یونس پوربیرامی هیر

The use of medicinal plants has surged in recent times, with a substantial portion of modern medicines derived from botanical sources. This surge in demand underscores the potential of cultivating and producing medicinal plants to not only bolster public health but also significantly contribute to a society's economic well-being.Salvia nemorosa is an herbaceous, perennial, and medicinal plant. This valuable plant belongs to the Labiatae family. The aerial parts of the plant, especially the leaves, contain essential oils. Furthermore, S. nemorosa contains chemical compositions such as saponin, organic acids, diterpenes, triterpenes, polyphenols, and a bitter substance called picrosalvin. In the plant tissue culture, the preparation of culture medium and formulation compatible with the tissue of the tested plant is vital for efficient regeneration and plant growth. Generally, no specific culture medium can be recommended for the growth of explants, and is necessary to make changes in the culture medium in order to better respond to different types of explants. Carbon nanotubes are nanomaterials that can be added to the culture medium and increase the growth rate of different parts of the plant such as roots, stems, and branches. Cytokines also commonly participate in cell divisions and proliferate shoots by removing terminal dominance. Considering the mentioned importance, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes, kinetin, and their interactions on some morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of S. nemorosa under in vitro conditions.

This experiment was carried out in the tissue culture and biotechnology laboratory of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. This study was conducted based on factorial design (completely randomized design) with five replications. The treatments included five levels of carbon nanotubes (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L CNT) and three levels of kinetin (0, 2, and 4 mg/L CK). The seeds of S. nemorosa were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 40 seconds and then 2.5% hypochlorite sodium for 15 minutes (then the seed were washed with deionized water three times 3, 5, and 15 minutes). The sterilized seeds were planted in MS medium containing 30 g/L sucrose and 8 g/L agar, and then transferred to a growth chamber. After 40 days, the obtained seedlings were cut into single nodes by removing leaves and transferred to the main treatment medium. After that, some traits such as fresh weight, number of branches, number of leaves, number of roots, leaf area, root length, seedlings height, viability rate, germination rate, chlorophylls a, b, carotenoid content, phenol content, and flavonoid content were examined. The obtained data related to the experiment were analyzed with SAS software, the comparison of data means was done with Duncan's test, and the graphs were plotted using Excel software.

The results indicated that the interaction effect of carbon nanotubes and kinetin on the indices of fresh weight, number of branches, number of leaves, number of roots, leaf area, root length, seedling height, survival percentage, germination percentage, pigment content photosynthesis was not significant. On the contrary, the interaction effect of two treatments on the content of total flavonoid and total phenol showed a significant difference. The highest phenol content was obtained in the treatment combination of 80 mg/L of carbon nanotubes and 4 mg/L of kinetin. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of carbon nanotubes up to 80 mg/L, the average shoot production, number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, root number, root length, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, phenol and flavonoid content. increased significantly. Also, by increasing the concentration of kinetin (4 mg/liter), the number of branches, the content of chlorophyll a and b increased significantly.

The characteristics of the S. nemorosa plant, except for fresh weight, significantly increased under the influence of carbon nanotube treatments. However, under the influence of kinetin treatment, only the number of branches, chlorophyll a, b, phenol content, and flavonoid content showed a significant increase. Based on the results of this study, carbon nanotubes can be used for proliferation and increasing the secondary metabolites of S. nemorosa. Despite the results of this study, it is still possible to use higher concentrations of carbon nanotubes in future research in order to increase the phytochemical properties and productivity of other medicinal plants.

