کاظم طالشی

In order to investigate the biochemical respnces and performance of two vetch cultivars to tillage and salicylic acid in dry conditions, two vetch cultivars of Maragheh and Gachsaran were sprayed at four levels of salicylic acid 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM, were investigated as a split plot in the form of randomized complete block design with four replications in three environments including conventional tillage (ploughing with reversible plow and disc), low tillage (protection plowing with chisel packer) and no tillage. The results showed that the highest amount of proline in shoot was without significant difference from the low tillage method in Maragheh variety with the application of zero, 0.5 and 0.1 mM salicylic acid (5.8 mg/g fresh weight), and the lowest was obtained from conventional tillage method in Gachsaran cultivar with application of 0.5 and 0.1 mM salicylic acid (3.4 mg/g fresh weight). The highest amount of shoot peroxidase from the low tillage method in Maragheh and Gachsaran cultivars (without significant difference, 152 and 151 micrograms of protein per minute, respectively) and the lowest was obtained from the conventional tillage method in Maragheh cultivar without the use of salicylic acid (133 micrograms of protein per minute). The highest amount of raw seed protein from conventional tillage method in Maragheh variety with application of zero and 0.1 mM salicylic acid (29.2%) and the lowest amount was achieved from low tillage method in Gachsaran variety without application of salicylic acid (25.7%). The trend of changes in seed yield and shoot proline under the influence of salicylic acid showed that by increasing salicylic acid application up to 1.5 mM, these two traits increased by 10.5% and decreased by 12.3% compared to the control treatment. In total, the results showed that the reactions of biochemical traits to tillage, salicylic acid and variety were different, but the method of low tillage in Maragheh cultivar with foliar spraying of 1.5 mM salicylic acid by creating favorable conditions for growth caused a decrease in proline content and increased grain yield.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of biochar and biological fertilizer (Arbuscular mycorrhizal and Azospirillum lipoferum) on agricultural properties and quality of chamomile essential oil, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three repetitions was conducted in Beiranshahr region of Khorramabad city in 2019-2020 cropping year. The factors included: application of biochar at three levels (0, 10 and 20 tons per hectare) and inoculation of biological fertilizers at four levels (without inoculation (control), inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza, inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum and double inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza and Azospirillum lipoferum). The results showed that the interaction effect of biochar and biological fertilizers on the number of branches per plant, flower diameter, number of flowers per plant, biomass yield, economic yield (fresh flower), carotenoid content and essential oil yield at the probability level of one percent and on plant height and essential oil percent it was significant at the five percent probability level. Combined use of biochar and biofertilizers in the treatment of using 20 ton.ha-1 of biochar and double inoculation of mycorrhizae and Azospirillum lipoferum compared to other fertilizer treatments, has the highest values of biological yield (174.3 g plant-1), economic yield (3 56.5 g plant-1), essential oil percentage (0.440 %), and essential oil yield (24.6 g plant-1). Also, the use of 20 ton ha-1 of biochar showed more total flavonoids (0.43%), and carotenoids (1.56 mg/g) than other treatments. The highest percentage of camazolin (0.09%) was observed in the double inoculation treatment of mycorrhiza and Azospirillum lipoferum. The results showed that the use of biochar as an organic fertilizer of natural origin along with the inoculation of biological fertilizers increases the quality and quantity of chamomile medicinal plant products in the field and also maintains the balance of the environment.

