نورالله جاودانه

Neck pain is one of the most common problems in human societies. There are many factors involved in the etiology of neck pain, and cognitive problems related to pain are among the most important factors involved for non-specific neck pain. ‎The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of functional cognitive training on the pain intensity, disability and Kinesiophobia in people with non-specific chronic neck pain.

The present study was a clinical trial study with one intervention group and one control group. In this clinical trial study, 24 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into two ‎groups of Cognitive Functional Exercise (n=12) and Control (n=12). ‎‎ The variables of pain intensity, disability and Kinesiophobia ‎ were evaluated before and immediately after six weeks of cognitive exercises by Visual Analog Scale, neck disability questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, respectively. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and paired t-test. ‎

Comparing the two groups after treatment, there was a significant difference in pain intensity (P = 0.001), disability index (P = 0.001) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (P = 0.001) was observed, so that in the intervention group in all factors a significant decrease was observed. Also, the results of the T-pair test showed that there is a significant difference in the group of intervention before and after the test in all variables (P = 0.001). But there was no significant difference for the control group.

The findings showed that the intervention of functional cognitive exercises improves pain, disability and Kinesiophobia in people with chronic neck pain, so it is suggested that functional cognitive exercises can be used as a complementary method in improving individuals with non-specific chronic neck pain.

Altered scapular posture and alteration of cervicobrachial muscle recruitment patterns are reported as potential risk factors for neck pain. Changes in scapular and clavicle during scapular disorders can potentially affect cervical spine biomechanics by altering axillary scapular muscle tension. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of active scapular training on pain, disability, neck range of motion and the scapular alignment in people with chronic neck pain.

In this clinical trial study, 24 eligible patients were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups of 12, active scapular training and control groups. Pain, disability, neck range of motion, and scapular rotation indices were measured before and after the same procedure by visual analogue scale, Neck Disability Index Questionnaire, MyoMotion 3D, and Caliper, respectively. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and paired t-test in SPSS version 19, at a significance level of 0.05.

Significant decrease in pain (P=0.001) and disability (P=0.001) and significant increase in neck range of motion (P=0.001) and scapular downward rotation index (P=0.027) were observed in the intervention group compared to the control group.

The findings of this study support the hypothesis that returning the scapular to normal and focusing exercise on it may reduce pain and disability and increase range of motion in people with chronic neck pain.

Considering the importance of core stability training and the high prevalence of aspirin and ankle instability and the subsequent loss of balance and postural sway, as a risk factor in the occurrence of recurrent ankle sprain, doing core stability exercises to increase balance and improve postural sway, can have a significant role in reducing re-injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of core stability training on dynamic balance and postural sway men's basketball players with functional ankle instability.

male athletes with functional ankle instability basketball players participated in this study. After initial screening and identification of eligible athletes using performance questionnaire ankles, athletes into two groups (n = 12) and control (n = 12), respectively. The experimental group do of core stability training athletes for six weeks. The evaluation of dynamic balance and postural sway in both groups before and after the test was performed by test Y and the force plate.

Statistical tests showed that core stability training have significantly effect on dynamic balance and postural sway male basketball athlete's whit functional ankle instability (p≤0/05).

The addition of core stability training programs in therapeutic rehabilitation programs to ease restrictions men basketball players with functional ankle instability caused by this complication such as defects balance and postural sway, it is recommended.

One of the abnormal forms of scapular malalignment is the scapular downward rotation defect, which includes depression, protraction, and anterior scapula tilt, which potentially reduces the upper rotation and posterior tilting of the scapula. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of corrective exercises on the kinematics of the scapula in males with scapular downward rotation defect.

This randomized clinical trial was performed in the Faculty of Physical Education of Kharazmi University in 2019, Iran. Twenty-four eligible patients were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups of 12, corrective exercises and control group. The control group did not receive any specific treatment during the study. The scapular upward rotation and scapular posterior tilt were measured in the same way before and after the corrective exercises in the intervention group by Noraaxonchr('39')s MyoMotion 3D device. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test.

