کاظم رسول زاده طباطبائی

parenting practices in the family are closely related to children's mental health and their overall satisfaction with life, so the purpose of this research was to Pathology of some parenting practices from the point of view of mental health experts and Iranian parents.

The present study was qualitative content analysis and latent analysis method in the year 2023. The target population consisted of 7 psychologists and 6 religious experts and 8 Iranian parents, who were semi-structured interview by purposeful sampling until reaching saturation.

The analysis of the findings led to the discovery of 6 main categories and 12 sub-floors. The main classes includes of factors such as; tool parenting style, apprehension and anxiety, neglect, inflexibility and strictness, false expectation and rejection.

The results indicate that inappropriate parenting practices can lead to the formation of irreparable injuries in children and negative impact on their personal and social life. Therefore, child experts, family experts and parents are advised to pay special attention to this issue

  Since psychological texts in recent decades have witnessed the expansion of meta-diagnostic approaches in examining psychopathology, so the aim of the present study was The effectiveness of transdiagnostic intervention package based on emotion regulation according to Iranian culture on reducing insomnia Intensity.

The present study single-subject (single-case) design was used. Participants in this stage included people with insomnia disorder in Kermanshah in 2021, three of them were selected by purposive sampling method. For this purpose, in the baseline stage and before any intervention, the questionnaire insomnia Intensity was performed Two times per week on three participants separately, then presented the meta-diagnostic intervention based on emotion regulation in one session per week and each session 60 Minutes. At the end of the third, sixth and eighth sessions, the mentioned questionnaire was presented to each of the 3 participants and finally, completed by the participants in a 1-month and 2-month follow-up. The findings of this section were analyzed using visual analysis, recovery percentage and other related indicators.

The results showed that the symptoms of insomnia Intensity. in each of the three participants, following the sessions of meta-diagnostic protocol based on emotion regulation in the intervention phase and even follow-up period (Relative to the position of the baseline) a decreasing trend, which is evidence of the effectiveness of the intervention.

The implementation of the transdiagnostic intervention package based on emotion regulation appropriate to Iranian culture led to the reduction of insomnia Intensity, therefore, due to the transdiagnostic nature of the intervention, it is suggested to mental health professionals that the results of the present package in It can be used to help with other psychological disorders.

 Religion and religious beliefs play an important role in human life in many societies, Therefore, the present study aimed to qualitatively analyze the opinion of Iranian experts about the role of spiritual and doctrinal beliefs affecting emotion regulation.

 The present study had a qualitative design and was conducted by content analysis. The participants were specialists and experts working in the field of emotion regulation in Iran and were selected through purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 experts until the saturation point was reached. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

 After conducting the interviews, similar and duplicate codes were removed and matched. The results of data analysis yielded three main categories with six sub-themes. The main categories included religious and spiritual attitudes, taught spiritual/religious emotion regulation, and differentiating beliefs from superstitions.

 The results showed that spiritual and doctrinal beliefs played a significant role in the way individuals regulated their emotions. Therefore, counselors and mental health therapists are recommended to pay attention to this important issue while interacting with the clients during treatment sessions.

Since the concept of mental health is very much related to culture and is affected by it, also Cultural practices and beliefs may influence coping with psychological distress and sometimes assist to cope with mental disorder. On the other hand these cultural factors can be the source of distress and conflict and underlie the mental disorders, therefore the present study done aims to the role of historical and cultural context affecting of emotion regulation in Iranian society. The present study was Inductive qualitative content analysis and latent analysis method. Target community includes specialists and experts emotion regulation in Iran was by purposeful sampling to saturation with 11 experts, a semi-structured interview was conducted. qualitative analysis of the findings leads to the extraction of three main categories such as: a) Ethnicities and the role of language (subcultures), B) The role of myths and stories, J) Intergenerational differences, as well as six sub-floors. The results showed that components related to historical and cultural contexts such as ethnicity, Myths and stories also, intergenerational differences affect the people emotion regulation.

