فهرست مطالب کبری روشنفکر

As each text is essentially a mosaic made up of quotations from other texts, intertextuality indicates the presence of multiple voices in literary texts. A given text, accordingly, is purely a reproduction of previous cumulative experiences, collected and coalesced into the new textual structure which dwells on previous texts that were disparate, multiple, and diverse in nature. Every text is intertextual, because the text appears in a world full of texts (previous texts, texts surrounding it, and others present in it), and its central strategy is deconstruction for rebuilding.

The discourse is a group of  words that define patterns of behavior, and affect community life negatively and positively. Therefore, the discourse of power penetrated all economic, political, cultural and even psychological issues, and since the novel is a narrative world that evokes what appears from the reality of society and what is hidden from it, it cannot be analyzed in isolation from the discourse  Authority.  The discourse of power has a distinct presence in the narrative formation in the novels of Hamid Al-Aqabi, especially in the formation of the active structure.  Because it is the most influential of the system of power and its dominant discourse.  The research tries to show the most important features of authority and the influence of various characters in Hamid Aqabi's novels. The issue of the study imposed on us the use of the analytical descriptive approach, in general, and the formative structural approach as a narrative approach for analyzing the fictional discourse, relying on the tools of induction, deduction and interpretation.  Two  novels " Eqtafi 'athari " and " Alfiran " were chosen for their treatment of the political system of power and the dominant phenomena, according to what the characters require in order to draw conclusions and understand them. The research reached several results, the most important of which are: that power did not only affect the living conditions, but also affected behaviors and impressions, and this discourse became pervasive in the fabric of society, and the defeated characters were more effective than the characters belonging to the two novels, and Al-Aqabi tried to portray the negative impact of power. On fictional characters such as fragmentation, loss of identity, and severe psychological crises.

The Brain-based learning theory has arisen from cognitive neuroscience, brain studies, Computer science and other sciences as a comprehensive educational model compatible with the brain’s natural requirements in the educational arena such that concentrate on how to teach and train the brain and activate all its aspects. By providing an effective educational environment and using the curriculum and strategies that suit needs of the brain according to principles of this theory, the research treated contents of Arabic books at high-school levels and teaching the methods used in classrooms according to the principles of brain-based learning theory. So, the research has selected two first, it used the content analysis method, analyzing all the texts, exercises and images of four books as a model selected from all Arabic curriculum books in the first and second intermediate level of Iranian high schools according to the principles of this theory. Then, the survey method was used and a questionnaire was distributed to 80 high school teachers to find out their methods and strategies used in teaching the Arabic language curriculum in high schools. The results of analysis of the texts showed less interest in the active process component than the orchestrated Immersion and Relaxed Alertness component. Less repetition of the exercises is related to the orchestrated immersion component. Results of the questionnaire indicate that the component of orchestrated Immersion and Active process are more used by teachers, but the component of Relaxed Alertness has been rarely used by the teachers

The literary dimension of the Holy Qur'an holds significant importance in Islamic civilization. It is still considered the best literary work among Arabic speakers. However, since the criteria for creating and evaluating the aesthetics of literary texts vary from society to society, and each society has its own unique way of perceiving beauty, we have addressed the aesthetic reception of the Qur'an's literary text in orientalist studies. By examining the reactions of orientalists, who have a different understanding of literature and beauty than Arabs, we aim to gain insight into the reception of the Qur'an in a context other than Arabic language and culture. This study focuses on two orientalists, Theodore Noldeke and Angelika Neuwirth, and strives to understand the scope of their reception and the prevalent standards during the historical moment of their reception of the Quran. It can be said that the aesthetic value of the Quran among Orientalists is influenced by the tasks they pursue in their Quranic studies. They are like researchers who read a poetry collection solely for extracting the customs of a period without paying attention to its aesthetic reasons and impact.

