نوین نیک بخش

Primary hyperparathyroidism leads to increased secretion of parathyroid hormone and hypercalcemia. Parathyroid lesions are often in the form of adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical manifestations, pathological findings, and the response to the treatment in the patients with parathyroidectomy.

In this cross-sectional-analytical study (2002-2017),we extracted data from 37 records  of the patients who had undergone parathyroidectomy in the hospitals associated with Babol University of Medical Sciences. The data were about age, gender, pre-and post-operative values of laboratory indices, pathology of the lesions, and the surgical procedure. Using SPSS- 20 software, data were analyzed by, descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon's statistical tests (P<0.05).

The majority of patients were female (67.57 %) and the mean age was 47.13 ± 15.27 years. The disease with skeletal manifestations was more common (45.28%). Adenoma was the most common type of lesion in radiology (78.37 %) and pathology (63.41 %) and the predominant surgical method was unilateral exploration (64.86%). A statistically significant relationship was observed between the type of pathological lesion and the patient's age grou (p=0.037) and gender(p = 0.013). The success of parathyroidectomy surgery was evaluated as significant based on the pre- and post-operative values of calcium (P<0.001) and parathormone (P<0.001).

Primary hyperparathyroidism disease in Iran is a symptomatic disorder that most frequently manifests with bone symptoms, and parathyroidectomy surgery is the definitive treatment method. Improvement of bone symptoms, measurement of calcium, and parathormone can be considered indicators of improvement in these patients.

Hypocalcemia is one of the severe complications of thyroid surgery. This complication usually occurs after damage to the parathyroid glands during surgery. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the frequency and risk factors of hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol (2016-2019).

In this cross-sectional study, 160 patients who underwent thyroid surgery at Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Babol between 2015 and 2017 were included in the study. The amount of serum calcium immediately after surgery, on the first day after surgery and in case of hypocalcemia on the 4th day after surgery and the year of operation were completed by the project managers from the patients' files. The data was analyzed with SPSS V.22 software. Descriptive indices, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The average age was 45.07 ± 15.12 years and the median was 46.5 years. In examining the relationship (one-variable) between the variables of gender, thyroid malignancy, type of malignancy and type of surgery with hypocalcemia, only the type of surgery showed a significant relationship with hypocalcemia, so that the lowest amount of hypoglycemia was related to lobectomy (P = 0.004). Using logistic regression (in multivariate mode), the factors affecting hypocalcemia were evaluated. Finally, it was found that people with complete thyroidectomy have more than 3 times the chance of hypocalcemia compared to lobectomy (P = 0.004 and OR = 3.70).

According to the results, the frequency of hypocalcemia was similar to other studies conducted inside and outside the country, and total thyroidectomy surgery increases the chance of hypocalcemia.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the surgical procedures for cholecystectomy, which may be associated with difficulty and complications in people with high body mass index (BMI). In this study, we investigated the location of the portal infection following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its association with BMI in hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2012-2015.

In this cross-sectional analytical study, all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery (n=801) were included after obtaining informed consent. Demographic (e.g., gender, age, and BMI) and clinical (e.g., type of disease, number of gallstones, port site infection, and duration of surgery) information were evaluated.

Most patients were female (87%), with a mean age of 43.38 ± 14.23 years. The average BMI of the patients was reported as 31.72 ± 6.86 kg/m2; most of them were in the range of 30-39.9 (44.8%), and at least a few patients had a BMI greater than or equal to 40 (12.5%). The mean BMI of patients was 31.72 ± 6.86 kg/m2. The majority of patients had chronic cholecystitis (70.2%) and colic bilirubin (18.6%). The duration of surgery was 35.18 ± 10.59 minutes. Around 2% of the patients had an infection site of the port (1.2%), the cases of umbilical epigastric (0.5%), or both sites (0.2%). The BMI of patients with port umbilical infection was 41.48±3.45 and epigastric 30.38±5.87, and patients with port umbilical infection had significantly higher BMI than patients with epigastric infection (P<0.001). Individuals with a BMI higher than 30 were significantly more likely to have an umbilical portal infection (P<0.001).

According to the findings of this study, patients with an umbilical port site infection had a higher BMI.