Illness Anxiety (IA) is a common, debilitating, and costly disorder. Various treatments aiming at decreasing IA have been subjected to scientific studies in the Western societies. However, due to possible impact of cultural factors, the present review and meta-analysis tested the effectiveness of common treatments for IA disorder in Iran. Dissertations and articles published in Persian and English languages in Iranian samples published by March 2022 were searched in Noormags, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Pubmed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases. Next, 12 articles and 2 dissertations were selected for review. Of these, 12 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. Comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA) was used to calculated the meta-analysis. Data from 14 selected studies for systematic review showed that various types of psychotherapy were effective for people with illness anxiety. The commonly used interventions were cognitive-behavioral therapies, schema therapy, logotherapy, reminiscence, acceptance and commitment therapy and education. The results of the meta-analysis showed a large effect size (0.94). The effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and neuro/cognitive interventions were not examined in any of the articles. The results support the effectiveness of a limited number of existing interventions in reducing illness anxiety. The most effective treatments based on meta-analysis results were schema therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapies. According to the findings of the present study, the use of these two therapies as the first line of treatment in people with illness anxiety were recommended. However, due to the prevalence, high individual and social costs of this disorder, and the scarcity of published studies on the treatment of illness anxiety disorder in Iran, more research is needed, especially with a focus on neuro/cognitive interventions.

Culture plays an important role in psychological health via shaping social norms, values and beliefs. Hence, the purpose of this study was to design and assess the feasibility of a transdiagnostic protocol based on emotion regulation in Islamic-Iranian Culture.

The current research is a qualitative study that uses the content analysis method. Via semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of emotion regulation, the cultural components of emotion regulation were extracted. Subsequently, content validity ratio coefficient (CVR) (CVI) was evaluated by ten psychologists with at least five years of experience in emotion regulation therapy. In the next step, the contents of the therapy sessions package was adjusted based on the obtained components in eight weekly sessions.

Finally, the framework of the designed protocol was sent to six experts with at least 15 years of clinical experience in the field of psychology. Due to the meta-diagnostic nature of the study, this stage was necessary to investigate the application of the protocol in terms of: acceptability and appropriateness, utility and demand, integration, compatibility, resources and applicability, and generalizability. . The results indicated a high average for the mentioned dimensions.

It can be concluded that the possibility of implementing the present protocol is necessary. Therefore, it is suggested that cultural guardians of health promotion in the country pay special attention to the results of such researches.

Emotion regulation refers to strategies that are used to reduce, increase or maintain emotional experiences, Considering that accurate knowledge of emotions and their correct assessment can play an important role in reducing people's emotional problems, therefore, the purpose of this research was to qualitatively analyze the opinion of experts about the role of knowledge and cognitive evaluation effective on emotion regulation.

The present study was Inductive qualitative content analysis and latent analysis method. The participants were specialists and experts working on the field of emotion regulation in Iran and were selected through purposeful sampling. After reaching the saturation point with 11 experts, semi-structured interviews were conducted.

Qualitative analysis of the findings led to two main categories: a) knowledge and acceptance of emotions and b) inadequate emotional education and four subcategories. Subclasses include such as; Emotional assessment and acceptance, incomplete emotional knowledge, lack of accurate emotional education programs, and deficiencies in existing training.

The results of the findings indicate that the more people know about their emotions and accept that emotions are part of them, the more easily the regulation and management of emotions happens and vice versa. The lack of evaluation and lack of emotional education leads the person towards inappropriate strategies of emotional regulation in emotional situations. Therefore, clinical therapists are advised to pay special attention to this issue in relation to clients.

Since the family as a social institution plays an important role in reducing or increasing the psychological problems of individuals; therefore, the present study was done with the aim of  qualitative analysis of family factors affecting emotion regulation in Iranian society.

A qualitative study through inductive content analysis and analysis of latent content was performed. The statistical population included specialists and experts in the field of emotion regulation in Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposive sampling method with saturation of 11 specialists.

The analysis of findings led to two main categories of efficient communication processes in the family and dysfunctional communication processes in the family. The results were also divided into six subcategories, including effective family relationships, parenting styles emotion regulation, safe emotional atmosphere andsupport in the family, inappropriate relationships within the family, parenting styles emotion dysregulation and insecurity, and lack of support in the family.

The results showed that both efficient communication processes and dysfunctional communication processes in the family they can affect the way people regulate their emotion in two different ways. Therefore, family counselors and therapists are advised to pay special attention to this issue.