Receiving the Qur’an as a literary text is one of the epistemological responses of scholars to this text in the twentieth century. This kind of reception has a long history in the Islamic heritage, especially in the studies of Qur’anic commentators and scholars, but there are fundamental differences between the literary reading of the Qur’an in the past and in the present. These differences arise from the methods used to analyze and study the literary text. If we look at the Qur’an as a literary text from the perspective of modern theories, we encounter with challenges because the literary text, under in this view, is considered an open and pluralistic text in terms of meaning, during its formation and reception. This article examines the challenges raised by receiving the Qur’an as a literary text in light of "Reception Theory". In this regard, it is observed that the principle of coherence provides us with a criterion for distinguishing interpretations close and far from the truth of the Qur’an and contributes to framing the reader's participation in the process of reading the Qur'an as a literary text from the perspective of modern theories.

Cultural globalization is one of the important phenomena of the contemporary age that has affected Algerian novelists since the 70s. To deal with the cultural changes, the authors in this country have adopted cultural particularism in their works. However, it is notable that the novelists of the 70s have tried to adapt to changes and keep up with modern changes despite their efforts to practice cultural particularism. This trend has led to a typical duality and contrast in some of these novels. “Rih El- Janub novel” by Abdul Hamid Bin Haduqa is an outstanding example of such works. Using the hidden cultural patterns theory of Abdullah Ghadhami and through a descriptive-analytical method, the confrontation of cultural particularism and globalization in Rih El- Janub was examined. The results indicated that the author's dual approach to cultural particularism on the one hand and his tendency to remain flexible and open to changes in his society resulted in a confrontation or conflict of cultural patterns in Rih El- Janub. The main areas of confrontations were on topics religion, place, life style, customs, and social norms. Consequently, the characters demonstrate traits like isolation, seclusion, alienation, cultural alienation, dispersion, and identity crisis. The findings also showed that the pattern of confrontation between cultural particularism and globalization in the Rih El- Janub novel was stronger about the issues of women. This can be attributed to the promotion of concepts and values related to women's rights by cultural globalization and marginalized women's struggle to claim their rights in the novel. On the other hand, there is the male dominance’s stiff support for the negative values and concepts of cultural particularism such as prejudice, zeal, honor, and reputation, and hegemony.

The city is an open area whose repeating linguistic characteristics contribute to creating meaning and expanding contemporary poetic images. With its diverse functions, the city displays a true image of man’s life and identity, generally defines the human self, and characterizes its link with the internal and external challenges of the motherland. Samih Al-Ghasem attached great significance to the cities of Al-Ghuds and Haifa and believed the two cities had a specific linguistic position because the two, in his poetry, embrace various images and perspectives which describe the reality trend of life, as being occupied by the Zionists, and show the poet’s emotional equilibrium with the sensitive events that unfold inside their borders, thereby forming a spirit of resistance and national concerns towards them. The research has selected two occupied cities of Haifa and Al-Ghuds from among various cities that Samih Al-Ghasem has intended in his poetry. The research also uses a descriptive-analytical approach to compare the most important cognitive concepts those two cities have in common. Thus, a summary of research results suggests that the comparison of the two cities in the poetry of Samih Al-Ghasem reveals specific and general features. The general features indicate common cognitive relations between the two cities that can be divided into three subjects of addressing tragic scenes of children, displaying concerns for originality and identity, and the crisis of negligence and indifference to current developments. However, its specific features include the partial realist description of scenes of destruction of Al-Ghuds and displacement of its residents, in addition to optimistic and pessimistic perspectives of the current status; meantime, as for Haifa, the poet mostly looks to the Israeli’s hostile measures, describing them with the ugliest attributes.This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the following three questions: What is the position of Al-Ghuds and Haifa in the poetry of Samih Al-Ghasem in terms of the way words effectively contribute to diverse themes?Given the examples, how would Samih Al-Ghasem describe the cognitive dimensions of Al-Ghuds and Haifa? andHow are the two cities' most notable and common conceptual contexts described by Samih Al-Ghasem from a functional perspective?While recalling the cities in contemporary Palestinian Poetry, it has dedicated a special place to the use of vocabulary and symbols through it that identifies further affiliations and desires of the poet and reflects social and inherent concerns and anxieties of the poet; since the cities in Palestinian poetry became the dramatic scene where the essence of images, themes and new literary codes in the furnace of events are revealed that in  contemporary critical study based on sign processes and indications. Therefore, Palestinian cities for their great poets such as Samih al-Qasim, are considered as a gift and good source in order to draw new images and add aesthetic background in his idea of resistance in such a way that their major use of the vocabulary suggests the inspiring East where the nature and national identity of a poet, while realistic view and emotional stances, are tied together. Our study was focused on the cities that Samih al-Qasim’s poetry has paid attention. The current study has chosen two cities of Jerusalem and Haifa on a selective basis. Although the overall theme of poems places these cities among the common National and patriotic issues, each of them has a unique innovative signs than the other that can be distinguished. One of the instances is the painful realistic feature appeared most in Jerusalem, and the other is the ethical signs dedicated to city of Haifa while optimistic and pessimistic view to the city of Haifa. Therefore, this study aims to analyze call of Jerusalem and Haifa in both Samih Al-Qasim's poetry in terms of statistics and content to show hidden images and indication based on the descriptive - analytical method for analysis of literary text and to decode the signs and indications.

