نازمحمد اونق

Introduction:

 Sociologists and researchers have an innate curiosity about the intricate tapestry of social challenges that arise as a consequence of rapid societal shifts. The impetus of growth and urbanization fueled by industrialization has ushered in transformative changes. It is essential, however, to recognize that within this paradigm shift, a complex array of challenges has taken root. At the forefront of these issues is the disheartening prevalence of working children, emblematic of the adverse consequences intertwined with societal evolution. Amid bustling urban landscapes where carefree play and laughter should define childhood, an alternate reality prevails. Rather than savoring the innocence of youth and investing in education for a brighter future, a disheartening number of children toil on the peripheries of sprawling cities. Robbed of their childhood, they grapple with poverty's weight and fall victim to injustice, casting a somber shadow over today's world (Afshani et al., 2011). The issue of working children is not an isolated matter; it is intricately woven into the fabric of Iranian society's evolving conditions and structural shifts. Over the decades, a complex interplay of factors has exacerbated this predicament. These include population growth, glaring socioeconomic disparities, entrenched poverty, and specter of unemployment. The allure of urban life coupled with the transition from tradition to modernity trigger migrations from rural areas to bustling cities. The disintegration of family bonds through divorce and the grip of addiction further compound this complex challenge (Mohrami, 2019). Child labor's proliferation is the consequence of intricate sociocultural and economic dynamics. Its ramifications reverberate across the society, hindering education and skill development, while sowing economic instability. Beyond these economic ramifications, child labor begets a host of societal maladies, from addiction and sexual exploitation to drug trade and criminal activities (Maghdas Jafari et al., 2012). In response, this research endeavored to unravel the societal factors fueling the surge of child labor in Mehrestan City. Two fundamental questions guided the research: What sociocultural factors catalyze the emergence of child labor? How should the significance and priority of these factors be assessed?

Materials & Methods  :

Methodologically, the research adopted a qualitative stance, employing an applied approach to data collection. Applying a cross-sectional framework, contingent on data acquisition timing, the entire working children population of Mehrestan City was the scope of this study. The research employed purposeful sampling, engaging in interviews with 20 working children until data saturation was reached. These semi-structured interviews facilitated comprehensive data extraction.

Discussion of Results & Conclusion :

Emerging from the labyrinth of data analysis were 8 prominent themes encapsulating the essence of the phenomenon of working children in Mehrestan City. These themes encompassed the insidious grip of addiction, pall of financial uncertainty, shadow of family violence, dynamics of migration, inadequate parental roles, educational disparities, subtle work subculture embedded within family networks, and vulnerabilities stemming from weak support infrastructures. Notably, the pivotal factors driving child labor included financial contributions to family expenses and parental employment status. A closely related facet was the persistent issue of insufficient family income coupled with family neglect and abuse. Collectively, these factors underpinned child labor predicament.In conclusion, the research underscored the pivotal roles of sociological factors in child labor enigma in Mehrestan City. Addressing these factors head-on could alleviate the plight of these vulnerable children. Comprehensive strategies were essential, focusing on enhancing the economic standing of disadvantaged families and providing essential parenting education. Simultaneously, fostering sustainable employment, supporting local crafts through microeconomic ventures, revitalizing agricultural industries, promoting educational equity, and developing resources for heightened parental awareness were the instrumental steps in dismantling child labor quagmire. Additionally, bolstering support organizations to aid needy families was crucial.In the grand tapestry of societal progress, recognizing and confronting complexities is incumbent upon us. This research served as a clarion call, urging collective efforts to mitigate the harsh realities faced by working children in Mehrestan City. Harnessing insights from this study can steer societies toward nurturing environments that prioritize the well-being, education, and holistic development of their youngest members.