In today's world, the reduction of soil fertility is the main biophysical limitation to improve yield of crops production and thus it is considered as a potential threat to achieve food security. In order to investigate the efficiency of agrarian inputs in different cropping systems for the sustainable production of red bean, this experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 at the experimental field of beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, in the west of Iran. Five cropping systems with different levels of input use included Ecological, integrated, low input, medium input and high input and four red bean cultivars included Ofogh, Dadfar, Goli and Yaghot. The results showed that the highest average of Relative growth rate (RGR) in Yaghot variety in high input cropping system; The highest average of net assimilation rate (NAR) in Dadfar variety in high input cropping system; The highest average of leaf area index (LAI) in Dadfar variety in the integrated cropping system; The highest average of crop growth rate (CGR) observed in Dadfar variety in the integrated cropping system and the highest average of Total dry matter accumulation (TDM) was observed in the Yaghot variety in the integrated cropping system. The highest seed yield observed in Yaghot cultivar in integrated cropping system (3092.4 kg/ha-1). seed yield in Yaqut cultivar increased by 31.01, 15.80 and 21.49 percent, respectively, compared to Ofogh, Dadfar and Goli cultivars in the integrated cropping system. Obtained results of this experiment showed that the integrated cropping system can bring the physiological growth indices and agricultural characteristics of red bean cultivars to the highest level compared to the ecological, low-input and medium-input cropping systems for Increase productivity and profitability in the farm.

The combined use of animal and chemical fertilizers and the use of zeolite in bean farming can have an effective role in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and helping to provide balanced nutrients. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating some biochemical responses and performance of two varieties of red bean with the combination of chemical fertilizer and zeolite.

A factorial experiment with three factors based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented in climatic conditions of Azna city in Lorestan province in the spring 2016 and 2017. Cultivar factor includes two cultivars Goli (creeping) and Akhtar (standing); nutritional systems operating at five levels including 100% manure fertilizer, 100% urea, 75% manure with 25% urea, 50% manure with 50% urea, and 25% manure with 75% of urea; and zeolite factor in four levels including non-use of zeolite and consumption of 3, 6 and 9 tons per hectare. Based on the soil test, 100 kg/ha of nitrogen from the source of urea fertilizer and 20 tons/ha of animal manure (rotted sheep manure) were used.

Meanwhile, the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates as well as peroxidase and catalase in shoot was observed from the consumption of manure. By increasing the consumption of zeolite, the plant height and the height of the first pod, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of one hundred seeds, and the yield of seeds, the harvest index and protein yield increased, but the amount of soluble carbohydrates, peroxidase and catalase of shoot decreased. In the levels of triple interaction of cultivar × fertilizer × zeolite, comparison of means showed that the maximum plant height and the height of the first pod from the ground, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of one hundred seedsو and the yield of seeds were obtained in both Goli (79.7 cm, 9.5 cm, 37.8 seeds, 38.4 grams and 2341 kg per hectare, respectively) and Akhtar (70.4 cm, 7.3 cm, 44.3 seeds, 52.4 grams and 2630 kg per hectare, respectively) cultivars from the 50:50 manure:urea treatment and six tons per hectare Zeolite. In Goli cultivar, The highest number of sub-stems (31.5 stems) and number of pods per plant (10.2 pods) from 75:25 manure:urea treatment and six tons per hectare of zeolite;The highest shoot catalase (OD 2.72 micrograms of protein per minute) was obtained from 0: 100 manure:urea treatment and no zeolite consumption; while in Akhtar cultivar, the highest maximum number of sub-stems (26.7 stems) from 100 manure treatment: chemical and nine tons per hectare of zeolite; and the highest shoot catalase (2.12 OD micrograms of protein per minute) from urea treatment and three tons per hectare of zeolite.The results showed that the highest plant height, the first pod height from the ground, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of one hundred seeds and the seed yield in both Goli (respectively 79.7 and 9.5 cm, 37.8 seeds, 38.4 grams and 2341 kg per hectare) and Akhtar (respectively 70.4 and 7.3 cm, 44.3 seeds, 52.4 grams and 2630 kg per hectare) was obtained from the treatment of 50:50 manure:urea and six tons per hectare of zeolite.

In total, the Akhtar cultivar is recommended with the use of 50:50 manure:urea and six tons per hectare of zeolite to achieve the maximum grain and protein yield.