The female biography plays a significant role in expressing the ideology of the female writer and shows the importance of women writers in relation to the important issues of the society. In other words; the writing of female autobiography is different from other types of literature because it directly emphasizes the essence of women in the face of the patriarchal society and is the best way to depict the concerns of women, especially Arab women. The current research is trying to examine the biography of the Egyptian writer Razavi "Al-Sarkha" based on the descriptive-analytical approach and relying on cultural criticism. "Sarkha" is the second part of the book "Asqal Man Razavi" in which he combines the experience of his personal life and the political events of the country. In other words, he portrays his severe illness, which is associated with the unsettled conditions of Egypt in 2010-2013. The most important results of the research are: Razavi Ashour is an intellectual writer who in his biography talks about women who had a deep influence on the formation of his personal experience. Also, culture and society play a significant role in the formation of Arab women's identity. Razavi's main concern in the issue of women is the issue of women's education, and he wants to make reforms in the field of freedom of expression in the Arab society.

Globalization appeared as a global phenomenon in the second half of the twentieth century, then its influence expanded with the information revolution in the subsequent years, and it has come to affect all intellectual, cultural, and knowledge fields in all around the world including the Algerian and the Iranian novel, which represent the identity of these societies and express their cultural characteristics. The novels “Mamlakat al- Farasha” (The Butterfly’s Kingdom) by Wassini Al-Araj and “Eshgh va chizhaye digar” (The Love and other things) by Mustafa Mastour are among the narrative works published in the second decade of the 3rd millennium, the period in which the effects of globalization are most evident because globalization has created new cultural concepts and patterns that do not correspond to the characteristics of local and Islamic communities. This paper based on the transformational globalization theory with a comparative descriptive-analytical approach deals with the impacts of globalization on the cultural particularism of the above-mentioned novels. The results indicate that globalization has affected the cultural particularism of both novels and its traces are widely manifested in their language and lifestyle, such that language hybridization appeared as a predominant effect of globalization on language used in these novels with the difference, Araj was more interested in using the French language, while Mastoor was limited to English. In addition, phenomena such as consumer culture, use of global technologies and social networks, hedonism, obscenity and materialism are manifested as the most important effects of globalization on the lifestyles in these two novels, with this difference that use of global technologies mainly Facebook appeared only in “Mamlakat al Farasha” and on the other hand the issue of materialism was reflected only in “Eshgh va chizhaye digar”.

This research in the light of the developmental globalization theory and on the basis of the descriptive, analytic and comparative method, studies the problem of globalization and linguistic creolization in the novels 'Mamlakat al-Farasha' (Butterfly Kingdom) and 'Eshgh va Chizhāye digar' (Love and Other Things), because these are two examples of Iranian and Algerian narrative works that reflect more clearly the phenomenon of linguistic creolization. The results indicate that the phenomenon of linguistic crealization is caused by cultural globalization manifested in the narrative discourse of the novels Eshgh va Chizhāye digar and Mamlakat al- Farasha, in two types of nouns and sentences, but the creolization via nouns is the most prominent type of linguistic creolization which is manifested in these two novels. According to the data of statistical analysis, the component of change and distort the names of the characters with a sum of 33% and a frequency of 465, is the most used component in the novel 'Mamlakat al-Farasha'. Then, comes the component of recall and association of the names of famous foreign celebrities and characters with a sum of 25%, and a frequency of 352 leis in the next rank. But in the novel 'Eshgh va Chizhāye digar', the component of the names of lifestyle with a sum of 49%, and a frequency of 220 is the most used and most frequent component, then the component of changing and distorting the names of the characters lies in the next rank with a sum of 27% and a frequency of 122. This research shows also that the main difference between these two novels from the viewpoint of the linguistic creolization lies in the type of foreign language used, as well as the use of changed and distorted names by the writer, so that Aʽraj emphasized mostly on the of the French language, while Mastur emphasized on the use of the English language but didn't dealt with the names changed and distorted as much as Aʽraj did.