Since individuals with  hyperactivity disorder and hyperactivity are more likely to perform some unhealthy behaviors than normal people, this study Done aimed to Comparison of the effectiveness of Gross Model emotion regulation with cognitive rehabilitation on reducing unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes in adolescents students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

The research design was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The study population consisted of adolescents students 14 to 18 years old diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by Kermanshah education counseling experts. That 36 people were selected by avablity sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups: Gross emotion regulation therapy, cognitive rehabilitation therapy and control group. One experimental group received emotion regulation therapy for 8 sessions (90 minute session a week) and the other node received 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation therapy (60 minute two sessions a week) and the control group not received treatment. Williamson Eating Scale was used to measure the level of unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes in two pre-test and post-test stages. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS-23 using one way ANOVA and LSD test.

The results showed that both posttest treatments Compared to the control group had a significant effect on decreasing unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes in adolescents students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (P <0.001). Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the efficacy of the two treatments.

These findings indicate the effectiveness of Gross Emotion Regulation Therapy and Cognitive Rehabilitation on the reduction of unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes in adolescents students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. These findings, while

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of body psychotherapy on the practical intelligence capabilities of elementary students. In this regard, pre-test and post-test design with control group was used and this was a quasi-experimental study. The population of the study consisted of four elementary public school students of (two for males and two for females) in District Six of Mashhad who were studying during 2018-2019 academic year. Using availability sampling, 42 elementary students were randomly assigned to two groups: 10 boys and 10 girls in the control group, 12 boys and 10 girls in the experimental group who received body psychotherapy. Body psychotherapy was provided to the experimental group in 36 sessions of 60 minutes for 3 months and during this period the control group was put on the waiting list. The measuring tool used in this study was Goodenough Intelligence Test. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. By applying two-group covariance analysis test to compare post-test differences between the two groups, with pre-test control, the results showed that body psychotherapy had a significant effect on increasing the practical intelligence capabilities of elementary students (p

This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting self-esteem of Iranian children. To achieve this goal, two sample groups were used, which included child psychologists and parents. The two groups were interviewed in a semi-structured interview and, after writing these interviews, open codes, classes and themes were extracted using qualitative content analysis method. Finally, in order to measure the Data strength, their content validity was calculated by Delphi method and CVR rate was obtained for each class. The results showed that the factors affecting children's self-esteem fall into three themes: Self-inheritance, relationship inheritance and system inheritance. Self-inheritance refers to personality and temperament factors, relationship means the dimensions of the child's parental relationship, and the system refers to environmental factors that include the child's system. All classes of these three themes, except for the class of accompanying disorders, in the theme of self-inheritance, were able to obtain at least the Minimum content validity. Understanding the factors affecting childs self-esteem can enable more effective intervention on this transdiagnostic structure and improve children's mental health.

One of the most common concerns of patients who suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS) is to delay the beginning of the secondary progressive phase. Psychological factors play a role in the exacerbation or recurrence of symptoms of the disease. The current study aimed to explore the psychological antecedent factors of the transition to secondary progressive MS.

In this qualitative study, 13 participants who were suffering from secondary progressive MS selected by the convenience sampling method in Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran. The current study was conducted based on a thematic analysis approach. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview.

The main theme, "Fundamental Mechanisms", which were included two sub-themes, "Core Beliefs" and "Personality Traits" and 10 concepts. Fundamental mechanisms are an abstract concept and this theme can bring the categories together to explain the whole results. Core beliefs sub-theme was included believe in being worthless and unlovable, believe in chance and fate, believe in a dangerous world, believe in being helpless, and self-sacrifice schema. Besides, the personality traits sub-theme was included self-devaluation, dependent personality, narcissistic personality, impulsivity, and intolerance of ambiguity.

Outcomes revealed antecedent factors of the transition to secondary progressive MS is based on core beliefs. Furthermore, personality traits are complex, inclusive, and multi-dimensional factors.