One of the most important steps in the treatment of patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy is the definitive diagnosis using tissue sampling of the intra-mediastinal lesion. Mediastinoscopy is one of the methods used for this purpose. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the role of mediastinoscopy in determining the cause of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Babol, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 36 patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy who were admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Babol (April 2009-March 2020) and underwent mediastinoscopy. Recorded medical information of all patients without known lung cancer under mediastinoscopy was reviewed. Mediastinoscopy was performed by a specialist doctor for all patients and the biopsy sample was sent to Shahid Beheshti Hospital Pathology for final diagnosis. Descriptive data were analyzed using SPSS25 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean age of the patients was 47.97±11.04 years (range: 28-76 years). The majority of patients were women (n=27; 75.00%). According to the pathology results, the final diagnosis for 33 people (91.67%) was benign, and 3 people (8.33%) were diagnosed with malignant. The most common pathology result was sarcoidosis with 23 cases (63.90%), active infection in 4 cases (11.11%), and squamous cell carcinoma in 3 cases (8.33%). Other benign results were reported with the frequency of one case (78.2%). Pathology findings had no significant relationship with the age and gender of patients (P<0.05).

Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that mediastinoscopy can help determine the causes of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and it is still a reliable method for examining mediastinal lesions.

Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy gains wide acceptance as a treatment of choice, but it is a controversial case of routine drain insertion after laparoscopic surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and outcome of drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery in Babol University of Medical Sciences hospitals during 2014-2017.

A total of 219 patients candidate for cholecystectomy surgery were evaluated after meeting the inclusion criteria in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences during 2014-2017. In this case-control study, patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled with informed and available. The surgeon accidentally inserted a drain during surgery. The case and control groups were reviewed to gather the following different parameters: age, sex, BMI, length of stay, pain level, bile leak, abscess, bleeding, infection, and Hematoma.

In this study, 109 patients (49.8%) were received a drain and 110 patients (50.2%) were without drain. Of the 109 patients who were received drain, only 6 patients (5.5%) had suffered from drain site infection and 103 patients (94.5%) had no infection. Comparison of pain and complications of surgery revealed that there was no significant difference between cases of pain, bleeding and bile leakage in patients with and without drain. There was no statistically significant difference between the time of operation between patients with drain and without drain (P=0.35). However, the duration of hospitalization of patients with drain was significantly longer than patients without drain (P= 0.009).

The present study showed that the use of drain in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy had no significant effect on prevention of bile leaks, bleeding and pain reduction.

Esophageal perforation is a life threatening condition, which is considered as a surgical emergency. Delayed diagnosis can cause a significant increase in mortality. Therefore, it requires early diagnosis and appropriate treatment but due to the similarity to other diseases, diagnosis remains difficult and despite the many studies, treatment is still controversial. The Purpose of this study is Evaluation of patients with esophageal perforation concerning clinical factors, treatment and complications in Babol hospitals during years 2002-2015.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all patients with esophageal rupture who have been hospitalized in the affiliated hospitals of Babol city from 2002-2015 were studied. Inclusion criteria in this study are all patients with esophageal rupture for various reasons. Exclusion criteria are lack of access to patients&#039; files. Diagnosis is based on medical history, clinical studies, and paraclinical information, including radiology. Patients&#039; files were extracted from the hospital archives and patient information was entered in the form of a checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 by T-Test and chi-square tests.

From 2002 to 2015, 63% of 27 patients with esophageal perforation has been treated late (&gt;24 hours). The predominant etiology was foreign body 18cases 66.7% followed by iatrogenic 4 cases 14.8%, and in 74% the localization was thoracic, in 14 cases 51.9% and 13 cases 48.1% clinical symptoms were chest pain and disphagia at the time of admittion. In 11cases 40.7% and 10cases 37% primary repair and conservative therapy, respectively, was considered the first choice. There was only one death 3.7% in a Patient who had referred 10 days after the onset of symptoms with aortoesophageal fistula.

In this study, the main cause of mortality was esophageal rupture due to delayed treatment of patients and the choice of appropriate treatment according to the patient&#039;s condition (interval between onset of symptoms and time of referral, location of rupture, cause of rupture of clinical symptoms and underlying pathology Mary) has been.

Gallstone disease is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Numerous studies have shown an association between gallstone disease and lipid disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of lipids before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 88 patients with gallstones referred to the affiliated hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were measured before surgery and three months after surgery. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 by T-Test and chi-square tests.