The present tries to study and review the manner the discourse analysis method is being used in family studies. This method especially emphasizes the role of research in the social context. Considering the key role of the family and women and their place in ensuring the prosperity, this sacred institution should be researched upon in this so that we can reveal the structures and processes that are based on ideology and power. However, considering past researches in the field of women and family, a majority of researchers have paid little attention to the social context while investigating those problems. Therefore, it seems a research gap in this field and hence, this article aims to answer to this question: How can family and women's issues be investigated through the discourse analysis method? The influencing factors on this social phenomenon have been written with the aim of determining the type of linguistic strategies in representation, alienation, highlighting, etc. And in the meantime, we will also discuss the evolution of the discourse analysis method. In order to achieve this goal and to understand this matter more easily, we have used the movies Kitab Qanun (Book of Law), Abed and One Day (Forrever and One Day) as examples.

This study aims to examine Abd Al-Qahir Jurjani's theory from a phenomenological perspective. Because it can be acknowledged that his theory should be studied, not because it was the first in many respects, but because it is still working. It seems that this theory contains evidence of what the phenomenologists are currently searching for, especially with regard to the issue of interaction between the text and the reader, as well as the issue of ambiguity. The study relies on the descriptive-analytical method, using the views of phenomenologists such as Roman Ingarden and Wolfgang Iser. Among the results of this research, we can mention Abd al-Qahir's sharing with Ingarden about the importance of the reader's response to the text and the dialogue relationship between them, and his similarity with Iser in inviting the reader to actively participate and reconstruct the text.

After the emergence of changes due to the industrial revolution and the growth of living and economic levels at the same time the relative independence of family members compared to the single core family system which generally had a head named father and all family members depended on him. The difference of opinion became what we know today as the generation gap. In the twentieth century, Michel Foucault presented a broad theory called "discourse analysis" in which he emphasized that words have different meanings in different situations. In this article, we try to examine the image of family relations in the contemporary Algerian family by examining the novel "AlsaghFawghAlsagh" by Amin Al-Zawi and examine the generation gap between family members. The research method in this article is based on a critical method and We intend to explore how and to what extent society changes affect family events and the prevailing discourse in the family within the contemporary novel. We derive in our study from the discourse analysis of Michel Foucault. Discourse for him is used to know the factors outside the text framework and their impact on the content. Perhaps one of the most important points that can be mentioned as a result of this article is the independence of family members and consequently the expression of personal positions and as a result creating differences between different generations and views, which can be said to be a constant conflict between tradition and Modernity also fuels these differences.

Narrative discourse is an important way to represent the actions, words, and thoughts of a story that arises from studying the distance between the narrator and the characters of the story. Leech and Short are among the most important theorists who have divided the methods of representation into five methods direct, indirect, free direct, free indirect, and the narration of words and ideas. The present article analyzes these methods in a descriptive – analytical method by enumerating the ideas of the novel " Passage to the Plaza " (1990). The research findings show that the narrator has applied direct thought, thought reporting and free indirect thought to construct her fictional world; Because direct thinking allows the characters to express their concerns in various political, social, economic, social and cultural fields to the reader without intermediaries. In the indirect free method, the voice of the narrator and the character are mixed and the story is transmitted to the reader through two voices, enjoying various representations. The author paints a vivid picture of Palestinian society in the early years of the uprising (Intifada).