A significant increase was observed in scapular upward rotation in the angles of 30º (p=0.038), 60º (p<0.001), 90º (p<0.001) and 120º (p<0.001), and in scapular posterior tilt‎ in the angles of ‎30º (p<0.001), 60º (p< 0.001), 90º (p<0.001) and 120º (p<0.001) after applying the exercise intervention in the intervention group compared to the control group.

The results showed that the intervention of scapular correction exercises improves the angles of scapular upward rotation and scapular posterior tilt‎ in people with scapular downward rotation defect.

Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, and the lack of proper treatment of this disorder can cause pain and disability in people. Therefore, the purpose of this study was Comparison of stability training and Muscle Energy Technique on pain, disability and neck range of motion in men with chronic neck pain.

Patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into three groups. The first group (intervention1), the stability training and the second group (intervention2) received the muscle energy technique. Exercises It was done for 6 weeks and 4 sessions in week and the control group only received posture correction guidelines at home. Pain was assessed on the basis of Visual analogue scale (VAS), disability by Neck Disability Index questionnaire and neck range of motion by inclinometer before and 48 hours after treatment. ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for data analyses and significant level was considered it p<0.05.

There was a significant difference in pain severity, disability and neck range of motion after intervention in both groups (P <0.005). Compared to the two groups after the treatment, there was a significant difference in the All variables (P <0.005), in the other words More improvements were achieved in Stabilization Exercises group.

The results of this study indicate that in patients with chronic neck pain, both methods of stability training and muscle energy technique have been effective in improving pain, disability and neck motion. However, patients in the stabilization group have a greater impact.

Aims and background:

Scapula and shoulder pain is one of the most common complaints in today’s society. Preventing of Shoulder disorders is important to avoid secondary damage to the shoulder, such as impingement and shoulder instability. Dyskinesia is used to describe the reduction of natural physiological control, mechanics, and scapular movement. The increase in the amount of surgical operations and costs associated that non-surgical treatment, such as exercise therapy, has made the need for prevention programs more effective. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weak corrective exercises on pain and  disability in patients with dyskinesia scapula syndrome.

The statistical population of the present study were academic women with dyskinesia. At first, 30 patients with dyskinesia in scapula were diagnosed using wall functional tests and internal shoulder rotation and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects with inferior angle Prominence and scapular edges were selected as subjects with dyskinesia’s scapula.  Pain evaluation was performed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and disability was assessed by hand shoulder disability questionnaire. Then six weeks of comprehensive corrective combined exercises including stability, strengthening and muscular strength training were performed for three sessions per week for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and paired t-test.in SPSS software.

There was a significant difference between the two groups in the pain and disability variable after the intervention, so that the intervention group improved more than the control group (P <0.005).

With reliance on the findings of the research, the use of corrective exercise program is suggested to improve pain in people with scapular dyskinesia.

Neck pain is the second common musculoskeletal disorder Clinical trial only by back pain. Despite the high prevalence of neck pain, its treatment is still a major challenge. Neck stabilizer training is a technique designed to improve the internal mechanisms of the spine which causes cervical spine stability and invulnerability. On the other hand, manual treatments are low-costly with the least side effects used to treat neck pain. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of stability execrise with and without positional release technique on the pain and neck motion range in men with chronic neck pain. This is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population consisted of the employees of the Mellat bank of Tehran province. Using convenience sampling method, 24 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into two groups . The first group received stabilization exercises with positional release technique and the second group received only stabilization exercises. Each group received a five-week treatment. Pain was assessed on the basis of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and neck motion range by goniometer before and 48 hours after the treatment. ANOVA along with repeated measures was employed for data analyses and significant level was considered P<0.05. There was a significant difference between both groups in terms of pain severity and neck motion range after intervention (P <0.005). There was a significant difference between the severity of pain as well as the neck motion range (P<0.005). In the other words, more improvements were achieved in stabilization exercises with positional release technique. Stabilization exercises in combination with positional release technique had a dramatic effect on reducing pain and increasing the neck motion range compared to the positional release technique group. Thus, it is recommended to use this combination to relieve the neck pain.