Among 88 patients, 10 cases (11.3%) were men and 78 cases (88.7%) were women. The mean age of patients was 38/45±13.5. The mean amount of HDL before 5.57+41.61 mg/dl and after surgery was 5.24+42.74 mg/dl, the mean amount of LDL before and after surgery was 27.3+11.07 mg/dl, 23.7+108.3 mg/dl, the mean amount of serum cholesterol before surgery was 25.8+177.1, after surgery was 20.8+180 mg/dl and the mean amount of serum trigliserid before and after surgery was 31.4+119.1 mg/dl, 46.5+145 mg/dl. Only the serum trigliserid level increased after surgery significantly (P

Gasrtic cancer is the second lethal cancer in the world. Surgery is the definite treatment for gastric cancer. Standard surgery is Radical Subtotal Gastrectomy and there is no need to total gastrectomy because of high mortality and morbidity rate. Therefore the aim of this study was assessment of frequency of complications after total gastrectomy in gastric cancer.

In this study we evaluated complications of total gastrectomy in 100 patients with gastric cancer. Inclusion criterias was consent of patients and diagnosis of gastric cancer with endoscopy and take stomach biopsy and who undergone total gastrectomy: Frequency of the complications after total gastrectomy, demographic and pathologic data included in check list. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 by logistic regression and chi-square tests.

100 patients were entered in our study. Mean age of them was 67.77 years old. There were 72 male and 33 female patients that 50% (50 patients) experienced complications of total gastrectomy, that male to female ratio was 42 to 8. 20% of them were less than 60 year old and 80% of them were more than 60 year old. The most complication was Bile reflux (22%), Laparotomy side bleeding (13%), Wound infectin (8%), fistule, Leakage of anastomosis, severe reflux esophagitis, stricture of anastomosis were 4% separately. Obstruction of the anastomosis was 1% and the other complications were 27%.

Frequency of the complications after total gastrectomy was 50% and male was the risk factor of total gastrectomy complications (P = 0.007).

Professional assistants are among the learners whose ability in terms of professional ethics and commitment influences their future performance after graduation so that, as an excellent physician, they can combine patient care with confidence and desirable medical skills. Considering that no comprehensive assessment of the national guideline on regarding of establishment of medical residents to the professional ethics has been published, so far this study aimed to evaluate the activities of medical universities to conduct this program.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the activities of the major medical universities in region one, where had medical residents, during 2015-2018. Information on the formation of committees related to the evaluation of feedback, teaching the basics of professional ethics and how to respond to residents by asking managers of different levels of the university in the Medical Ethics Council, the Vice Chancellor for Education, medical School, department heads and departments Educational and medical centers with assistants.

Four universities of medical sciences (80% of the target population) with 4 faculties, 8 educational hospitals and 8 educational departments were evaluated. The implementation and activities of committees to investigate the professional ethics of assistants in the educational departments and hospitals of different universities has not been exactly in accordance with national guidelines. The hospital committee and the medical school committee have been established in accordance with the national guideline only at one university. None of the universities in the region had a fourth-level university committee.

This study shows the establishment of a national program of commitment of medical assistants to the principles of professional ethics in the majority of macro medical universities in region one and the attention of different levels of universities, including senior administrators, faculties, educational centers and clinical departments in different dimensions of this program especially training for assistants to commitment to professional principles in these universities.

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability and knowledge of using information technology and its relationship with research and innovative performance of facultymembers of BabolUniversityofMedical Sciences.-The statistical population of the faculty members of BabolUniversityof-Medical Sciences was347,and 180 people were selected by stratified Cochran's formula using stratified random sampling. Data collection was performed by researching letters made by a researcher measuring the ability and knowledge of using technology with15 questions,measuring innovative performance with 8 questions and measuring research performance with13questions.Formal and content validity was confirmed by experts.Cronbach's alpha for the ability and knowledge of using information technology(0.86),research performance(0.84) ,innovative performance(0.77). Data analysis was performed by regression analysis tests,YumanWhitney, Croscal Wallis, by Spss24 software.The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the ability and knowledge of using information technology with research performance and innovative performance of faculty members.The ability and knowledge to use the information technology of faculty members and their research performance is in a relatively-desirable situation and innovative performance in an unfavorable situation.Increasing efforts by medical education policymakers and government officials are needed to create more opportunities for education and to persuade faculty members to use information and communication technology in academic activities and to discuss current technological situations.