The phenomenon of dust is one of the biggest serious environmental problems in arid and semi-arid regions. More than two thirds of Iran is located in this climate. This phenomenon can damage infrastructure and agricultural products and cause a lot of economic damage. Therefore, since the study area is in the western part of Iran and is highly exposed to dust. On the other hand, so far no comprehensive study has been conducted in this field in the region, so this research is a necessity. Scientific and practical objectives of the research include: Investigating the diversity of soils in the region and their relationship with landforms in the region, Investigating the temporal distribution of dust characteristics in the region, Investigating the soil characteristics of the study area and Hur al-Azim wetland in Khuzestan This is a phenomenon.

For this study, Kuhdasht basin with an area of 456 square kilometers located in western Iran and southwestern Lorestan province was considered. 12 glass traps with dimensions of one square meter were installed in the area to trap dust at a height of about 2.5 meters above the ground. And seasonal dust samples were prepared during 2015. Sampling was performed for origin from the surface soil of the region and Hur al-Azim wetland. To determine the concentration of heavy metals, the chemical digestion step was performed by the ETHOS 1 microwave device made in Italy. Then, to determine the concentration of elements, atomic absorption apparatus (Perkin Elmer Analyst, 3030) with detection limit of ppm and ppb and flame technique was used and for cadmium metal concentration through graphite furnace technique. Meanwhile, the region's flower was drawn by WRPLOT software, 7.0.0.

The highest rate of dust subsidence is in spring and the lowest in autumn. The average annual subsidence rate of the region is 11.51 tons per square kilometer per year. The textile class of silt sludge dust particles and the particle transfer index from areas with medium to high distances. The average concentration of heavy metals in dust is higher than the soil of the region. In general, the results showed that cadmium and zinc elements have very high pollution factor, nickel and lead have significant pollution and manganese and copper elements have low pollution. The elements cadmium, zinc and nickel, which have an enrichment factor of more than 10, are of human origin, but the element lead is of natural and human origin together, and the elements manganese and copper are of natural origin in the region. The similarity of minerals and the presence of evaporative minerals in fine dust reinforces the hypothesis that it is part of the origin of wetland and offshore particles. However, the study of chemical properties indicates the role of local resources in the generation of dust.

The main flow of dust in all seasons in the study area is from cross-border areas. The amount of dust is highest in spring and lowest in other seasons, which is lowest in autumn. The particle size distribution class is silty loam, which indicated the presence of resources at medium to relatively close distances to the area. The rate of subsidence in the region indicates the type of regional dust. The concentration of heavy metals in dust is high in winter and the element zinc has the highest amount. The level of pollution index of all elements indicates the spread of pollution in the region. Clay mineralogy showed that the presence of evaporative minerals strengthens the hypothesis of wetland origin and transboundary. In general, this study showed that the deserts of the mentioned neighboring countries and dust sources of Khuzestan province (located in the south of the region) are the main sources of dust in the region.

In order to investigate the effect of combined animal-chemical fertilizer and zeolite on the biochemical properties of two cultivars of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a factorial experiment with three factors in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented in climatic conditions of Azna city in Lorestan province in spring of 2016 and 2017. Cultivar factor included two cultivars Goli (creeping) and Akhtar (standing); Animal-chemical compound fertilizer agent in five levels including 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 Livestock:chemical ratio and zeolite agent in four levels including non-application of zeolite and consumption of 3, 6 and 9 tons zeolite per hectare. Livestock manure was obtained from rotten sheep manure and chemical fertilizer was obtained from urea. The results showed that with increasing zeolite consumption, shoot proline decreased but grain yield (2199 kg / ha) increased. In both Goli and Akhtar cultivars, the highest amount of shoot iron (375 and 403 mg / kg, respectively), grain iron (102 and 111 mg / kg, respectively) and grain yield (2341 and 2630, respectively) Kg / ha) from 50:50 animal treatment: chemical and six tons per hectare of zeolite was obtained, but the highest potassium content of shoots (1.40 and 1.39%, respectively) in flower cultivar from 0: 100 animal treatment: Chemical and non-use of zeolite; While in Akhtar cultivar, 0: 100 livestock: chemical and six tons per hectare of zeolite were obtained. In total, Akhtar cultivar with the application of 50:50 animal manure: chemical fertilizer and six tons per hectare of zeolite is recommended to achieve maximum grain yield and grain enrichment.