Experience of complex trauma in childhood can lead to significant psychological effects in adulthood. One of such most important effects is maladaptive sense of self. The purpose of this study was to provide a deep understanding regarding the quality of sense of self in Iranian adult clients with a history of complex trauma. The research method employed was interpretive phenomenology, which is a qualitative method. For this purpose, using purposeful sampling, 12 clients (8 females and 4 males), with a history of complex trauma (emotional and physical neglect, and emotional, physical and sexual abuse) who referred to two psychological clinics in Tehran, were selected. In-depth interviews were held to collect data. The interview sessions were recorded and transcribed verbatim and were analyzed using the seven-stage method of Colaizzi. The two main themes extracted were the central sense of self and coping strategies. The central sense of self included two main categories of maladaptive shame and maladaptive fear. The coping strategies included three main categories of avoidance, feeling angry with oneself, and compensatory behaviors. In the end, the findings were discussed.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of loving in relationship between personality characteristics and marital satisfaction among married individuals in Mashhad. This study was a descriptive-correlational study. In this study, 344 married individuals in Mashhad, were selected through available sampling and they completed Love Attitude Scale (LAS), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (FFI) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Pearson’s correlation, stepwise regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the data through SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that there were significant correlations between personality characteristics and, eros, ludos, Storge, Pragma and Agape loving styles with marital satisfaction (p<0/01). Regression analysis also showed that eros style, neuroticism, Pragma style, ludos styles, agreeableness and extraversion predicted 34 percent variances of marital satisfaction. Results also revealed the mediating effect of eros, Pragma and ludos love styles on the relationship between neuroticism and extraversion with marital satisfaction (p<0/05). According to the findings, marital satisfaction is influenced by loving styles and personality characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of body psychotherapy on improving working memory and inhibition level among elementary students.
      The statistical population of this clinical trial consisted all elementary school students aged 7-12 years in Mashhad in 2018-19 academic year. Number of 44 students from 4 governmental schools (two boy-specific and two girl-specific schools) were selected by voluntary and purposeful sampling method and were randomized into two groups (12 boys and 10 girls in experimental group, 11 boys and 11 girls in control group). The experimental group received thirty-six 60-min sessions for 3 months during which the control group was placed on the waiting list. The measuring tools used in this study were computerized tests of working memory (N-back) and Go no Go test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and independent t-test.
     The results showed that students in the experimental group had better performance in than control group in the components of the number of correct and incorrect answers, the number of presentation and inhibition errors, in the working memory and Go no Go tests (P= 0.005).  However, the mean time component in the Go no Go test was not significant
 (P= 0.17).
     These findings suggest that body psychotherapy can be an effective way to improve working memory ability and retention level among elementary students.

Substance dependence is a reversible brain disorder. Research studies indicated that >75% of individuals with drug use disorders experienced a relapse within one year after treatment. Relapse prevention is a strategy to reduce the odds and severity of relapse after stopping or reducing harmful behaviors. Concerning the etiology of substance abuse relapse, special attention has recently been paid to cognitive causes. Considering the essential role of cognition in substance abuse relapse, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the risk of substance abuse relapse.

The present descriptive–correlational study used multiple regression analysis methods. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with substance dependence aged 20 to 45 years in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2018–2019. To select the study sample, of the total 3555 clients of substance dependence treatment camps and clinics, 689 individuals who were diagnosed with a drug use disorder and had an experience of >6 months past relapse since their abstinence were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Young Schema Questionnaire (1998) and Identifying People in Risk of Addiction (I.P.R.A) Questionnaire (Anisi, 2012) were employed for data collection. The correlation coefficients for the subscales of early maladaptive schemas were obtained to fall in the range of 60% to 85% for test reliability. Furthermore, its content validity was reported to be 0.42 using the test–retest method. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of 0.97 was reported for the I.P.R.A questionnaire. This instrument also presented desirable validity and reliability. A written informed consent form was received from all study participants. Besides, they were informed that participation in the present research project is voluntary. Their identity and all the information obtained from them remained confidential by the researcher. The ethical principles of the American Psychiatric Association were also observed at all study stages. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, as well as multiple correlations and regression tests in SPSS. In addition, p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

The Pearson’s correlation coefficient data suggested a significant correlation between the risk of substance abuse relapse (p<0.001) and all of the early maladaptive schemas, including failure (0.685), defectiveness/shame (0.627), emotional deprivation (0.569), insufficient self–control/self–discipline (0.771), vulnerability to harm or illness (0.548), entitlement/grandiosity (0.470), enmeshment/undeveloped self (0.522), mistrust (0.579), emotional deprivation (0.491), social isolation/alienation (0.679), self–sacrifice (0.330), abandonment/instability (0.487), subjugation (0.649), unrelenting standards/hyper criticalness (0.662), and dependency/incompetence (0.474). Accordingly, the variables of the early maladaptive schemas could all together predict 72% of the variance in the risk of substance abuse relapse. The concurrent regression analysis results indicated that the subscales of failure, insufficient self–control/self–discipline, emotional deprivation, subjugation, dependency/incompetence, and dependence/incompetence could predict the risk of substance abuse relapse (p<0.001).