Growing evidences have revealed a positive association between organophosphorus pesticides and diseases like cancer. Located in northern Iran, Mazandaran Province is a region with the overuse of agricultural pesticides. Due to the extensive use of the pesticides like diazinon in rice paddies of Mazandaran for the control of Chilo suppressalis, and high incidence rate of cancer in this province, we analysed and compared diazinon in the serum samples of the breast-cancer patients with the healthy volunteers. This cross-sectional case-control study inludes 10 breast-cancer patients and 10 healthy controls. Diazinon was extracted with a mixture of acetone and diethyl ether (1:1 v/v) in acidic medium and the residue was analyzed by GC-MS instrument. Results showed the presence of 0.151 ppm diazinon in the serum of just one healthy subject. In conclusion, despite excessive use of diazinon in Mazandaran Province, no association was found between serum level of diazinon and the incidence of breast cancer.

this study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of frozen tissue sections in comparison with definitive pathology in terms of its reliability in the diagnosis of breast and thyroid lesions in patients referring to educational hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences from 2011-2016.

all patients who underwent thyroidectomy or breast surgery due to a mass that frozen sections was performed were included. Patients demographic characteristics, frozen section diagnosis and Permanent pathology diagnoses were collected and analized.

Of 137 cases(104 cases of thyroid and 33 cases of breast)  who required frozen section,totally, 91 cases (66.4%) were reported benign lesions and 46 cases (33.6%) were reported malignant. Also, based on a permanent diagnosis, 52 cases (38.0%) were malignant and 85 (62.0%) were benign.The diagnostic value of the frozen section in detecting malignant thyroid lesions was 63% sensitivity, specificity was 99%, the positive predictive value was 92%, negative predictive value was 92%, and diagnostic accuracy was 92.3%. In cases of breast, the result of frozen tissue sections is consistent with permanent pathology, therefore, the diagnostic value of frozen tissue sections in determining the malignant lesions of the breast can not be calculated.

Considering the high rate of consistency of frozen sections with permanent pathology in breast and thyroid lesions, it can be concluded that the frozen tissue section is considered as a precise and valuable method.

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder in patients with breast cancer. This study was performed to follow-up breast cancer patients with depression receiving citalopram and group psychotherapy for six months. This clinical trial was conducted in 40 breast cancer patients with depressive disorder. Among the patients, 20 received citalopram (20-40 mg/day) and the rest, besides the same dose of citalopram, attended 8 sessions of group psychotherapy. The patients were assessed at baseline and six months later. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and WHO-QOL BREF questionnaires were administered. Then treatment outcomes and quality of life were compared between the two groups applying t-test. The mean scores for depression and anxiety were 12.05±2.19 and 13.25±2.90 at baseline which declined to 2.05±2.06 and 4.55±2.42, respectively, after six months (P<0.05). Quality of life score in patients attending group psychotherapy sessions improved significantly after six months (80.86) compared to that at baseline (40.82), while slight changes were observed in the group receiving only citalopram (P<0.001). Citalopram and group psychotherapy were found to be significantly effective after six months on depression, anxiety, and quality of life in breast cancer patients with depressive disorder receiving citalopram.
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT2015063022991N1)

Gastric cancer is the fifth prevalent cancer in worldwide. Among of this, adenocarcinoma is more than 95% of all case and most prevalent. According to gastric adenocarcinoma is resistant to adjuvant therapy, surgical resection is the cardinal strategies of treatment. One of the problems with treating adenocarcinoma of the stomach is that its main causes are malignant or pre-malignant changes in the residual gastric tissue that may be neglected during resection. By recognizing these lesions and resection, they can be expected to reduce the malignancy. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of non-tumoral gastric tissue in terms of malignant or pre-malignant changes. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 112 patients who had undergone total gastrectomy in the hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences during the period of 2013-2017 were examined and analyzed for age, sex, type and location of tumor. Of 112 cases that studied,72 cases (64.3%) were male and 40 cases (35.7%) were female. The mean of ages was 64.7±8.6 year. Poorly differentiated pathology in 60.7% and well differentiated pathology in 39.3% of patients were seen. In 64 patients (57%), there was synchronous lesions in addition to primary pathology. These synchronous lesions were related statistically significant to pathology, cancer stage and gender. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that resection should be accompanied by considering simultaneous lesions in addition to primary pathology, which can be a reason for total gastrectomy as a standard treatment for gastric cancer.