Iris pseudacorus L. is one of the native and prominent ornamental species in Iran. Its propagation by tissue culture is prone to sever bacterial and fungal contaminations of the explants, particularly in rhizomes., which causes the failure of conventional sterilization methods. In order to optimize the least dangerous method for sterilization of Iris pseudacorus rhizome and seed under in vitro culture condition, two separate experiments were performed each in a completely randomized design with five replications. 16 and 15 methods were applied for rhizome and seeds steriliztion, respectively. The treated specimens were cultured in a hormone-free MS medium and two weeks later, various indices such as infection percentage, germination percentage, mean leaf length and mean root length were measured. Then intact specimens were transferred to the MS media containing different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) and naphthalen acetic acid (NAA) for proliferation.
 The results showed that A15 treatment (water bath (42 °C) for 60 mins, fluconazole fungicide and antibiotics streptamycin for 60 mins, alcohol 70% for one min. and NaoCl 4% for 10 mins) on rhizome explants with the lowest contamination percentage (11%) and a high germination rate of 88% was the best treatment. Also, A13 treatment with 85% germination and 15% contamination obtained the second place. Seeds-treated with treatment B2 using hot water and 3% sodium hypochlorite and treatment B5 using hydropriming with running water and hypochlorite 2% had the highest germination rate of 71.74% and contamination was almost zero. Meanwhile the highest proliferation was obtained in the culture medium containing MS and a combination of 5 μM TDZ and 6 μM NAA.

Iran is a country with a very diverse climate and rich in wild medicinal plants and mushrooms. Therefore, in order to use this diversity in breeding programs and also to preserve these natural resources, the study of genetic diversity is very important. In this study, the genetic diversity of 32 strains of Ganoderma lucidum collected from the northern strip of the country was investigated using 21 ISSR markers. According to the results, the polymorphic information content of markers ranged from 0.294 to 0.469 with a mean of 0.407. Also, Nei's genetic diversity, Shannon index and mean genetic distance were 0.214, 0.317 and 0.278, respectively. Based on principal components analysis, the first three components determined 63% of total variation. Based on cluster analysis, the investigated strains were divided into eight main groups. Sturcture analysis also revealed the presence of nine distinct genetic groups. In general, the results indicated that there was a favorable genetic diversity between the investigated strains of G. lucidum that can be considered in breeding programs.

The beneficial effects of the chamomile plant have been attributed to its essential oil, so any factor that affects the quantity of its essential oil will be of interest to researchers. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on the production of secondary metabolites in chamomile plants, this experiment was conducted under the native in vitro conditions of Sharbian City. To conduct this research, chamomile seeds were collected from Sharbian (N ʺ52 58 37 and E ʺ06 ʹ11 ˚), East Azerbaijan province. After transfer, the seeds were sterilized for 15 minutes in a detergent. Their surfaces were disinfected with 70% alcohol for 45 seconds and then with sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes. After surface disinfection, they were washed twice with distilled water. The basic culture medium in this study was the MS culture medium. All cultures were placed in the growth chamber at a temperature of 24±2°C and 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. A factorial experiment was performed in a complete random design with three replications. Test treatments included salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μM). Minguez-Mosquera and Perez-Galvez methods were applied to determine photosynthetic pigment amounts. The amount of phenolic compounds in the plant extract was measured with a slight modification based on the Slinkard and Singleton method with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The data related to this research were analyzed using SAS V.9.g.1 statistical software. The comparison of treatment averages was done with Duncan's test at 5% and 1%. Graphs were drawn using Microsoft Excel software. The analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of the applied treatments on the traits of stem weight, root weight, stem length, and root length is significant at the 1% probability level. In addition, it is significant on the number of stems at the 5% probability level. The comparison of the averages showed that the highest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (50 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. The comparison of the means shows a significant difference in this trait. The highest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (100 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. Came. A comparison of the averages showed that the highest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (100 µM) SA and (50 µM) MeJA, and the lowest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA. The comparison of the means showed the significance of the stem and root length traits. The highest value of these two traits was due to the interaction of (50 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA treatments, and the lowest value of stem length was in the combination of (400 µM) SA and (µM) treatments. 400) MeJA and root length were measured from the combination of SA (400 µM) and MeJA (200 µM) treatments. In the biochemical traits, variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of SA levels on the amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, phenol, and flavonoid in all three wavelengths was significant at the 1% probability level. In this experiment, it was shown that metabolite production depends not only on enzyme activity but also on stimulant concentration. Increasing the stimulus more than usual not only increases metabolism but also reduces or stops the production of metabolites through the reduction of enzyme activity (probably through the reduction of the corresponding gene expression).