Considering the association between early maladaptive schemas and the risk of substance abuse relapse, addiction experts could use these findings in preventing relapse and substance dependence treatment. Coping with early maladaptive schemas in childhood and adolescence before leading to substance abuse and other problems may reduce the subsequent need for the treatment of drug and alcohol use.

Instrument: One of the most important basis of a teenagers’ life is identity because adolescence is a difficult route which starts at the end of childhood and birth of adulthood; A transitional phase with fundamental changes in cognition, social relationships and psychic space of an individual and as a whole in ones’ self. Identity formation, is not a simple process with several factors influencing it. One of the aspects of adolescence development is attachment and integrative self-regulation.

The results revealed significant differences in score of integrative self-knowledge, commitment, social incompetence, ego centric and insecure attachment among experience and control group.

In addition to contributing to theoretical knowledge about adolescence and factors the influence identity formation, our findings show educational or treatment packages help to improve successful identities in Iranian youths.

Adoption of a child is a complex social construct that is often challenging and does not always result in immediate happiness. Children who are adopted, particularly those with a history of adversity prior to adoption, are at the risk of developing problems in behavioral and emotional self-regulation, attention deficits, or inhibitory control; as well as problems due to attachment security have been specially observed among the children adopted in older ages. If adoptive parents are unaware of adopted children’s problems and unprepared to deal with these issues, they may become emotionally and psychologically incapacitated, so they may not be able to provide adequate care giving. Understanding the challenges faced by the adoptive families can empower them in finding solutions to help the child in bonding within the new family unit. Considering recent increase in child adoption prevalence as a family completing manner in Iran; few comprehensive studies have been done to verify adopted children’s behavioral or physical problems. Therefore, the present study aims to clarify challenges which adoptive families experience in this area.

To achieve the objectives of this study, a qualitative research was performed according to grounded theory approach. Thirty adoptive parents participated in this study. First, samples were selected through purposive sampling, then by theoretical sampling to achieve saturation. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s (2018) approach. In this approach, constant comparative method was used for data collection and analysis. It consists of four stages: analyzing data for concepts, analyzing data for context, bringing process into the analysis, and integrating categories. The validity of findings was ensured through member assessment, data mining, deep description, and prolonged exposure to the research environment.

Six main categories emerged from the data analysis: “adoption threatening factors” represented phenomenon, “child’s physical and behavioral issues” appeared causal conditions, “child and environment potencies” appeared as a protective intervening factor, whereas “child’s preadoption adversities” and “influences of children with special needs” demonstrated threatening intervening conditions and “parenting strategies” displayed measures taken by adoptive parents in order to manage their adopted children. The category of “adoption satisfaction” was the consequence of applying these strategies. These results have reflected in following diagram:

Analyzing participants’ interviews revealed that most of the adopted children in the current study had been exposed to adverse circumstances during early childhood. Child’s preadoption adversities such as experiencing abuse or being neglected by their birth parents and early depriving institutional rearing was found to have a lasting impact on child’s physical and psychological health; in other words, internalizing or externalizing problems, attachment or adjustment problems such as emotion regulation problems, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attachment problems, specifically reactive attachment disorders (RAD) were the highly reported problems among the adopted children. Some adopted children having troubles in regulating their negative emotions acted out their grief in spurts of crying spells, tantrums, or violent or self-destructive behavior that made the adoptive parent feel shocked, helpless, and overwhelmed. Some prenatal predispositions such as prenatal exposure to drugs, unwanted pregnancy, and experiencing stressful environment by birth mother increase the tératogenèse likelihood of premature birth in adopted children. Therefore, the brain impairment or physical deficiencies were likely to occur. Some of these problems had not been diagnosed in institutions prior to adoption. Almost 40% of adoptive parents who participated in this study reported that their adopted children had at least one considerable medical problem that had not been diagnosed before adoption, or at least adoptive parent did not inform about disease. Moreover, among the adopted children, both the inhibited and disinhibited forms of RAD were reported. Some adoptive parent reported that their adopted children exhibited aversion from being hugged and preferred to sleep in their own bed; some other children were found to be friendly with strangers and were willing to go home with strangers, seek physical contact from or proximity to strangers. Most of the children in this study had cognitive and social skills deficiencies due to early neglect and privation background. In some cases adopted children had considerable language delays in time of adoption. In other words, at the time of adoption, adopted children demonstrated delays in all developmental domains, including gross and fine motor abilities, language, cognition, and social–emotional development. Adoptive parents who had children with special needs withstand more troubles and restrictions, and they were likely to spend more time and money to take their adopted children for severe treatments. Children’s behavioral problems or their incapability made the adoptive parents restrict their social relationships; therefore they got deprived of many positive affection reinforce circumstances. Even adoptive parents marital intimacy was likely to be affected. However, when children entered a more intimate, enriched, and stimulating environment and gain friendly and responsive care from their adoptive parents, many of them exhibited developmental improvement.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders so choosing an appropriate therapy is very important. Regarding to the role of spirituality in depression and its therapeutic methods, this research attempts to compare the role of the level of Psycho-spiritual development of individuals in the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. For this purpose, among the students of Tarbiat Modares University, 8 subjects with basic depression were selected using available sampling method, and then based on their scores in Psycho-Spiritual Scale (Janbozorgi, 1391), they were divided into two groups of 4 with high Psycho-spiritual development and 4 with low Psycho-spiritual development. Then subjects of each level of Psycho-spiritual development were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (acceptance and commitment therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy). Depression scores of patients before, during and after treatment, as well as follow up, were compared with the percentage of recovery and the effect size. The results showed that both treatments, acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy, were effective on decreasing depression, but acceptance and commitment therapy was more effective in decreasing the depression of individuals with low Psycho-spiritual development, and cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective in Reducing people's depression with higher levels of Psycho-spiritual development. Therefore, it seems that paying attention to the level of Psycho-spiritual development of clients in choosing a therapeutic approach is of great importance.

Background and Purpose</strong>:</span> Mothers are the most important factors in the prognosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in pre-school children. Detecting mothers’ experiences in daily life increases the potential of improving the effects of interventions on the child and enhancing the parents' level of well being. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore Iranian mothers’ experiences in raising preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.</span>
Method</strong>: </span>This research was executed in the qualitative method of phenomenological approach throughout a period of four months in 2016. The statistical population consisted of mothers who had preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who referred to Ebne-Sina Psychiatric Clinic in Mashhad. Through convenient sampling which continued until saturation, 15 mothers were selected and participated in an unstructured in-depth interview. The interviews were analyzed with Colaizzi’s method.</span>
Results</strong>:</span> Mothers’ experience was categorized into three main domains. “Inadequacy of knowledge” consisted of mothers’ unfamiliarity with the diagnosis, and the inaccessibility of scientific resources and applied knowledge. The “difficulties of treatment” displayed their experience to manage the disorder focused on the limitations of treatment systems and the challenges of pharmacotherapy. “Interaction problems in social network” signified the tension, conflict, guilt and shame, and loneliness and isolation brought on by child’s disorder.</span>
Conclusion</strong>: </span>Raising children with ADHD is a difficult experience which requires mothers’ professional support throughout the early years of the disorder’s development. Therefore, all of the findings of the present study are potential treatment goals in increasing mothers’ well-being and they can be used to improve existing interventions and design new ones.</span></div>

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders in children, but so far little attention has been paid to the fathers of these children and what they experience. This study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of life experiences of Iranian fathers with ADHD preschoolers.
A qualitative design using phenomenological approach was chosen as the research method. It consisted of 9 fathers with 4-6 years old children suffering from ADHA, who were recruited through purposive sampling until saturation was reached. Information was collected through in-depth interview. Colaizzi method was used to analyze the interviews.
The essential structure of father's experiences was "constant exposure to daily challenges", which included the following main categories: ups and downs of effective behavior management, dissatisfaction with mental health services, and undesirable interactions.
Increased awareness about life experiences of fathers of ADHD preschoolers helps in orienting functions and providing support.