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is widely accepted in many Intensive Care Units (ICU) in the word. The aim of this study was to compare the complications of Modified Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy (MPDT) with or without bronchoscopy. A randomized clinical trial was performed in 270 ICU patients, candidate for tracheostomy in Babol Rouhani Hospital, between April 2013 and May 2018. They were systematically divided into two groups. MPDT was carried out in both groups. At first, the transverse section (2 cm) was given 1 cm below the cricoid cartilage, then PDT was performed after seeing the trachea ring. In the first group, PDT was performed without a bronchoscope and in the second group the PDT was done applying bronchoscopic guide. The procedure time, waiting time to tracheostomy, complications such as hemorrhage, stomal infection, and pneumothorax were compared in two groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS V22 using Chi-square, independent sample, and Fisher exact test. There were no differences between the two groups in age, sex, mean apache score, and mortality (P> 0.05). The mean waiting time to tracheostomy was not significantly different (P= 0.632). The procedure time in the PDT without bronchoscopy was 6.44 ± 3.54 min and in the PDT with bronchoscopy was 9.25 ± 3.30 min (P<0.001). The complication rate in the PDT without bronchoscopy was 14 (10.4%) and in the bronchoscopy group was 12 (8.9%) (P= 0.680). Modified PDT without bronchoscopy is as safe as PDT with bronchoscope.

Introduction & Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women throughout the world including Iran. There are currently more than 40000 women in Iran suffering from the disease. Studies have shown that the active form of vitamin D, increases cell differentiation and inhibits proliferation, can play a role in changing the risk of breast cancer.
Present study is analytical and case-control study. In this study150 women with breast cancer and150 women without breast cancer as control were investigated. Including criteria was diagnosis of breast cancer in all cases and absence breast cancer in all control group. Serum vitamin D level, age and marital data included in check list. The obtained data were subjected to chi square, logistic regression and two samples t-test by SPSS software version 23. In all analyses P 0.05 were as significant difference.
Mean level of serum vitamin D in case and control groups were 16.73 ± 11.95 and 27.04 ± 18.49 ng/ml, respectively (P ng/ml), the odds ratio of illness were 1.93 times higher than the inadequate level. (%95 CI: 0.281; 0.954, P = 0.035), and the odds ratio of getting the disease were 6.9 times higher than the adequate level of vitamin D (%95 CI: 0.075; 0.361, P Based on this study, patients with breast cancer had significantly lower levels of serum vitamin D in comparison with healthy women. Therefore, decreases in serum vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

According to the importance of the esophageal cancer problem in northern provinces of Iran, and also high volume of transhiatal esophagectomy operations at Babol university hospitals, this study was conducted to identifying postoperative short term outcomes of transhiatal esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer.
This cross-sectional study was done on 114 patients with diagnosis of esophageal cancer that underwent transhiatal esophagectomy in Babol university hospitals, north of Iran, from 2005 to 2015. The study data were analyzed applying SPSS for windows (version 23), T-test, 2-independent sample chi-square and exact fishure test.
Of 114 patients, 62 of cases(54.4%) was male and 52 of them(45.6%) was female. The mean age of the patients was 62.25year. The most common symptom of the patients was dysphagia(99.1%). Pathologic feature of the tumors was squamous cell carcinoma in 89.5% of cases. The most common postoperative complications were arrhythmia(13.3%) and pleural effusion(10.5%). Mean admission duration was 9.31±2.94 days. Anastomosis site leak occurred in 8 patients(7.1%). In operation and in hospital mortality occurred for 1 cases (0.9%) and 4 cases (3.5%) respectively.
On the basis of this study, Babol university hospitals has good result for postoperative outcomes of transhiatal esophagectomy comparing with othetr centers especially about admission time, need for tube thoracostomy, anastomosis site leak rate, and mortality rate.