Research Iris Pseudacorus is a perennial herbaceous plant with yellow flowers belonging to the Iridaceae family which is used as an ornamental plant. The light changes led to different morphogenetic and photosynthetic responses in some ornamental plants. LED lights could improve the growth and physiological development of plantlets and affects the morphogenesis and secondary metabolite production of plants. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of the LED lights on the growth, development, physiological and morphological indices of the Iris Pseudacorus.Research This experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with two factors of light intensity (1500 and 3000 lux) and light quality 100% white (control), 100% red light, 100% blue light, 20% red + 80% blue, 40% red + 60% blue, 60% red + 40% blue and 80% red + 20% Blue} by using 4 replications The measured morphological and physiological traits were leaf number and length, leaf area, fresh weight, percentage of regeneration, Survival rate, root number and length, total phenol and flavonoid, chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoid. Analysis of variance results showed that the interaction of different light intensities and qualities on the evaluated indices was not significant. It also indicated that the light intensity treatment had a significant effect on leaf number, leaf length and leaf area and total phenol content (P<0.01) and fresh weight, survival percentage, regeneration percentage, total flavonoids content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids (P<0.05). Also, light quality treatment significantly affected total phenols and flavonoid content (P<0.01). A comparison of the mean for the effect of different light intensities indicated that the highest leaf number, leaf length, leaf area, survival percentage, regeneration percentage, and also the highest fresh weight, total phenol, total flavonoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll was observed in 3000 lux light intensity. Also, a comparison of the mean data obtained from the effect of different light qualities showed that the highest amount of total phenol (mg GAE / g FW038.3) and total flavonoids (GAE / g FW 8.796 mg) was observed in 100% blue light treatment. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that light intensity compared to different light qualities has a more significant influence on morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro plantlets of the Yellow Flag. The results also indicated that with increasing light intensity from 1500 to 3000 lux, morphological and physiological indices of Yellow Flag plantlets were significantly enhanced. It indicates that increasing light intensity in mass and commercial production of this plant under in vitro conditions would be effective.

Due to the distinctive physicochemical properties of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in enhancing photosynthesis efficiency, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single-walled CNTs on morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 10 concentrations of carbon nanotubes in 5 replications. The effect of CNTs on the morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary was significant. Data means comparison showed that the highest height was observed at a concentration of 90 mg L-1 and the lowest was in control. The lowest regeneration percentage was in control. However, the results showed that the most and least leaf number was obtained from CNTs at the rate of 90 mg L-1 and control. The 90 mg L-1 concentration of CNTs had the highest leaf area and fresh weight. Also, the means comparison of physiological traits showed that the highest and lowest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenol were observed in CNTs at the rate of 90 mg L-1 and control, respectively. It is hoped that this method will be used for regeneration and the use of secondary metabolites in other plants.

Environmental stresses could cause changing in plants growth and development. Drought stress is one of the most common stresses that threaten a large part of the world’s lands. Tamarix is a native plant to Iran which could tolerate different environmental stresses. This plant is very suitable for use in the landscape. This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design to investigate the effects of ecotype and hormone type on the rooting of tamarix cuttings native to Ardabil province, with 10 replications. In this research, the measured traits included branch number, branch length, primary root number, primary root length, longest root length, plant height, rooting percentage, branch fresh weight, branch dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight. The results of the analysis of variance showed that ecotype significantly (P≤0.01) affected all measured indices except root dry weight and branch fresh weight. The results of the also revealed that the interaction effects of ecotype and hormone on rooting percentage, branch number and plant height were significant at the 1% probability level. Means comparison showed that the highest and lowest rooting percentage were obtained from ecotypes 6 and 7, respectively. Although, the Indole Botyric Acid hormone affected all measured indices better than the Indole Acetic Acid, there were no significant differences between them. In general, this study showed that, in most investigated traits, ecotypes 4, 5 and 6 were the strongest ecotypes, which could be introduced as the most successful ecotypes for future adaptation studies.