Attachment to the neighborhood is a psychological component that indicates a positive mental feeling of people towards their neighborhood. This feeling, which arises from the emotional, cognitive and behavioral links with the place, causes the residents to commit to the place of residence and their desire to maintain contact with it over time and at different stages of life.Mahalla is one of the prominent and pivotal places of the Arabic novel, which has a significant presence in the noble novels of Mahfouz, including his novel "Khan al-Khalili"; And it is considered as a vital artery in which the characters of the novel travel and in some cases even leads to the evolution of events in the structure of the novel.This research intends to explore the effective indicators in creating attachment or non-attachment to the neighborhood in this novel in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on the approach of environmental psychology which has a special view on the interrelationship between man and place. Give.The results show that attachment to the neighborhood in the novel "Khan al-Khalili" is done in the light of psychological, moral, ideological and biographical characteristics.It is worth mentioning that the psychological index plays a more prominent role in creating attachment or non-attachment of characters to the neighborhood.

Cognitive semantics is a branch of cognitive linguistics inspiring effective tools and methods for various texts analyses. George Lakoff proposed the theory of conceptual metaphor. According to this theory, metaphors go beyond the borders of being a tool to embellish and beautify the speech and play a significant role in all levels of concepts. Also, conceptual metaphors, from Kuchsh’s point of view, are based on the two categories of foundation schema and foundation knowledge. The present study, after reviewing the literature on contemporary metaphor theory, the conceptual metaphorical schemas of the foundation in the Arabic textbooks of the middle school were examined. The research concluded that the Arabic textbooks are religion-based. As most of the religious concepts are subjective and their meaning is understood based on the schema, the schema of the object (body) has the highest percentage in textbooks, therefore, abstract concepts in the textbooks of the middle schools are conceptualized based on object schema. This descriptive-analytic research was operationalized through two stages: After elaborating on the theoretical literature on metaphors, in the first step, the Arabic textbooks of the middle school (as the first educational encounter of Iranian students with the Arabic language) was evaluated based on a cognitive approach. To do so, the conceptual metaphors of the mentioned books were extracted and classified based on the foundation schema. In the second step, the source and target areas of fundamental schema metaphors were identified separately and the usage of conceptual metaphors in the preparation of textbooks was described

Postmodernism, as an intellectual, philosophical and cultural phenomenon, is the disobedient child of modernism, that in a critical dialectical relationship with it, based on elements such as denial of rationalism and rejection of Essentialism, denial of the domination of science, negation of Metanarrative, violation of certain duplications and deconstruction... In contrast to rationalism, Essentialism , the Scientism and the centralization of modernism, following the mental and intellectual crisis of civilized man arose in the West the aftermath of the two world wars. This cultural and philosophical phenomenon in the era of communication and through coexistence and peaceful and non-peaceful relations, the cultural and thought base in Islamic societies has entered, and many Islamic scholars have been influenced by it as a criterion for reading and evaluating texts They put their intellectual heritage. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of a philosophical critique, seeking to express the differences of thought and the challenges arising from the appearance of this flow in the poetry of Adonis in opposition to the thought of absolute, pious, and pyramid of Islamic foundations. The results of this study indicate that Adonis uses the postmodern critique method, without taking into account the profound cultural and civilian differences and its emerging factors, to revisit the Islamic heritage. By eliminating the boundaries of poetry and philosophy and applying postmodern philosophical thought, regardless of The function of poetry in Islamic societies provides an inaudible poetry that is far from the language, thought and culture

In addition to its patriotic function, the mission of resistance poems is international. Because this kind of poem utilizes all its literary and technical capacities to arouse public interest, as well as bring a lawsuit against unwelcome developments in political and social fields of different nations. Throughout history, Afghanistan has terribly suffered from unjustified presence of foreign enemies as well as its arbitrary government. However, the presence of such colonialists as Russia and Britain in Afghanistan, as well as the tyranny of the local government have finally been ended with Afghans' victory in different battlefields. Their resistance against cruelty has demonstrated their high capacity to fight against colonialism to the extent that poets from other countries have composed poems in praise of that public movement on the theme of Afghanistan resistance. A case in point is attempts of Jaber Qumaiha, a contemporary Egyptian poet, to show different aspects of resistance in Afghanistan in his collected poems entitled "I sing about Afghan's jihad". This analytical-descriptive research aimed at alluding technical themes of resistance in the work of Jaber Qumaiha. The results of the present research suggest that the poet has introduced the conception of sacrifice in themes of piety and monotheism as the key factors to Afghan's victory in order to express motif of Afghanistan resistance; moreover, Afghan children susceptibility to the war has also been emphasized in order to arouse the sense of social accountability. With regard to the technical aspect, the poet has emulated religious figures, particularly the Islamic Prophet. But on the other hand, by voicing the same opinion, as well as knowingly adopting Quranic interpretations, the poet has set the stage to convey the message of resistance and show its relation with patriotic issues.