Introduction & One of the efficient and available ways to treat the hyperhidrosis is thoracic sympathectomy. Our goal of this study was to evaluate the success rate of this method of therapy in patients with hyperhidrosis.
This cross-sectional study enrolled all patients with initial hyperhidrosis in Babol Medical Sciences hospitals, between the years 2003-2015 whom have been hospitalized and treated by surgery. Eventually the patient entered the study were 51. The data analyzed by SPSS V. 20 and using statistical test of Chi-Square, T-Test analysis.
Of the 51 patients, 47 patients (92.1%) had no complications after surgery, 44 patients (86.2%) had complete response after surgery. There was no significant relation between age and success rate (P = 0.22). Between age of onset and thoracoscopic sympathectomy success rate there was no significant correlations (P = 0.54). There was no significant relation between job of patients and the success rate (P = 0.34). The findings indicate that the final result of sympathectomy surgery is in close relation with the level of sympathectomy (P = 0.01).
Sympathectomy is a safe and effective treatment for patients with hyperhidrosis.

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme metabolically activates a large number of low molecular mass xenobiotics probably involved in gastric cancer incidence through activation of procarcinogens. North of Iran is amongst high incidence rate areas of gastric carcinoma where environmental carcinogenic compounds, including agricultural pesticides, are massively used. In this report, we quantitatively compared CYP2E1 gene expression between tumoral and nontumoral-marginal tissues of gastric cancer patients as well as normal healthy gastric tissues by real-time PCR. Results showed that CYP2E1 gene cDNA copy numbers were relatively increased in tumoral group vs. nontumoral-marginal and normal healthy groups. Comparison of means DDCT by Dunkan’s test statistically verified significant differences of cyp2E1 cDNA copy numbers between tumoral and healthy tissues (P=0.0018). It seems that the increased CYP2E1 gene expression may be associated with increased risk for gastric cancer. So, we recommended that CYP2E1 gene expression may be an appropriate molecular marker to determine individual sensitivity to gastric cancer and also for designing cancer prevention programs.

Introduction & Gallstones and its complications are the most gastrointestinal diseases that in most cases, it resulted in hospitalization and cholecystectomy. The aim of present study was to assess body mass index in patients with Gallstones and its complications that underwent cholecystectomy.
351 patients who were undergone cholecystectomy due to Gallstones and its complications were included in the present cross-sectional study. 201 patients (57.3%) who referred for biliary causes to surgery clinic were included in the control group and 150 patients (42.7%) were allocated to the case group.
Chronic cholecystitis with 110 cases (73.3%) accounted for the majority. About the variable body mass index, 9 patients of the case group (6%) and 15 patients of the control group (7.5%) had a body mass index greater than 30 kg per square meter (morbid obesity), but the association was not statistically significant (P=0.784). After examining LDL and HDL, there was no significant difference in LDL/HDL ratio with type of disease of case group.
The results of present study showed that the prevalence of gallstones in patients with normal BMI was more than individuals with overweight and fat. In this geographical area, the prevalence of gallstones are depending on other factors such as pregnancies, the underlying chronic disease and blood diseases.

Acquisition of scientific authority is a subject that has been emphasized in the health policies of the Supreme Leader. Identification and take benefits from the capabilities of medical universities are opportunities for developing of the country, therefore, it is a necessity to identify and present the most important capabilities of each medical university. Babol University of Medical Sciences as one of the health master, in the program of evolution and innovation in medical education, identified his outstanding capabilities in the first region of Logistic Health Education Plan.
This is a cross-sectional descriptive-explanatory study which has been conducted by reviewing the evidences and documents related to the courses and departments, evaluating performance report, observing and reporting educational directors and experts panels in the vice chancellor for education of the university.
Babol University of Medical Sciences has the capability of scientific authority, including the development in cancer information, implementation of family medicine, infant care, genetic diagnosis, cardiac surgery and pediatric cardiac interventions, organ transplant (kidney and bone marrow).
Scientific authority aspects should be explained as well as university develops strategic and operational plans and mobilizes resources and facilities.

In evolution and innovation program of medical education which has been announced to the medical universities of the country since 2015, as a part of the health sector reform in IRAN, promoting professionalism is one of the emphasized subjects. This study aimed to evaluate activities conducted in this university to promote professionalism. In this descriptive research, all activities performed in Babol University of Medical Sciences in the years 2015 and 2016 in order to achieve the objectives of professionalism were recorded in a data collection form. The subject, target group, the extent of each activity, and outcomes were recorded and compared with data related to years before 2015. Totally, 19 major activities have been recorded to promote professionalism in this university in these two years. Sixteen activities (84.2%) have been implemented after medical education reform of IRAN. The extent of activities was calculated as 10088 person-hour and most of these major activities (12 activities, 63.2%) was attributed to achieve the objective of "implementation structural and program requirements, an organized system for need assessment, pathology and improvement of the values of ethics and professionalism". After implementation of medical education reform in IRAN, Babol University of Medical Sciences has adopted multiple new activities to promote professionalism in this university.