Trigger points are sensitive points in the skeletal muscle and neck muscles that cause referral pain, decrease the range of motion and muscle soreness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the Positional Release Technique with and without strain-counter strain technique on the pain, neck range of motion in men with active trigger points in upper trapezius muscle. The target community included the employees of the Mellat bank of Tehran city, which had trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle, ageing from 30 to 60 years old. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received a Positional Release Technique with strain-counter strain technique and the second group received only a Positional Release Technique. Each group received five treatment sessions. Pain was assessed on the basis of Visual analogue scale (VAS) and neck range of motion by goniometer before and 48 hours after treatment. The statistical methods used included two way ANOVA. There was a significant difference in pain severity and neck range of motion after intervention in both groups (P <0.005). Compared to the two groups after the treatment, there was a significant difference in the severity of pain as well as the neck range of motion (P <0.005), in the other words More improvements were achieved in Positional Release Technique with strain-counter strain technique group. Positional Release Technique in two situations with and without strain-counter strain technique is effective in reducing pain and improving the neck motion in people with trigger points of upper trapezius muscle. A Positional Release Technique combined with strain-counter strain technique was more effective in reducing pain and increasing the neck range of motion compared with the Positional Release Technique group.

Neck pain is a common problem in human societies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of functional cognitive training on the cognitive factors of people with non-specific chronic neck pain.

In this clinical trial study, 24 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into two groups of cognitive functional exercise and control. Cognitive factors were assessed before and immediately after six weeks of cognitive training using pain self-efficacy questionnaire, pain catastrophizing scale, fear-avoidance believes inventory, and depression, anxiety, and stress-21 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t tests.

Comparison of two groups after treatment showed a significant difference in all cognitive variables; so that all factors were improved in the intervention group (P = 0.001). Paired t-test results also showed a significant difference in all variables in the intervention group, before and after the test (P = 0.001); but no significant difference was observed for the control group.

The findings suggest that functional cognitive training can be used as a novel method to improve the cognitive factors among the people with chronic neck pain.</div>

Consequences of incorrect posture too extensively in physical, mental, economic, socialneeded to contemplate and investigationand treatment at a young age the enormous costs for of surgery and treatment of this abnormality the future Prevents. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of seven weeks exercise with the Balance ball on the amount of lordosis of male students15-18 years old.
In the present quasi-experimental study 40 Student were selected from thevolunteer elderly women in Dahshahr through target sampling and availability and divided randomly intotwo groups; one experimental group and one control group. The experimentalgroup received the treatment (Physioball exercises for 60 minutes, three times a week) for 8 weeks, but thecontrol group received no treatment and was engaged in daily routine activities. Lumbar lordosis using checker board and flexible ruler in two stages, before and after training were measured Physioball. The data were analyzed through Analysis of T Independent at thesignificance level of P≤0.05.
The results showed that there was a significant improvement on the scores obtained from the tests measuring Lordosis of the experimental group after 8 weeks of receiving therapeutic exercises (P=0.001 and t: 12.8), whereas no such significant improvement was observed in the control group.
Considering the results of the current study, it seems that the Balance ball exercises are a good way to improve Lordosis students. Therefore, the specialists recommended that corrective exercises with Balance ball training methods to improve Lordosis wing along with other corrective methods use more.

By entering old age, changes occur in the skeletal-muscular, vestibular, sensory-visual, and somatic systems when the physiological systems involved in balance. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of water resistance combined training on balance and fall risk in elderly women over 60 years in Tehran.
This study was a quasi-experimental study. The study population consisted of all elderly women over 60 years in Tehran. Twenty-four women were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The training group followed an 8-week aquatic exercise program (three sessions per week) while the control group continued their daily routines. To measure the static balance, the Sharpened Romberg test and to measure the dynamic balance and fall risk the Berg Balance Scale were used. The data were analyzed using the dependent and independent t-test by the SPSS 19 software.
The results showed a significant difference in total mean scores of static and dynamic balance after the training period in the intervention group than the control group (P ≤ 0.05); so that the balance after the training program improved and risk of falling was reduced.
According to the results of this study, water resistance combined training and a comprehensive fitness program in water due to the low risk nature and providing conditions to challenge the neuromuscular system can be helpful to improve balance and reduce the risk of fall in women aged 60-75 years.