Iris pseudacorus is a highly valuable ornamental and medicinal plant. Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature and is widely used in agriculture for seed germination to stimulate plant growth. Chitosan can be used as an antibacterial component and can increase plant resistance to diseases. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of different concentrations of chitosan (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 ppm) with five replications. Morphological and physiological traits including leaf number, leaf weight, plantlets height, leaf area, percentage of regeneration, chlorophyll a, b and total, total phenol, and flavonoids were evaluated. Results of the analysis of variance showed that chitosan significantly affected leaf number, regeneration percentage, phenol content, and leaf fresh weight. Flavonoids, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll were also significantly affected. Results also showed that the highest (31.60 mg/g gallic acid) and lowest (15.51 mg/g gallic acid) total phenol content was obtained from 120 ppm chitosan and control samples, respectively. The highest flavonoid content (5.78 mM/g) was obtained by 120 ppm chitosan and the lowest value (3.20 mM/g) was recorded in the control treatment. In general, our investigation showed that chitosan had a positive effect on all measured traits. In most of the measured traits, the best chitosan concentration was 120 ppm.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in the world and is the common stress that threatens most of the world and reduces crops. Drought stress are the most common stress that reduces agricultural yields. In some medicinal plants, the use of environmental stresses causes changes in the growth and development of medicinal plants and on the other hand causes changes in the amount and quality of their, effective materials which protect plants against external disturbances as well as unfavorable environmental conditions so that the plants can survive. Today, the use of plant tissue culture techniques in vitro has provided a controlled environment for physiological studies such as the effects of drought stress to achieve maximum yield with more management of environmental factors. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design in the tissue culture and biotechnology laboratory of university of mohaghegh ardabili for in vitro screening of three species of lily for drought stress. In vitro bulblet scales of L. tsingtauense, L. regale and L. ledebourii in MS medium containing different concentrations of polyethyleneglycol 6000 (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/l) was cultured. After two months, morphological characteristics of regenerated plantlets such as plantlets height, leaf length and number, number of bulblets, number of roots and fresh weight, as well as biochemical parameters such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoid were measured and evaluated separately in each of the treatments. In the present study, among the three species of lily, only L. regale produced leaves. The results showed that the plantlet height, number and length of leaf, number of bulblet and number of root and fresh weight of plantlet decreased with increasing drought stress. The highest number of bulblet was obtained from L. ledebourii, the highest number of root was obtained from L. regale and the highest fresh weight was obtained from L. tsingtauense samples. The highest amount of phenol and carotenoid was obtained from L. regale and the highest amount of proline was obtained from L. ledebourii, while L. tsingtauense had more flavonoid, anthocyanin and chlorophyll than other species. According to the results, the levels of proline, flavonoids and anthocyanin had a positive correlation with drought stress, but the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates and phenol from the treatment of 10 g/l PEG and the highest amount of carotenoid from the concentration of 5 g/l PEG was obtained. In the present study, drought stress by reducing elongation and cell division and by affecting various physiological, biochemical and hormonal processes reduced the growth indices of lily plantlet species, While the amount of biochemical parameters compared to the control accumulated under drought stress conditions. Increasing proline, soluble carbohydrates and secondary metabolites, in addition to increasing crop yield, is a mechanism of drought tolerance and is an indicator for assessing plant resistance to drought stress.

Recently addition of cheap and available organic compounds to soils has attracted attention of many researchers. Mineral salts are an important plant stress factor, having adverse impacts on urban trees and road verges where salts are used for de-icing.

Here we investigated the effects of biochar (0, 5, 10 ton/ha) and wood vinegar (0, 2000 and 4000 L/ha) to mitigate salt-induced stress (0.4, 2.1 and 4.2 dS m−1), simulating road salt additions in a factorial glasshouse experiment in the university of Mohaghegh Ardbili.