Mammographic screening to diagnose the breast cancer showe false-negative and false-positive results in young women and therefore a non-invasive and low cost method is needed, to diagnose the breast cancer in the early stages. DNA methylation changes are the most common molecular changes in human cancers and including breast cancer. Therefore, The pattern of tissues methylation can be used in the early diagnosis of cancer. Also similar methylation patterns found in tumors and in plasma shows potential application of molecular detection of breast cancer, based on blood. The aim of this study was to assess the promoter methylation for the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer.
Material and To examine the promoter methylation 21 tumor tissues and 21 normal tissues have been studied for clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. 6 gene methylation status (NANOG1, RASSF1A, SFN, CASP8, WIF1 and CTSL2) was analyzed by methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR).
The results show that NANOG gene was methylated in 94.7% of tumor specimen and 100% of normal specimen, RASSF1A gene was methylated in 9.5% of tumor specimen and 0% of normal specimen, SFN gene was methylated in 14.3% of tumor specimen and 27.8% of normal specimen, CASP8 gene was methylated in 30% of tumor specimen and 23.5% of normal specimen, WIF1 gene was methylated in 80% of tumor specimen and 27.8% of normal specimen, CTSL2 gene was methylated in 28.6% of tumor specimen and 23.5 % of normal specimen were methylated. Data analysis did not show a significant relationship between these results. (P >0.05).
The results of this study demonstrate that 6 gene methylation status was not enough to differentiate between the cancer and normal groups. This study demonstrates the methodological problems (MS PCR) which was used to assess the methylation markers to evaluate the methylation status as diagnostic biomarkers.

Among the risk factors has been suggested for esophageal cancer, the infection with cancer-causing viruses are also addressed. Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) is one of the carcinogenic viruses that it can infect epithelial cells and causes malignancies. Some studies have proposed the role of EBV in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), but the results are varied in different studies. The aim of this study was to determine the existence of EBV genome in ESCC and non-cancerous or normal tissue samples.
In this cross-sectional study, 100 paraffin embedded tissue samples of ESCC and 68 non-cancer tissue samples were enrolled. After deparaffinization of tissue samples, DNA was extracted. Extracted DNA was evaluated by Real Time PCR using a specific primers and probe for EBV.
EBV EBER gene in 10 cases (10%) of esophageal cancer samples and in 3 (4/4%) of the non-cancerous control samples were positive, which can indicate the presence of EBV in cancer and noncancerous cells of esophagus.
In particular, the prevalence of EBV DNA in non-cancerous control samples was less than esophageal cancer, but the findings cannot confirm or deny the role of EBV in the development of esophageal cancer and studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Background and Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. North of Iran is a high risk area for gastric cancer. Bcl2 family is the most important regulator of apoptosis and -938C>A single nucleotide polymorphism of bcl2 gene promoter has been demonstrated to influence gastric cancer susceptibility. In this research we studied the effect of -938C>A genotype on gastric cancer.
This analysis was performed in 87 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery in Mazandaran and Golestan province along with 104 healthy individuals as controls. DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples was applied in PCR-SSCP (Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis to determine -938C>A genotype. The association of the -938C>A genotype and gastric cancer risk as well as demographic and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed by logistic regression method.
Frequency of AA, CC and AC genotypes in cases were 13.79, 16.09 and 70.12% and 15.38, 23.08, and 61.54% in control group, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the AC genotype was significantly (P=0.0009) associated with a decreased risk for gastric cancer by 0.2 fold (OR=0.276) compared with the combined genotype of AA. No significant association was found between -938C>A genotype with demographic and clinicopathological characteristics.
The study showed that the presence of AC genotype may decrease the risk of gastric cancer. So, investigating the -938 C>A single nucleotide polymorphism of bcl2 gene promoter could be an appropriate molecular marker that could be used to determine individual sensitivity to gastric cancer and also for designing cancer prevention programs.