The concept of social responsibility of the university focuses more on the role and performance of the actors within the university institution, especially the professors and staff whose behavior and performance affect the opinion of its audience. In other words, due to the continuous cultural, economic, social and technological changes in today’s world, the educational, research and scientific needs of society have also changed, and this requires individuals and academic organizations to change and update their social responsibilities to fulfill more ethical and humanitarian work. The quality of work life of the organization’s employees, considering the increasing complexity of societies and labor markets and paying more attention to the nature of human resources, is of special importance in creating a suitable platform for strengthening the social responsibility of university staff. According to some experts, part of the stagnation of productivity and the reduction of product quality in some countries is caused by the shortcomings of the quality of work life and the changes that have occurred in the interests and priorities of employees. This study tries to examine to what extent the quality of work life of the employees in the academic units and centers of Payame Noor University in North Khorasan plays a mediating role in the relationship between the religious attitudes and social responsibility of the employees of this university.

This research is cross-sectional and applied (descriptive and correlational) with a quantitative approach and survey method. The statistical population of this research consists of all 152 professors and employees of the centers and units of Payame Noor University in North Khorasan who worked in the academic year 2018-2019, including official, contract and corporate employees. The sample size for this study has been determined based on the formula and table provided by Kerjesi and Morgan (1970), ensuring a professional and statistically sound approach to the research. Therefore, it includes 108 people from the academic and administrative staff of the university. Since the names of North Khorasan employees were available in the province’s administrative affairs department, systematic random sampling was used for sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included four sections: demographic or contextual items, items related to measuring social responsibility, religious attitude and quality of work life. The questionnaire had a total of 29 items to measure social responsibility (legal dimension 6 items, economic dimension 6 items, ethical dimension 8 items and altruistic dimension 9 items), 18 items to measure religious attitude (belief dimension 6 items, experiential dimension 6 items and consequential dimension 6 items) and 10 items to measure the quality of work life (the dimension of growth and development of human capabilities 4 items, the dimension of legalism 3 items and the dimension of the quality of the work environment 3 items). After preparing the names of 108 colleagues based on the ratio of the statistical population to the sample size (1.4), the necessary arrangements were made by automation and telephone correspondence, and the consent of the participants was obtained. The questionnaire forms were sent electronically and through WhatsApp.

The results indicate that there are significant relationships between some dimensions of religious attitudes and social responsibility. The correlation coefficients and the significance coefficients show the strength and direction of these relationships. There is a significant and positive relationship between the belief dimension of religious attitudes and social responsibility. The correlation coefficient is 0.186, which means that as the level of belief dimension increases, the level of social responsibility also increases. There is a significant and positive relationship between the experiential dimension of religious attitudes and social responsibility. The correlation coefficient is 0.246, which means that as the level of experiential dimension increases, the level of social responsibility also increases. There is a significant and positive relationship between the opportunity to grow and develop human capabilities and social responsibility. The correlation coefficient is 0.477, which means that as the level of growth opportunity increases, the level of social responsibility also increases.

The research results showed that the religious attitude of Payame Noor universities in North Khorasan had a significant direct effect on their social responsibility. These findings are consistent with the research results of Ghasemi, Badsar and Fathi (2015), Vakilifard and Hosseinpour (2014), Haghighatian, Hashemianfar and Moradi (2011), Su (2019) and Bramer, Williams and Zinkin (2007). According to the research findings, the higher the belief and experiential dimensions of the religious attitude of the staff, the higher their social responsibility, but there was no significant relationship between the consequential dimension of the religious attitude and social responsibility. The consequential dimension was actually a consequence of religiosity (Hasani & Mohammadi, 2018) and perhaps for this reason it did not have a meaningful relationship with social responsibility. Among the components of religious attitudes, the experiential aspect and then the belief aspect could strengthen the generalist and altruistic attitudes of the staff and thus explain the variance of their responsibility. It should be noted that in order to strengthen people’s religiosity, in addition to teaching religious teachings, advertising and holding religious ceremonies and rituals, the proper behavior and performance of managers and people who try to promote religiosity in the organization are very important. The research results also indicated the significant effect of the quality of work life on the social responsibility of the staff of Payame Noor Universities in North Khorasan. All three investigated components of the quality of work life, namely the quality of the work environment, legality and opportunities for growth and development of human capabilities, had a positive effect on the responsibility of staff. These findings are in line with the research results of Omidi and Alavi (2017), Mahdian, Taheri Goodarzi and Khorramimoghadam (2014). Actions such as recognizing the issues and problems of staff, providing a context for career advancement and observing fairness and law in the promotion of people, avoiding discrimination, training and empowering staff and giving enough autonomy to capable people, improving organizational communication and timely encouragement can improve quality. staff’s lives and of course increase their social responsibility. According to the research results, the variable of religious attitude did not have a significant effect on the quality of life. This result is consistent with the findings of Toloui and Sabour Esmaili (2013) and Karami and Hoseinpoor (2013). In this regard, it can be argued that the quality of work life of staff is more related to the quality of the work environment, a set of tasks or organizational functions, and the culture that governs the organization than it is influenced by their religious attitude. At the same time, it was also stated that the religious attitude of staff was able to show a significant effect on their social responsibility as an independent variable. The responsibility of staff at North Payame Noor Khorasan University was significantly affected by the quality of life and especially the quality of the work environment, rather than being affected by religious attitudes.