muscle strength, flexibility and the quality of life in old age reduced for many reasons.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on muscle strength, flexibility, and quality of life of healthy elderly women 60-75 years.
The study is quasi-experimental. The study population consisted of all elderly women Non-resident nursing home over sixty years in Tehran. The sample comprised 24 women aged who participated in this study and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The training group undertook an 8-week aquatic exercise program (three sessions per week) while the control group continued their daily routines. To calculate the lower extremity muscle strength, lower extremity flexibility and quality of life was used from Stand up Chair, Sit and Reach and The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (WHOQOL-BERF) Respectively. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by t_ test.
The results showed a significant difference in total mean quality of life, muscle strength and flexibility rate after the training period in the intervention group than the control group. So that variables after the intervention in the experimental group was significantly improved.
According to the findings of this study, the use of combination and a comprehensive fitness program in water due to the low risk nature and providing conditions to challenge the neuromuscular system, Can be a powerful way to improve muscle strength, flexibility and subsequent dose improved quality of life for women aged 60-75 years.

Considering the high prevalence of sprain and ankle instability and subsequent adverse outcomes such as decreased balance and increased postural sway, implementation of preventive measures of injury is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on balance and postural sway of basketball men athletes with functional ankle instability.
This study is quasi-experimental. 24 male basketball players with functional ankle instability participated in this study. After primary screening and identification of eligible athletes with ankle joint functional assessment tool (AJFAT), subjects were divided into the experimental (n = 12) and control group (n = 12). Assessment of postural sway by the force plate and dynamic balance by Y test was conducted. The experimental group did resistance training for eight weeks.
Statistical tests showed that resistance training affected on dynamic balance and postural sway in basketball male athletes with functional ankle instability and significantly reduced their postural sway and increased dynamic balance (p˂0/05).
Add resistance training with weights to rehabilitation programs on men's basketball programs with FAI to ease restrictions caused by this injury such as impairment of balance and postural sway, is recommended.

Aims: The aim of this research was to investigate the timing factors of ACL agonist and antagonist muscles in athletes with ankle pronation deformity.
In the present research, 15 athletes with an increased pronation of ankle and 15 normal athletes were purposefully selected. Electromyographic signals were recorded by using surface electrode from four muscles (rectus femoris, medial hamstring, lateral hamstring, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and Medial gastrocnemius). The MANOVA method was used as a statistical analysis to investigate muscle timing of jump-landing between the two groups.
Results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in muscle timing of rectus femoris (p=0/007) and vastus lateralis (p=0/002). There is also no significant difference between the muscle timing of the other muscles of the two groups (p≥0.05).
Increased pronation of the ankle along with change in muscle timing of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles can be a risk factor in ACL injury incidences.

athletes. Researches show that pronation of ankle affects the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury but no researches have been conducted on neuromuscular control related to ACL injury in athletes with increased pronation of ankle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate some neuromuscular risk factors of ACL injury in athletes with ankle pronation deformity. 15 athletes with increased pronation of ankle and 15 normal athletes were purposively selected as the ample of the study. Electromyographic signals were recorded with surface electrode from four muscles (gluteus medius, lateral hamstring, vastus lateralis and soleus). MANOVA results showed a significant difference between the two groups in feed forward phase of gluteus medius (P=0.029) and biceps femoris (P=0.001) and in feedback phase of gluteus medius (P=0.005) although there were no significant differences in feed forward and feedback activities of vastus lateralis and soleus between the two groups (P≥0.05). So pronation of ankle can be a risk factor in ACL injury incidence through a change in neuromuscular function of gluteus medius and lateral hamstring muscles.