In the 1980, a new knowledge emerging that sought to foster social and historical-cultural research, emphasized a new approach to entering scientific fields to eliminate the currently-existing virtual barriers, on which the post-colonial termed (or after Colonialism) after time. Undoubtedly, East and West are the origins of researches regarding post-colonial discourse, so the contrast between East and West, although not geographically, is a civilization.The novel Sabak Al-Masafat Al-Tawilah (Endless Marathon) is the sixth novel of the novels of Abdul Rahman Manif, which scans human and Arabic society’s issues and post-colonialist works, where the author addresses the West's domination of the eastern countries and the search for oil resources, and he also shows the contrast between two West and East’s outlooks. This research, in addition to the descriptive-analytical method and through post-colonial studying of the novel, tries to illustrate the ideology of the colonial symbol to the East and his vision of describing them and also not to giving voice to the East. One of the results of the study is the continuation of the dirty view of the "other”, of the East, and the serious Western "I" effort to plunder the wealth of the East and to put its influence on them, apart from positive cooperation and natural culturizing based on respect for humanity.

Sahar Khalifeh is a well-known Palestinian novelist whose reputation is mostly for propounding issues related to women and defending their rights. Since women are in the focus of most of her novels, the author's feminist tendencies and topics have attracted many critics. One of the theories that form the basis of the feminist writings of Sahar Khalifeh is the theory of women's empowerment. The employment of women and their economic independence are considered in the novel as the important tools for empowerment. This paper attempts to analyze the employment of women in the novel of Abad Al-Shams based on the theory of empowerment through a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that Sahar Khalifeh is influenced by the theories in the empowerment field. The poetess seeks to inform women in her community of opportunities such as education and appropriate employment, which they are deprived of or have less access to in comparison to men. The writer is vastly bound to the potentiality of women and is very committed to trying to encourage Palestinian women to increase their participation in social and economic activities by creating heroines who can stand against the discriminatory laws in the society. Also, by referring to such virtues as self-esteem, self-sufficiency and promoting standards of life for heroines, Khalifeh seeks to convert women from passive elements into independent capable agents.

Harold Bloom's "anxiety of influence" theory is one of the postmodern flows influenced by Nietzsche's philosophy and Oedipus Freud's theory of relationship between poets and critics, relying on two terms "backward" and "predecessor".Based on this theory, every poet tries to free himself from the anxiety of his influence by employing different mechanisms and proving his independence from the predecessor. Ignoring the extent to which this theory can be applied to all poets and critics, as Harold Bloom puts it. The study of the poetic collection "Al-Ketab", in the present moment" and the assignment of this collection to the text, along with the recitation of the poet's life and poetry by Adonis, are the main motivation.The authors used a descriptive-analytical approach to read this series in the light of the theory of "anxiety of influence ". The results showed that by using modern historical criticism and deconstruction in relative reading, Adonis attempted to exert his independence in three stages by employing mechanisms of influence retreat, denial of sanctity, and self-criticism of the predecessor.

One of the mostimportant features of quran literature is a narrative and fiction structure, incloding the high stories of the  holy quran that came in several surahs , is the story of Hazrat Ibrahim , which has the deepest s Islamic meaning and teachings , according  to the special structure and coherent plan.And the strong bond between its components  can be considered one of the most unique stories of Quran that are expressd in a special way. In the present research , relying on a descriptive –analy tical method,we have investigated the narrative system of the story of Ibrahims idol-breaking and his being set on fire based on Grimas s narrative pattern . the findings of this research  indicate that grimass action patterns , chains and narratives are compatible with the story, and the different situation of this story, incloding the call of azar to worship the one god and avoid idolim by hazrat Ibrahim . Ibrahim (peace be upon him ),Abrahams plan and breking idols, the trial of Ibrahim in fire match the pattern but that doesn’t mean to know the value of Quranic stories because they match the Grimas pattern, but the goal is to  prove another valuable dimensions of Quran stories shown by describing the Grimas pattern in the level and depth of the story.