Results showed that increasing slat stress reduced flower number, flower size, flowering period and total phenolic compound and leaf relative water content, whereas electrolytic leakage and total phenolic compound were increased. Wood vinegar reduced electrolyte leakage in comparison to biochar and control, increased relative water content, flower number and stem diameter, but wood vinegar did not affect flowering period and flower size. Plants treated with biochar showed an increase in all vegetative traits and relative water content, while there was a significant decline in electrolyte leakage. The highest plant dry weight was recorded in plant treated with 10 ton/ha of biochar under 0.4dS m−1 . Under severe salt stress (4.2 dS m−1) the highest dry weight was recorded in plant treated with biochar and 4000 L/ha of wood vinegar. Leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index (RSI) under both normal and salt stress condition in biochar-treated plant were significantly higher than control plants. Increasing salt levels significantly increased enzyme activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Under low stress condition treatment did not affect enzyme activity, while under high salinity stress condition biochar and wood vinegar reduced enzyme activity.

Results of present experiment showed that biochar and wood vinegar are able to mitigate salt stress in marigold pants. It seems these compounds alleviate salt stress by optimizing plant water relations and soil conditions.

Lilium ledebourii Bioss is a rare species belonging to the Liliaceae family, containing valuable secondary metabolites. This flower is one of the most popular plants in the word which used as a cut flower, pot flower and bedding plants .Micro propagation was done in this flower by used of different hormonal combinations and elicitors. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of various nitrogen ratios on in vitro regeneration and secondary metabolite production.

In order to study the effects of different nitrogen ratios on the regeneration and secondary metabolite production of Lilium ledebourii, an experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 8 replications in tissue culture and biotechnology laboratory of the Horticultural Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The MS medium were used to culture the explants. In this experiment some morphological traits were evaluated such as fresh weight, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, root number, root length, bulblet number, bulblet diameter and scale number. The measured biochemical traits were total Chlorophyll, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, Flavonoid in 3 different waves (270, 300 and 330 nm), anthocyanin and phenol.

The results of the experiment showed that various treatments significantly (P≤0.05) affected total phenol content, anthocyanin, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, fresh weight, seedling height, regenerated root and bulb number. The highest value of total phenol and anthocyanin contents, fresh weight and seedling height was observed in nitrate to ammonium ratio of 40:40. However, the best treatment for chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, was the ratio of nitrate to ammonium at the rate of 60:25. Also, in the case of root and bulblet number, the best treatments were ratios of nitrate to ammonium at the rates of 40:40, 40:25, 60:25 and 40:0. The comparison of means of dada showed that the highest content of carotenoid (4.838 mg/g Fw) was obtained from 80:25 ratio of nitrate to ammonium which had the significant differences with control and other treatments. However, the lowest content of this index was observed in nitrate to ammonium at the rates of 40:120 and 0:25 which also had the significant differences with control.

In general, the nitrate to ammonium ratio of 40:40 in compared to the other treatments had the better effects of measured indices and accumulation of ammonium in the plants texture was interrupted for the normal growth.

Cranberry (Vaccinum arctostaphylos L.) which locally named Shihard is the only species of vaccinum endemic to Iran and growth in Beechestan community of Iranian northern forests. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different hormonal treatments and cultural media on establishment, proliferation and callus induction of cranberry micro shoots under in vitro conditions. The experiment of the effects of different medium type and plant growth regulators on shoot proliferation was done in a factorial completely randomized design and also the effects of the basal cultural media and various auxin and cytokinin treatments on callus production was carried out as a completely randomized design. Comparison of means value showed that the shoot length per explants on the Anderson medium was significantly higher than that of basal media. No significant difference was found for shoot number. However, the media type significantly (P<0.05) affected the leaf number with the highest number in Anderson medium. Explants grown on modified 1.2 MS and AN cultural media had more stem nodes than the modified QL medium. Moreover, the AN medium supplemented with 1 mg/l zeatin had the largest number of leaf and stem node. In callus induction time table the zeatin and BAP had the best and fastest results respectively.

Lily flower with a high economical potential, is one of the most important flowers between horticultural and ornamental crops in worldwide and occupies the fourth place among flowers. In order to investigate the effects of different concentration of Chitosan (0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 and 200 mg/L) on regeneration and secondary metabolites production of two species of lily (L. ledebourii, L. dandie) in MS medium, an experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 10 replications. The results of analysis of variance showed that chitosan significantly (P≤0.01) affected most of the morphological traits such as fresh weight, plant height, root numbers, bulblet numbers, percentage of regeneration, chlorophyll b, a and total and secondary phenol metabolites. The effects of chitosan on flavonoid was significant at 5% level. The mean comparison also revealed that the highest number and weight of bulblet in lilium ledebourii species was observed on MS medium containing 200 mg/l chitosan. However, the highest amount of plant height, root number, percentage of regeneration, chlorophyll a and b, total phenol and total flavonoid also was obtained in Lilium dandie species treated by 200 mg/l of chitosan. In conclusion, our findings highlight that the chitosan can positively affected regeneration of some lilium species.