The family is the most important social unit that has many effects on the health of the society and the continuity of childbearing. The first pillar of family formation is marriage and the most vulnerable issue for both the family and the society is divorce. Considering the importance of this topic, the current research was conducted with the aim of studying the social, cultural and economic causes affecting divorce among the experts, the most effective and the most informed of the tasmim system in the city of Birjand in the year 1400. This research is of an applied type and based on the type The approach has a qualitative approach.The studied community is a range of experts, professors and psychologists, judges and other people involved in the issue of divorce, who were investigated in the form of a targeted sampling of 19 people by the in-depth interview method and data analysis was also done with the help of MAXDA software. And it was done based on three methods of free, central and selective coding proposed in the grounded theory method. Finally, 26 main categories have been found according to the subject including social and cultural causes in the field of divorce, which according to regional, cultural conditions and religion of South Khorasan province, some of the most discussed causes of divorce among the sample population include addiction, infidelity, economic issues such as financial problems, forced and imposed marriages, adherence to the traditional culture of marriage and divorce,

Youths are valuable assets of the society who would determine the future of that society. As a matter of fact, identifying different dimensions and factors affecting young people as well as finding solution to their problems are of great importance. The aim of this study, as the title indicates, is to sociologically analyze the effect of socio-cultural factors affective on social isolation with a case study of the city of Bagh-e Bahadoran. The research is descriptive and survey-based; with the statistical population being youths aged 17-25 years from that city. The statistical population included 2000 people, 322 of them were selected by the proportional sampling method. The theoretic framework of this research was based on viewpoints of different thinkers such as Durkheim, Hari Alper, Merton, Simmel, Almond, Paul, Inglehart, Gwen, Giddens, and Marcuse. Findings show that there is a direct relationship between religiosity, social participation and social isolation but they are not meaningful and thus the hypothesis is rejected. With respect to socio-economic base and social isolation, there is an inverse and meaningful relationship. A direct and significant relationship is also shown between social media viewing and social isolation. Also, there is a significant relationship between socio-economic base and the ratio of social media viewing with social isolation. The regression analysis results show that two independent and dependent variables are attached to a good model and are able to explain social isolation. Similarly, they found to provide a suitable fit in the modeling of media structural equations and socio-economic base. As a result, socio-cultural factors explain social isolation.

The complete implementation of the referral system and the elimination of its deficiencies is one of the important issues of health services in today's societies. One of the consequences of the incomplete implementation of the rural referral system is the costs that enter people's pockets and the system of a country. One of the main factors in completing the referral system, considering the large number of beneficiaries, politicians and executives in this plan, is how to communicate effectively among the many and different groups of this plan (doctors, insured, midwives, nurses, executive staff, staff The aim of this study is to measure the extent and manner of family doctor plan studies addressing communication components as an effective index in solving the challenges of the plan.