The philosophical basis of postmodernism, especially in cosmological sphere, is on the lack of the belief in the metaphysics and the skepticism in efficiency of religious framework for understanding human essence which is based on rationality, instinct and revelation. The sovereignty of language is very important in this trend, because the language from this point of view is the essential device for understanding values and their mechanisms. Within the postmodern ideology, language and all its manifestations are understood as cultural symbols outside the realm of "absolutism". This attitude led to impose "relativism" and "individualism" upon the exhaustive principles (grand narratives) that were earlier considered universal. This philosophical effort especially in metaphysics and occult fields has not yet reached to reliable facts. The focus of this paper is on the study of the challenge of religion and Postmodernism and the anxieties emerged from it in the poetry of Adonis. The article in a descriptive-analytical method and by a philosophical-cognitive approach studies those poems of Adonis that bear such philosophical outlooks. It concludes that postmodernism in the poetry of Adonis shows this tension in the following fields: relativism; denial of absolutism; refute of grand narratives and disobedience to religion which do not conform to the absolute religious principles of monotheism, especially of Islam. In this study we have also pointed to the philosophical differences that postmodernism has brought about, because of its distance from the religion of Islam and its interaction with the texts of the other revealed religions. So, it is clear that the problem of the Western postmodern philosophy with religion results from the idea that their religious text does not provide them with convincing knowledge in most cases. What we have seen in those texts, therefore, is a multiple and contradictory interpretations throughout different periods, the interpretations that postmodernism announced its main desires, that we see so much in the poetry of Adonis with a philosophical taste.

In the religious context, the Devil’s rebellion in the creation myth represents sin, evil, and eternal damnation. But sometimes writers, by disturbing familiar signs and defamiliarization of names such as the Devil, recreate religious myths which are of a new form and which, regarding their content, oppose the original ones and, thus, are not very consistent with public opinion. The present research, focusing on the practice of defamiliarization of familiar concepts, examines the symbolic representation of the Devil in the poems of Khalil Hawi and Forough Farrokhzad who, with a different conception of this symbol, have transcended the borders of religious concepts. As deconstruction of literary works into their sources and influences destroys their entirety, the article employs a methodology which does not consider the way the text has influenced other texts and has been influenced by them. Thus, we study the poems of two poets who have no relation to each other and are not influenced by each other. In fact, what makes the article to focus on the foregoing poems of Farrokhzad and Hawi is that they enable us to find new meanings in relation to the Devil, meanings which are a form of deviation and a new expression of the concept of the Devil. These points provide a context in which we can study the content of the poems of the two poets in a comparative manner. So, the article tries to reexamine the poems of Farrokhzad and Hawi to demonstrate that they have used Koranic images and stories to recreate the Devil and that how their shared resources such as existential thoughts and familiarity with the works of Western romantics along with their successive failures in life have affected their poems in this regard so that Farrokhzad’s poetry is the cry of the captive humanity and Hawi’s is the scream of a patriot who has reached deadlock.

Place attachment as one of the levels of sense of place means emotional and positive connection between the person and the place.this link is the result of emotional and emotional interactions and the deep behavioral behavior of individuals with place.Since the site is one of the important and influential elements of the novel,attachment to location can be considered as important indicator to examine the location and its role in personality attachment.The “swissra vatan va tabeidgah” novel of sana abousharrar has many spatial capabilities to express the attachment of spatial attachment.This study intends to analyze the dimensions of attachment to place and following those steps in the presence of person in the position that leads to the creation of attachment using the text presented in environmental psychology.The results suggest that attachment to place in this novel is influenced by physical and social dimensions and temporal and temporal aspects,as well as the presence of people at the site during phases of physical presence to full commitment to place in the long time.