Recent advances in biotechnology, especially tissue culture of plants under various light conditions, have provided a good platform for the production of secondary metabolites. The present study aims to investigate the effect of intensity and different light qualities on in vitro growth and production of secondary metabolites in Dracocephalum kotschyi plant. The evaluated morphological traits included the number of regenerated plantlets, plantlet height, leaf area, the number of roots and leaves. Also, the measured biochemical traits were total phenol and flavonoid contents, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, total protein and FRAP antioxidant. The results showed that the combination effect of red and blue light improves the growth and biochemical indices, so that the highest regeneration rate and number of leaves was attained in combined 80% Red + 20% blue light treatment. the highest amount of total protein (15.36 mg/g FW), total phenol (606.13 mg GA / g FW), chlorophyll a (7.73 mg / g FW) and carotenoids (2.78 mg / g FW) were obtained in combined light treatment of 60 % red + 40% blue. In general, the results obtained in the present study showed that the combination of red and blue light, compared to white light, has effectively improved the morphological and biochemical indices of Dracocephalum kotschyi plant.

Lilium spp. belong to the Liliaceae family. This plant contains a valuable secondary metabolite which can be increased by the stimuli treatment. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan as a stimulant on regeneration and production of secondary metabolites of Lilium regale. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design in the MS medium with 10 replications. Five different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L) of chitosan were used as treatments. Different morphological traits, leaf chlorophyll, and secondary metabolites were measured. Analysis of variance showed that chitosan significantly affected plant height, fresh weight, bulblet number, root number, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, phenols, flavonoids, and regeneration percentage. The highest and lowest fresh weight and root number were obtained from 200 ppm of chitosan and the control, respectively. The results also showed that the plant height and bulblet number in all concentrations of chitosan were higher than the control. The highest and lowest regeneration rate were obtained from the 200 ppm chitosan and the control, respectively. However, the highest amount of phenols, flavonoids, and chlorophyll was obtained from the 200 ppm chitosan. According to the results of the present study, chitosan at the rate of 200 ppm had a more positive effect on regeneration and production of secondary metabolites of Lilium regale compared to other concentrations.

Iris pseudacorus is a perennial herbaceous belonging to the Iridaceae family. This family consist of about 300 species of flowering plants with lush flowers. This genus spread widely from the temperate to the coastal areas in the Northern Hemisphere. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles on morphological and physiological properties of Iris pseudacorus under in vitro conditions based on a completely randomized design with 5 replications. In this experiment, different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0 as a Control, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/l) were used as an experimental treatment. The variance analysis showed that the effect of silver nanoparticles on leaf number, seedling length, mean leaf length, regeneration percentage, leaf area, seedling number, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid and phenol were significant at 1% probability level. The comparison of data means on morphological traits also showed that the highest leaf number, seedling length, leaf mean length, regeneration percentage, leaf area and the number of seedlings were obtained from silver nanoparticles at the rate of 5 mg/L. The results of the data mean comparison on the total phenol and flavonoid of marsh iris showed that the highest amount of total phenol was observed in 10 mg/L of silver nanoparticles and the highest amount of total flavonoid was in silver nanoparticles at the rate of 40 mg/L. On the other hand, the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids was obtained at 5 mg / l of silver nanoparticles.
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Cranberry (V. arctostaphylos L.) which locally named Shihard is belonging to Ericaceae family. The fruit is spherical and spicy and it has high commercial value because of the presence of the anthocyanin, flavonoids, anticancer and antimicrobial compounds. This research was conducted to investigate the disinfection methods of Cranberry in three different tests. The first experiment was to evaluate the disinfection of the explant of five different ecotypes including; Horan, Soha, Khalkhal, Lisar and Paresar. The second experiment examines the effect of changing the pH of the disinfectant solution and the third experiment investigated the effects of tetracycline and silver nitrate on disinfection of cranberry explants. In the first experiment, the Lisar ecotype was considered as the best ecotype for healthy samples, in the second experiment, pH = 9 was the best, and in the third experiment, silver nitrate had the highest percentage of healthy sputum samples. In general, many factors effects on disinfection of explants. The results of these experiments showed that type of ecotype, disinfectant materials and pH effects on disinfection of cranberry explants.