Mechanical alignment of lower limb has effect on knee joint stability of athletes. Researches show high pronation of ankle is effective in happening anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. So the objective of this research is investigating knee flexion angle and Quadriceps to Hamstring Co-activation in athletes with ankle pronation deformity and healthy. In this research 15 athletes with increased pronation of ankle and 15 normal athletes selected purposeful. Electromyographic signals and knee flexion angle recorded with using surface electrode from four muscles (rectus femoris, vastuslateralis, medial hamstring and lateral hamstring)and electro goniometer respective. Statistical analysis method of T- independent was used for investigating between variables. Results showed there is significant different between two groups in knee flexion angle (P=0/034) and quadriceps to hamstring Co-activation (P=0/001). Discussion & Increased pronation of ankle with change in quadriceps to hamstring Co-activation andknee flexion angle can be a risk factor in ACL injury incidence.

Foot alignment has an effect on movements of proximal joints and bones. According to the kinematic chain theory, weakness in function of one motor segment can have an effect on other motor segments. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigate the relation of pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis with strength of lumbar-pelvic girdle muscles in athletes with ankle pronation deformity in standing position. In this study, 53 male with ankle pronation deformity were recruited with age of 23.2±2.27 years, height of 169±6.76 and weight of 67.2±6.47. Isometric strength of muscles by handle dynamometer, pelvic tilt by pelvic inclinometer, lumbar lordosis by flexible ruler and foot pronation by navicular drop were investigated. Data were analyzed by statistical methods of correlation between variables. There were significant relations between isometric strength of femur flexor muscles and lumbar lordosis angle (p=0.003, r=0.59) and also between pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis angle (p=0.012, r=0.46) in participants with ankle pronation deformity. No significant relation was found between other variables of the research (p≥0.05). The positive and significant relation of femur flexor muscles strength with lumbar lordosis and also pelvic tilt with lumbar lordosis may be due to the postural compensatory strategy in persons with ankle pronation deformity. To further explore the relation between these changes in posture alignment and injury more investigations are needed.

This study was accomplished to investigate the electromyographic activity of 3 plyometric exercises (tuck jump and single leg hop in sagittal and frontal planes) to find out the appropriate procedures for strengthening biceps femoris and gluteus medius muscles. The kind of study is applied and data were collected from the supervised exercises of 15 male athletes without injury of lower extremity from Tehran University، which participated voluntarily in this research. It was assumed that subjects expend the extreme potential during their activities. Statistical analysis was made using repeated measures ANOVA to investigate the muscle activity in feedforward and feedback phases of landing with SPSS 20. Significant differences (P≤0. 05) were found between treatments in relation to feedforward and feedback phases of muscles activities. Single leg hop in sagittal and frontal planes showed the highest activity of biceps femoris and gluteus medius in feedforward phase، respectively. Nevertheless، tuck jump demonstrated the lowest activity of these muscles in both phases. According to the results، single leg hop in sagittal and frontal planes could be the most appropriate exercises for improving strength and neuromuscular system of gluteus medius and biceps femoris. We should take special attention to these 2 plyometric exercises in exercise programs. However، tuck jump in comparison with 2 other exercises show less efectiveness.

The proper neuromuscular recruitment patterns of hip and knee muscles are essential for dynamic stabilization of the knee. According to the kinematic chain, weakness in the performance of one motor segment can affect other segments of motion. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the isometric strength of selected muscles of lower extremities in the hyperpronated foot with the same muscles in healthy male athletes. The present study is descriptive and correlational. Forty male athletes in two groups of hyperpronated foot and healthy male athletes (20 in each group) participated in this study. Pronated foot was examined by navicular drop and isometric strength of selected muscles in lower extremities was examined by Manual Muscle Test system (MMT). Then, the ratio of isometric strength of each muscle to body weight was compared between two groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 20 and the independent t test was used to compare the variables between the two groups. The results showed that isometric strength of muscles, hip abductors (P =. 002), external rotators of hip (P =. 007), and quadriceps muscles (P =. 031) have decreased significantly in the the group of hyperpronated foot. The hyperpronated foot changes the muscle strength of lower extremity. These changes may be due to neuromuscular compensation because of the changes in the medial longitudinal arch. More research is needed to determine whether these changes in muscle strength are related to lower extremity injury.