Field experiment in Poldokhtar city (Chemeshk village) in two cropping years 2018-19 and 2019-20 in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with 4 levels of the main super absorbent factor (control, 50, 75, and 100 kg/ha-1) and 6 levels of sub-factor of additive series intercropping (forage chickpea pure stand, Saral cultivar, 25×100 (chickpea×barley), 50×100, 75×100, 100×100 and pure barley (Abidar barley) was used with 125 kg of forage chickpea and 200 kg/ha-1 of barley based on pure cultivation. Each of the above values, were used based on the percentage, in order to examine their coexistence on quantitative (forage) and qualitative (protein) traits of two plants. The interaction of the three studied factors (year, superabsorbent, intercropping) showed that in proportion to the increase of absorbent factor and legume ratio, increased the total dry hay which was more in the second year than in the first. In the second year×100 kg superabsorbent×100×100 and 100×75, 18.91 and 18.79% increased chickpea forage protein, respectively. The percentage of barley protein in the composition of 100×100 in the first and second year was 6.54 and 7.1, respectively. With increasing consumption of superabsorbent and legume complementary component, decreased the amount of NDF in chickpea forage.The triple effect of year×super absorbent×intercropping had a similar pattern on fluctuations in barley forage quality (fiber percentage). Therefore, the application of agronomic management with crop diversity per unit area and moisture absorbing indicated the application of ecological principle in the exploitation of production resources.

On a global scale, the demand for agricultural products is increasing at the same time as the human population is growing. Low and middle income countries are struggling to deal with their food security challenges. from one side, Modern agriculture is being done with the aim of producing maximum crops to meet the needs of the world's growing population and without ensuring its effects on the environment. Conventional agricultural practices around the world depend on the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. nowadays, in all cropping systems, reducing dependence on subsidized energy (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) is one of the main goals. Therefore, it is very important to use the best management practices of nutrients in diverse ecosystems and different production systems to increase food production and improve farm profitability along with improving the efficiency of natural resources. Sustainable cropping systems ensure the long-term performance of the products produced for the developing population now and in the future without compromising the biological and physical components of the environment in which the production is taking place. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal is the use of organic fertilizers of natural origin and effective microorganisms during the production of crops. As a result, it will be possible to maintain crop productivity and increase soil health in the long term only by increasing the share of organic resources and biological fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems. In several field researches, the beneficial role and efficiency of using mycorrhizal and rhizobium biofertilizers and biochar and vermicompost organic fertilizers in the production of legumes, especially Red beans, have been reported.

 This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2021 at the experimental field of beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 29' E, 33° 40' N and 1657m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of tow factors were studied: different cropping systems included (ecological, integrated, low input, medium input and high input) and different variety of red beans (Ofogh, Dadfar, Goli and Yaghot). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was used at the rate of 250 kg. ha-1. Inoculation with rhizobium inoculum in the shade. Rhizobium inoculum was added at the rate of 50 ml for each kilogram of seeds. Biochar was used at the rate of 10 tons per hectare and vermicompost at the rate of 15 tons per hectare. Seed yield (with 10-14% moisture) was measured. The number of stem diameter, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and number of pods per plant were determined by randomly selecting 10 plants (60 cm long) from each experimental unit and Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta.

The results showed that the main effect of cropping systems on the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased. The main effect of variety the number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, pod number, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased too. and the interaction effects of cropping systems and variety, the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index of red bean variety were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was obtained in Yaghot variety in high inpout cropping system (3054.30 kg/ha-1) and Yaghot variety in integrated cropping system (3007.33 kg/ha-1), both in the same statistical class. The grain yield in Yaqut cultivar increased by 27.56, 18.14 and 40.09 percent, respectively, compared to Ofogh, Dadfar and Goli cultivars in the high-input cropping system. And in the integrated cropping system, it showed an increase of 26.02, 13.25 and 16.50 percent, respectively.