Research method The method of the present study was conducted in the form of a library review on 40 studies from 2001 to 2020. The research population is all the articles related to communication components in the family doctor project. In order to carry out information research by reading texts from the library, websites of selected related organizations and in order to search systematically based on keywords based on 1- family doctor plan 2- communication in family doctor plan 3- referral system 4- challenges and obstacles of the plan Family doctor 5-Health care 6-Rural family doctor plan strategies 7-Effective communication in the referral system was collected and evaluated and compared in the comparison table of the fields. Articles were systematically searched based on relevant keywords in authoritative and specialized databases in English and Farsi languages, Google scholar, along with national databases including SID, IRANDOC, ISC. From all the identified articles, according to the research strategy, the researcher evaluated the content of those articles that addressed the impact and importance of communication components in the rural family physician plan and the referral system in the discussion and conclusion section of the direct article.

In the document review of 230 articles related to the keywords considered by the researcher, it was observed that in 40 articles, the issue of communication components as an important indicator in solving the problems of the referral system in the family doctor plan was discussed in the discussions and conclusions. Was. 4 components, satisfaction measurement, lack of awareness (training, information, participation), human resource empowerment, improvement of health indicators, were communication components that were identified and discussed in the text of the articles and conclusions.

It is suggested to use the experiences of successful countries in the field of effective communication in the referral system, by creating an integrated communication system, to provide a communication model to solve the problems of the family doctor plan. It is necessary to study the impact of communication components as the main indicator and independent variable in solving the problems and challenges of the family doctor plan.

Addiction is a psychosocial disease that causes psychological and physiological dependence of a person with these substances and has adverse effects on physical, mental and social functioning. One of the important aspects of this issue is the return to addiction after quitting and the increase of addiction in the society. The aim of this study was to determine the social components affecting the increase of addiction in society.

This descriptive and survey study and the statistical population included all drug addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers in Bojnourd in 1398 and the population was 1534 people. According to Cochran's formula, 308 of them were estimated as the sample size and selected by simple random sampling. Data collection tool consisted of two researcher-made questionnaires that had good validity and reliability. Research data were analyzed using Smart PLS and SPSS software.

The findings of the present study showed that the effective factors in this study (family, media, lifestyle, ease of access, attitudes toward health, peers, adherence to religious rites, social status) have a positive and significant effect on increasing addiction in society. Also, the research findings indicated a good fit of the research conceptual model.

Social components are effective in increasing addiction in society and it is suggested to pay attention to these components in reducing addiction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenreligiosity and social tolerance in students of the Kalaleh city. ThisResearch is practical and the population consisted of all universitystudents of Azad and PayameNoor in Kalaleh city. The sample was 302students. Measurement tools were two questionnaires: adaptation of theClark and stuck religious questionnaire and social tolerance questionnairederived from Vogt. In this research, data analysis software (SPSS 79) wasused in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results ofthis study are as follows .There is a significant relationship betweenreligiosity and social tolerance (sig= 00006) as well as the highest impacton the social tolerance related to cognitive dimension of religiosity(Beta= 0/692). More than 79% of the variance in social tolerance can beexplained by religious components (R6= 0/791) and the maximum impacton social tolerance related to religious ritual elements (Beta= 0/504).Belief component controlling other components explained more than 4%of the variation in social tolerance among students.

The basic objective of the present research is studying the relationship between level of social exclusion and that of societal security among women in «Raz and Jargelan» in North Khorasan province. The research methodology is survey, and the research data has been gathered through using interview. Then, the collected information is analyzed through using SPSS The results of the research in regression analysis indicate that there is significant relationship between social exclusion and societal ecuritythe relationship between the two main variables has had a ignificance of percent,and the substitution hypothesis has been approved and that of zero ssumption is rejected. The achieved results for determination coefficient, of the current changes in women›s societal security are associated with social exclusion constituents studied in this survey On the other hand, according to the results of partial correlation square, among social exclusion constituents-lack of social opportunity, lack of economic opportunity, lack of political opportunity- lack of economic opportunity ,on its own, and through controlling other constituents has managed to express by percent of societal security fluctuations, and accordingly lack of social pportunity, lack of political pportunity ,respectively cover and of women›s social security fluctuations. Therefore, government›s meddling measures in line with reducing feeling of being excluded, and as a result security enhancement on the part of under study women, first of all, could focus on expanding economic opportunities through using indigenous industries and establishing a communicative mechanism with target markets as well as expanding social opportunities through expanding women relations through making them contribute to public ceremonies.