. The achievement of the research is to confirm the concept of alienating the discourse of the Islamic Republic from the labor discourse and its collapse

The strong presence of the government in the economy will cause the exit of the private sector. which will lead to inefficient and non-optimal allocation of resources and as a result reduce economic efficiency. The government should intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to optimally allocate resources and create efficiency in the economy and balance in employment. What is the pathology of the government's interventions in economic policy-making according to the fourth and fifth plans of economic development? The findings of the research state; The absence of a long-term policy system and the political elite's lack of belief in a structured and targeted policy system has provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. Therefore, in this research, in order to explain the research hypothesis from the point of view of neoliberalism, we examine the development goals of the fourth and fifth economic development programs in order to show that the government's interventions in the economy have caused the development goals not to be realized. To collect data from field studies, sources library and internet have been used.

Nowadays, infrastructure systems such as power grids play a very important role in human life. Due to climate changes in recent years, unexpected events have increased and intensified. And these incidents can affect the performance of energy infrastructure. One of the most important consequences of these incidents is widespread and long-term power outages. The possibility of these incidents is very high due to the spread and dispersion of electricity distribution networks. Therefore, the concept of network resilience is very important. System resilience is the system's ability to minimize the negative effects of destructive events. Therefore, resilience is based on adaptability, durability, and reversibility when faced with unforeseen events. The main goal of this research is to formulate a general policy for the resilience of the power distribution network in the management of the flood crisis using the qualitative method of theme analysis. In this research, a semi-structured interview tool is used to collect information. In this article, by presenting a conceptual model, it was proved that the themes of environmental shock, economic system, cultural and social system, management system, crisis management and technical system and infrastructures are on the line. Resilience policies of power distribution networks are effective. And by considering them, policy makers can help the resilience of the network in times of crisis. 

Industrial towns with the aim of establishing organized small and medium-sized, quick-yielding and even large industries based on the optimal location of industrial activities and the coordination of industries with local and cultural conditions and the optimal use of existing production capacities in each province will increase the efficiency of the economic system; In this regard, Khuzestan province is considered one of the main hubs of industry and services in the country, and the country's officials have always referred to this province as a strategic province in terms of the country's development, if the state of industry and services in the country, especially Khuzestan province, is Let's take a look at one of the main poles of the country's industry. Therefore, in order to investigate how the implementation of the aforementioned plan works, this research has tried to analyze the success and failure of the employment policies of high-yielding enterprises in Khuzestan province; In this regard, the question raised is how the success and failure of the employment policies of the fast-yielding company have been ranked and diagnosed? In fact, the lack of systematic planning and policy-making in accordance with the needs of the province, the weakness and inefficiency of the monitoring system in the executive field has caused that, in a macro view, organizational-executive variable, environmental-executive variable, operational-executive variable and psychological-executive variable affect the success and failure of early-yielding enterprise projects in the executive field. Khuzestan province) to have a significant effect. But this significance should be interpreted as which is the priority; Therefore, for the purpose of social pathology and planning, the purpose and necessity of the research is more justified; Based on this, the research results show that all fouorganizational and operational priorities hKolmogorov-Smirnov test was usade at the end to help future researches.

In the law of the fourth development plan, the government approved the executive regulation for the development of small, quick-yielding economic enterprises and entrepreneurs in order to solve the problem of unemployment and create employment. The mentioned project started its activity in 2014 and now it has been almost a decade since this project has been active. Therefore, in order to examine how the implementation of the mentioned plan works, this research has tried to analyze the key factors in the success and failure of the government's employment creation policies in Khuzestan province (high-yielding enterprises) between 1384-1391; In this regard, the question arises that how are the government's employment policies in Khuzestan province (small enterprises), the key factors of its success and failure, ranked and diagnosed? In fact, the lack of systematic planning and policy-making in accordance with the needs of the province, the weakness and inefficiency of the monitoring system in the executive field has caused that, in a macro view, executive-organizational factors, executive-environmental factors, executive-operational factors and executive-psychological factors affect the success and failure of early-yielding enterprise projects in the executive field. Khuzestan province) to have a significant effect. But this significance should be interpreted as which is the priority; Therefore, for the purpose of social pathology and planning, the purpose and necessity of the research is more justified; Based on this, the research results show that all four factors with environmental, psychological, organizational and operational priorities have a significant effect. Also, the above results have been obtained

Scientists believe that environment is in direct connection with security of society. therefore the This research tries to explore the effects and crisis of fine dust on national security.

Using a qualitative approach and a thematic method, a semi-structured interview was conducted with twenty elites, practitioners and those who are aware of the security issue. Based on the logic of the qualitative method, the interview with the target people was continued by the until theoretical saturation was reached.

It was found thatfine dust have aimed the foundations of the social - cultural, economic, political and defense security of the province.

If this phenomenon continues and basic solutions are not provided to deal with it in the long term, the society security and therefore the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran will face a challenge.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will lead to the exit of the private sector, which will lead to inefficient and inefficient allocation of resources and thus reduce economic efficiency. The government must intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to allocate resources optimally and create efficiency in the economy, although the inability of the market mechanism itself is a necessary and not sufficient condition for government intervention in the economy; A sufficient condition for government intervention is for the government to reduce the existing shortcomings by creating its own plan. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the question that what is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plan? The lack of a long-term policy system, the belief of political elites in a structured and purposeful policy system and the dependence of Iran's economy on oil, and the lack of a proper model for managing oil revenues have provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. In general, the government enters the market when the market alone is not able to create efficiency in the economy and prices alone do not reflect social costs and social benefits. But the inability of the market mechanism alone does not justify government interference in economic affairs. The inability of the market is a necessary condition but not sufficient. Because government intervention may also be accompanied by failure.