Obtained results of this experiment showed that the integrated cropping system was able to bring the agricultural characteristics of red bean variety to the highest level in comparison with the ecological, low-input and medium-input cropping systems, in order to increase economic production, on par with the high-input cropping system. As a result, it is predicted that the results of this study can be useful for shaping new management methods to improve red bean crop production.

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and application of manure on the growth and economic yield of garlic, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Biran-Shahr region of Lorestan province in 2018- 2019. Experimental treatments included inoculation of cormlet with mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer in two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) and application of rotten manure (sheep) in six levels (control (0), 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 t/ha). The results showed that combined use of mycorrhiza and manure caused a significant increase in the economic yield of the garlic plant. Also, mycorrhiza had a significant effect on economic yield, weight and diameter of garlic and number of cormlet, but has no significant effect on garlic height. Manure treatment had a significant effect on economic yield, weight and diameter of garlic, but no significant effect was observed on the number of cormlet and plant height. The use of mycorrhizal fungi with a yield of 12497 kg/ha, increased the yield of garlic by 55% compared to the control. Combined application of bio-fertilizer of mycorrhiza and sheep's manure by increasing the absorption of the elements in the soil and improving the growth and development of plant photosynthetic organs, increased the yield of garlic. The findings showed that inoculation of mycorrhiza and application of manure in soil, improves the conditions of growth and economic yield of garlic, which can be recommended for sustainable production as well as increasing the economic yield of this plant than the conventional method of planting.

In order to evaluate the effect of humic acid and complete micronutrient fertilizer on growth and economic performance of different bread wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted on the base of randomized complete block design with three replications in Biranshahr region (Lorestan province) during two years in 2015-16 and 2016-17. The main factors included nutrition at four levels (control, humic acid, complete fertilizer 20-20-20 and humic acid + complete fertilizer 20-20-20) and bread wheat cultivars as sub-factors included (Mihan, Sivand and Alvand). The results showed that the number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, and grain yield and harvest index of wheat cultivars were influenced by the studied factors. The highest economic yield (8296 kg/ha) was obtained in the treatment of humic acid application + complete micronutrient fertilizer in Alvand cultivar. The highest number of spikes per m2 was related to humic acid feeding treatment in Alvand cultivar with an average of 625 spikes per m2. The highest number of seeds per spike was obtained in the treatment with humic acid feeding along with complete fertilizer in Alvand cultivar with an average of 45.2. The highest 1000-seed weight was related to feeding with humic acid + complete fertilizer with an average of 42.0 g. Interaction of humic acid with complete fertilizer in Alvand cultivar has produced the highest biological yield (19156 kg/ha). The highest harvest index (43.6%) was observed in complete fertilizer feeding treatment in Alvand cultivar. Findings showed that the application of humic acid along with chemical fertilizers increases the quality and quantity of agricultural products and maintains the balance of the environment.

To investigate the effect of manure and biological fertilizers of nitroxin and biosuperphosphate on yield and yield components of mung bean cv. Gohar, an experiment was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Khorramabad region. The examined treatments included application of cow manure at three levels of control, 10 and 20 t/ha added to soil before planting, and seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers of nitroxin and biosuperphosphate in the rate of 1 L/10 kg of seed, applied separately and in combination with each other. The effect of manure on grain and biological yield, harvest index, and interaction of manure and biological fertilizers had significant effect on the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, thousand kernel weight, grain and biological yield and harvest index. Combination of biofertilizers with cow manure increased soil elements amount and improved growth and development of photosynthetic organs and resulted in yield and yield components increment in mung bean. Therefore, application of biological fertilizers combined with 20 ton/ha cow manure is recommended for achieving desirable mung bean yield in Khorramabad region.