هادی شهرآبادی

The concurrent endurance-resistance training is one of the methods to prevent the complications of obesity, including cardiovascular diseases and thyroid dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the effect concurrent endurance-resistance training on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, lipid profile, and physical function indicators in overweight and obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 overweight and obese women (Mean age: 47±3.15 years, BMI: 31.31± 4.68 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two training (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The concurrent training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The resistance training was performed with the help of the wall or elastic bands at 10-12 reps. The endurance training included running with an intensity of 60-75% HRmax and one-min intervals and skipping rope with intensity of 40-45 jumps per min and one-min intervals. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test.

Concurrent training significantly increased endurance, upper and lower body muscle strength, and high-density lipoprotein level, and reduced BMI (P≤0.05), while body weight, body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and TSH did not show any significant changes (P>0.05). 

Concurrent endurance-resistance training can be effective in improving HDL level and some physical function indicators in obese and overweight women. However, more research is needed in this field.

The use of methamphetamine (METH) can cause neurotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on tissue changes and gene expression of neurodegeneration indicators in the hippocampal tissue of methamphetamine-dependent rats.

In this experimental research, 32 male rats were divided into four equal groups of saline, primary methamphetamine (METH-1), methamphetamine+training (METH+HIT) and secondary methamphetamine (METH-2). METH was injected at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The exercise program (5 sessions per week) included interval training (4 sets of 2 minutes with high intensity and 2 to 4 minutes of active rest between sets) on a treadmill. At the end of the injection and training period, the hippocampus tissue of the rats was extracted to evaluate the pathological changes and gene expression of related indicators. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test at the significance level of (P≥0.05) by GraphPad software.

The results of gene expression in the hippocampal tissue showed that along with METH injection, the expression of α-syn, GSK-3β, CDK5, APP, Tau and p-Tau indicators increased significantly;  nevertheless the exercises (HIT) decreased the expression of the genes of the current research. Pathological studies showed that METH injection caused a significant increase in the destruction of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and performing intense intermittent exercise had significantly reduced the destruction of neurons.

Methamphetamine has caused intoxication and neurodegeneration, and HIT training has been able to improve these conditions to some extent. More research is needed in this field to reach general conclusions.

One of the markers that change due to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and the production of free radicals in the poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) gene, which plays an essential role in inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on cardiac PARP-1 gene expression in methamphetaminedependent male rats.

In an experimental study, rats were divided into four groups sham, methamphetamine, methamphetamine-control, and methamphetamine-highintensity interval training, using a simple random technique. First, methamphetamine was injected for 21 days. At the end of this phase, the methamphetamine-highintensity interval training group performed high-intensity interval training for eight weeks and five sessions per week. In the present study, the left ventricular tissue of rats' hearts was used to evaluate the PARP-1 expression gene. Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 8 software at a P < 0.05.

The results showed that 21 days of methamphetamine injection increased the cardiac PARP-1 expression gene in the methamphetamine group compared to the sham group (P= 0.025). Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training did not decrease the expression of this gene in the methamphetamine-high-intensity interval training group compared to methamphetamine (P= 0.974) and methamphetaminecontrol (P= 0.993) groups.

Chronic methamphetamine use has increased the cardiac PARP-1 expression gene in rats. In the treatment field, high-intensity interval training cannot reduce the expression of this gene. Given that little research has been done in this field and the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathway are not well understood, researchers are suggested to do further research in this field.

The 2019 outbreak of coronavirus (covid-19) infections, which began in China in late 2019, is growing rapidly and the disease has spread worldwide. Studies have shown that the elderly have a higher risk of Covid-19 infection and death than others in the community. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise on the response to Covid-19-like vaccines in the elderly. Aging is associated with a decline in the normal function of the immune system. Among prevention methods, vaccination is the main drug strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of viral diseases. It is noteworthy that the most vulnerable populations in the community who experience the most severe cases of Covid-19 disease are those who show a decrease in the effectiveness of the vaccine. Reasons for reduced flu vaccine reactions in the elderly may be due to immune aging and chronic disease. The data show that humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination are low in the elderly. Decreased efficacy of the vaccine may be related to decreased antibody response. The response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to viral infections and vaccination in the elderly is also impaired. Chronic exercise is also associated with several anti-influenza benefits, including reducing the risk of influenza and increasing the effectiveness of the vaccine. In active elderly, anti-influenza IgG and IgM and influenza-specific lymphocyte proliferation are higher than in sedentary individuals. Therefore, it is recommended that the elderly do training exercise to increase the effectiveness of the vaccines.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise training to improve the immune system of the elderly at the time of COVID-19.

This systematic review study was performed on articles published between 1999 and 2020, and their target group was elderly. Keywords were searched and evaluated by three people in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases. Twenty-two articles were selected for research.

According to most studieschr('39') results, the leukocyte population decreased significantly or did not change in response to training. In most studies, the levels of T cells (CD3+), helper T cells (CD4+), killer T cells (CD8+), natural killers (CD56+), and B cells (CD19+) did not change. CD28+CD4+ cells after intervention either increased significantly or did not change in some studies. Naive T cells (CD45RA+) and memory T cells (CD45RO+) did not change in the studies. Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA) also increased significantly or did not change. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha decreased significantly in all related studies, but on the other hand, interleukin-10 increased significantly. The amount of C-reactive protein decreased significantly in the two studies and did not change in the other two studies. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), and endothelin-1 decreased significantly in investigations. Salivary IgA secretion rate increased significantly in two studies. Salivary IgA concentration increased in two studies and did not change in the other two studies. Salivary IgA flow increased in one study and did not change in another study.