One of the emerging phenomena that threatens the environment and human health is the micro dust crisis, which is experienced in the western cities of Iran, including the city of Ilam. This has led to the formation of many crises and threats. The present study tried to analyze the effects and health consequences of fine dust as one of the strains of national security. From this point of view, based on meteorological data of polluted days in the time frame of 1993-1996, and then the statistics of patients visiting the emergency room in the center of Ilam city were examined. In the qualitative part of the research, using the thematic method, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 20 elite people, who were aware of the problem, and continued until reaching theoretical saturation, and the information obtained was obtained by coding the main themes. The findings indicate It is because the fine dust crisis and its health consequences are directly related to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The reinventing government with the entrepreneurial approach is not a simple rethinking or partial interpretation of management, but a comprehensive change in the role of community management and the relationship between government and citizens that replaces directing leadership. This article evaluates the qualitative meta-analysis researches on an entrepreneurial government and it also represents a specified configurative view regarding the above researches. 68 articles and reports on the Entrepreneurial Government have been searched in four scientific databases of the country over the past 10 years (2008-2018) and in two sections: "Meta-descriptive findings" and "Qualitative evaluation of articles". A meta-analysis of the Entrepreneurial Government papers shows that research in this field is less focused on operational aspects and more focused on theoretical discussions and general concepts. In most of the studies mentioned, the indices concerning the entrepreneurial government theory have not been stated in accordance with the indigenous conditions of Iran. In this study, however, the conceptual model of the entrepreneurial government has been outlined in terms of the Iranian indigenous conditions including the macro policies, good governance, social justice, mission orientation, social-cultural values, decentralization, customer orientation, market orientation and advocacy.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the extent of the effect which developing management has on the role of police’s imaginative resources in general law and order of Iran.
Considering the purpose, this study is an applied research and considering the collecting method of information, it is a descriptive survey. The statistical population (80 people) was police staff in different areas of Tehran, from three organizational levels. Collecting tool was a questionnaire made by the researcher with 21 questions. From the 80 questionnaires distributed among the population, 69 of them were answered. Validity and reliability of questionnaire was ascertained with Cronbach’s alpha test. To test the statistical suppositions of the study, Spearman’s correlation coefficient test was used in SPSS 22 software.
Findings: Relation between success of developing management and certain characteristics such as imaginative resources based on Spearman’s correlation coefficient test (rs=353) was calculated as p=0.006%, which is a positive and meaningful relation. Also, relation between success and motivating characteristics such as imagination, based on Spearman’s correlation coefficient test (rs=238) was shown as p=69%, proving a positive and meaningful relation between the two. In studying the relation between developing management and imagination, dependence among police staff based on Spearman’s correlation coefficient test was shown as not meaningful. Also, studying the relation of success, innovation and imagination with need for power, need for financial motivation and need for job security in the police system –based on Spearman’s correlation test- again was shown as not meaningful. On the other hand, analyzing the relation between developing management and imagination and innovation of the police system, self-confidence, and assurance, based on Spearman’s test, it was found that this relation is positive and meaningful.
There is a meaningful relation between success of developing management and certain personal characteristics such as imagination. Success and motivating characteristics such as imagination are also positively and meaningfully related. Also, relation between developing management and imagination and innovation of the police staff, self-confidence, and assurance, was found as positive and meaningful.

Tis first time study explores ways and means to identify and improve the role of creativity, effectiveness and their impact on the development of the automotive industry's senior managers at personal and organizational levels, in the car manufacturing industry in Iran. To achieve this, the model for creativity, effectiveness and their impact on the development of the senior managers has been used as a basis from which to explore the awareness, perception, skills, organizational criteria, constraints and opportunities, and motivation of senior managers, and to improve the content and context of their work. Moreover, a myriad of individual, organizational and environmental factors have been considered, in particular the implications of the study for management development in car industries, for government and co-operation agencies.The required empirical data were generated from a unique sample of 108 senior managers, from five levels of the management hierarchy, by the means of survey questionnaires and sample interviews through a fieldwork carried out in two major car- manufacturing plants in Iran.It was found that the role of creativity, effectiveness and their impact on the development of the automotive industry's senior managers as a whole is perceived as being a foundation of hierarchy of various sets of skills and competencies. Also, the degree of importance attached to the required skills is relative to the senior managers’ position at different levels of the organization, as well as being contingent upon other circumstances in which the managers find themselves. It is concluded that the most important set of managerial skills which are required for the increased creativity, effectiveness and development of senior managers are a combination of ‘analytical’, and ‘ people and task related’ skills. However, these findings should be determined in a wider context of parameters of their creativity, effectiveness and development. These have paramount implications for government policies that are aimed at ensuring the increased the role of creativity, effectiveness and their impact on the senior managers as a whole and in the car industries in particular in Iran.

The purpose of this paper is to study how the characteristics of successful managers are somehow related to their programme in co-operatives. The study shows there is a significant relationship between manager's characteristics such as innovation, authority and leadership, with managerial skills, self confidence and degree of success. However, there is no correlation between intelligence, sex and managerial performance. There is also a correlation between a manager's desire to improve his/her managerial skills through training courses and successful managerial performance. Whilst the paper shows there is no correlation between personal considerations such as financial incentive or job security on one hand, and managerial performance on the other hand. In short, this study concludes that the success of the managers considering themselves as successful is related to particular personality and specific motives and incentives they possess. These characteristics enable a manager to perform with a high degree of self confidence and enthusiasms.