Depression is a very prevalent and recurrent disorder that is associated with a high mortality rate. Today there is an ever-increasing rise in religious spiritual interventions in the context of many mental disorders including depression. According to the high capacity of the Islam religion for harmonization and meaning in the framework of human personality, the purpose of the current study was to identify the factors that contribute to reducing depression symptoms from the point of view of Islam.
The present study utilized a conventional qualitative content analysis. The content of the research was collected through electronic search of selected databases and a three-member working group of experts. Review of the literatures, selecting the meaning units, extraction of the condensed units, subcategories, categories, and ultimately identifying and nominating the main themes are the common steps in the method. The study applied rigor from approaches of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, as well as the experiences of 10 expert panelists. Finalizing the main themes was continued until agreement was reached among all members of panel.
The coding process showed that factors effective in reducing depression symptoms can be categorized into eight-main themes including: (1) monotheistic feedback; (2) getting Contractual independence and valuability (value); (3) strengthened support; (4) emotional regulation; (5) propensity regulation; (6) meaningfulness to the unpleasant and pleasant; (7) action regulation; and (8) purposefulness regulation. The agreement among the members of panel for the eight mentioned themes showed that the average ratio and index of content validity were 0.92 and 0.96, and all the themes had the minimum acceptable value.
On one side, 8 resulting themes from the present study can be emphasized at the different levels of prevention by cultural, religious, and health planner's activities and on the other side, used by other researchers to design a therapy package based on religious and spiritual factors.

Appetitive motivation is the drive to eat to obtain pleasure in the absence of . The present study aimed to compare women and men with high and low appetitive motivation in terms of inhibition to food cues. Utilizing a causal-comparative design, fifty-nine healthy and normal weight students with high and low scores in the Power of Food Scale (PFS), who were selected from 1300 students, performed a go/no-go task of food and non-food related pic- tures to measure inhibition. Factorial ANOVA showed that women with high appetitive motivation had higher commission errors in exposure to food pictures than non-food pictures. Decreased inhibition in women with high appetitive motivation could be the result of food cues that overstimulate appetitive motivation.

In recent decades, cognitive-behavioral programs for reducing weight have had remarkable success. Generally, in these programs, many components are involved which lengthen the duration of therapy, and also it is not clear which one of the components is more practical for individuals. The present research attempted to answer the question regarding which components of cognitive-behavioral therapy were more practical in peoples’ everyday life for keeping the lost weight or losing weight.
This was a qualitative study based on directed content analysis. A purposeful sampling procedure was used which aimed at women who had undergone cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight loss, and who were able to keep their weight loss or had lost more weight at least 6 months after therapy. The semi-structured interviewing by cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist specialized in weight loss was ended with 18 people of these participants. Primary coding was done deductively based on Cooper and colleagues’ program for cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight loss. In addition, final components were approved by a matched group of women not in the sample, and by cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist specialized in weight loss.
From 35 primary components which were extracted deductively from the cognitive-behavioral protocol, only 17 components were approved by individual women who had undergone cognitive-behavioral therapy; such that the majority of these women reported using most of these 17 components in their everyday lives, or evaluated them as highly important and practical for losing weight during therapy.
The findings indicate that among many components involved in cognitive-behavioral therapy, only part of them are executed and practical, and that the rest of methods or components are forgotten or are not used. Therefore, it seems possible to focus cognitive-behavioral therapy on most practical components.

According to resilience model of stress, adjustment and adaptation, there are four main domains in life in which stress enters; therefore, keeping balance and harmony in these fields is essential for adaptation. Wellbeing is one of these fields. Although many researches have investigated the effective variables on individual wellbeing, the findings of the current research show that some variables at the family level can influence individual wellbeing. Communication pattern of the family along with problem solving and family hardiness are variables which are investigated as effective factors on family members’ wellbeing. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate the question: is family hardiness has a mediation role regarding communication pattern in line with family’s wellbeing and problem solving?

This is a correlation method. The statistical sample included B.A students of Tehran’s public universities. 389 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and evaluated in term of family’s communication pattern in line with family’s wellbeing and problem solving. Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis.

Results showed that family’s hardiness has a mediation role in relationship between family’s communication pattern in line with problem solving and family’s wellbeing.

Thus supportive communication pattern which is the positive and effective pattern of the family regarding problem solving is one of the features of the hardiness of the family which finally increase the experienced wellbeing level of the family members.