According to the results, regular moderate-intensity exercise training reduces inflammation and improves some safety indicators in the elderly. With immune system improvement through exercise training in the elderly, the ability of the elderly may increase for encountering COVID-19 infection, and the risk of acquiring severe COVID-19 and hospitalization and mortality rates related to this disease may reduce in the elderly.

  There is clear evidence that resistance training can be a worthwhile and beneficial activity for children. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks combined strength and plyometric training on land in performances of 9-12 years old male swimmers. Our participants
include; 20 boys with mean age, height and weight of 11.36±0.85 yr, 148.38±7.45 cm and 42.05±7.51 kg respectively. Our sample was selected by purposefully non-random method then randomly divided to experimental and control group. Training program of control group was limited to swimming practice sessions while; the experimental group in addition to swimming training sessions, they conducted strength and plyometric training two days weekly for eight weeks. The strength and plyometric exercises include: bench press, leg extension, vertical jump, depth jump and medicine ball throwing. Physical and performance variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the training period. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) with Descriptive Statistics, Wilcoxon and Mann- Whitney U tests. After 8 weeks of
training, in the experimental group, strength, muscular power, swimming performance and propulsive force in front crawl swimming significantly increased (p <0.05). In the control group, strength bench press and propulsive force in front crawl swimming significantly increased (p <0.05). Significant differences in strength, muscular power and swimming performance in 25 m front crawl between experimental and control groups were also observed (p <0.05). A combined strength and plyometric training allow strength and muscular power developments in young male swimmers. Although swimming performance improvement in 25 m front crawl due to strength training was noticeable but these current results do not clarify that these training programs can enhance swimming performance and propulsive force.

Assessment of clinical skills acquired by students is an important issue in nursing education. Self-evaluation is a useful tool to determine eligibility for professional development, and will lead to the elimination of defects. This study aimed to determine the senior year nursing student's viewpoints regarding access to clinical nursing skills of medical and surgical units at Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.
In this cross-sectional study, 70 senior year nursing students were selected using census sampling method at Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tools were questionnaire including demographic information and 190 scaled questions about clinical nursing skills of medical and surgical units in different areas. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (version 20) software eighth and descriptive statistics and multiple regressions.
The total average score was 360.05 ± 75.35 over 570 reported good level of skills. Furthermore, 11.4% of students reported excellent level of skills, 75.7% good level, and 12.9% medium level. The results of this study showed that there was no significant relationship in access to clinical nursing skills and gender, marital status, interest in nursing and place of residence (P > 0.05).
Although students reported their clinical skills at good and excellent level in most cases, there were a few cases that reported weak level of skills. Policies for promoting greater use of educational and clinical environments and preparing the opportunity to practice the required skills are suggested.

Child hospitalization is one of the sources of anxiety for both the child and his/her parents. Among the strategies for reducing anxiety, non-pharmacological strategies are as important as pharmacological. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of educative story-books and face-to-face education on anxiety of hospitalized children and their mothers.
The research project had a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test. The subjects consisted of 81 hospitalized children, aged six to nine years old and mothers in Sabzevar, who were not selected randomly by method. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, Scale of Facial Self-Reported Anxiety and the State Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20) and Descriptive Statistics, Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-Square, Paired Sample T Test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Honestly Significant Difference (HSD).
After the intervention, the results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in anxiety of children, between the educative story-book group and routine group (P-value = 0.006). However, the differences between the educative story-book with face-to-face education groups and face-to-face education with routine groups were not significant (P-value > 0.05). There were significant differences in anxiety of mothers between the educative story-book with routine groups (P-value The results demonstrated that educative story-books and face-to-face education could reduce the mothers’ anxiety. It can be recommended as a popular, practical and efficient tool to prepare children for hospitalization.

There is an important problem for children to use resistance training to help them for achieve peak performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of strength and plyometric training in physical power of prepubertal children. The subjects of this research were 20 prepubertal boys with mean age, height and weight of 11.36±0.85 y, 148.38±7.45 cm and 42.05±7.51 kg. The experimental group trained 2 days per week for 8 weeks of strength and plyometric training. The strength and plyometric exercises included bench press, leg extension, vertical jump, depth jump and medicine ball throwing. Physical and performance variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the training period. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and Mann- Whitney U tests. After 8 weeks of training significant differences in strength, vertical jump performance, vertical jump power, medicine ball throwing performance between both experimental and control groups were observed (p <0.05). Resistance training is not only a relatively safe activity for children but that it also is useful to increase muscular strength and power.

Violence is considered as an issue of great concern to everyone and in every environment. Despite to the fact that violence occurs in every organization، its likelihood in health service provider organizations is higher. The present study was performed with the intention of investigating «the verbal and physical violence against nurses in hospitals in Sabzevar». The present study was a descriptive cross - sectional one and the population under study was 87 nurses from Sabzevar hospitals. The used questionnaire was a self-reporting one consisting of 26 questions in three parts such as demographic information، facing verbal and physical violence، and other questions related to the perpetrator and its report. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) and Descriptive Statistics، ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis. The results showed that the 73. 56 per cent of nurses were verbally attacked by the patients and 28. 73 per cent of them experienced physical confrontation with the patients and their companions. There is a significant relationship between age and sex of nurses and experiencing verbal and physical violence، as well as career history and facing verbal violence (p<0. 05). Since lots of verbally attacked were suggested، more attention must be paid to this issue and the necessary steps must be taken in this regard.