Lilium ledebourii is a native ornamental plant in Iran that has medicinal properties beside ornamental aspects. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of BA on morphologic traits and secondary metabolite production in L. ledebeourii were evaluated. For this purpose, MS medium Supplemented with 1 mg/l NAA and 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l BA has been used. Results showed that maximum number and length of roots and Highest indexes of leaves (number, area and length), plantlet height, number and diameter of bulblets, number of scales, chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, Total phenol and flavonoid contents were obtained in control medium and medium Contained 1 mg/ l BA, respectively. With increasing concentrations of BA in the medium, previously described indexes were enhanced. Also, direct regression observed between chlorophyll content and Anthocyanin, Flavonoids and total phenols. This indicated a key role of photosynthesis in secondary metabolite production under in vitro condition. Generally, It Seems necessary that determined optimum Cytokinin concentration and Cytokinin/Auxin ratio in the Culture medium.

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen sources including ammonium nitrate, asparagine, and glutamine in five concentrations of 0, 50, 100,150, and 200 mg l-1 on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five repliacations. The indices including plant height, shooting rate, number of leaves, necrotic leaf size, chlorophylls a, b, and total chlorophyll content, and the content of carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids were measured. The results showed that the nitrogen sources significantly (P≤0.01) affected the all measured indices except the necrotic leaf size. The results of means comparison showed that the highest shooting rate and number of leaves were obtained at 100 mg l-1 of glutamine and asparagine and the highest plant height was obtained at 200 mg l-1 of ammonium nitrate. Also, the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was obtained at 50 mg l-1 of asparagine and the highest amount of phenols and flavonoids was related to 200 mg l-1 of glutamine. In general, the results showed that the various nitrogen sources studied could positively and significantly improve the morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary under in vitro conditions.

Abstract This study including two different experiments carried out with the aim of the evaluation of the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid and silicon nano-particles on germination, growth and physiological properties of savory seedling under lead abiotic stress condition based on factorial design. Factors including seeds pre-treatment with different concentrations of silicic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and silicon nano- particles (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mM ) and growing seeds under lead contamination with 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/l concentrations. Results indicated that increasing lead concentration decreased seed germination and rate, shoot dry weight, weight and length indices, whereas increased proline content and enzymes activity. Results showed that the highest seed germination percentages (74.75 %), weight index (1403) and germination rate (87.7) were obtained in seed pretreated with salicylic acid, While the highest shoot dry weight (7,25 mg), length index (865,7) as well as proline content and peroxidase and catalase activities were recorded in seeds pretreated with nano-silicon particles under lead stress condition. The highest proline content and antioxidant catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity recorded in seeds treated with the highest concentrations of silicon nano-particles grown on media containing the highest concentrations of lead.

The synthetic seeds strategy is an effective method for conservation, germplasm exchange, and distribution of Rosmarinus officinalis. R. officinalis is one of the plants of the Lamiaceae family that originates from the Mediterranean region. According to our knowledge, there is no report on the production of synthetic seeds from somatic embryos obtained from shoots of R. officinalis. In this study, a method for synthetic seed production and regeneration was investigated from shoot explants of R. officinalis. Shoots of R. officinalis were cultured on the MS medium containing various concentrations of NAA and 2,4-D. The best callus induction (41.66%) was obtained on the MS medium fortified with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. The friable embryogenic calli were transferred to a half-strength MS medium with various concentrations of BAP and 2,4-D. Somatic embryos were obtained after 45 days. The highest somatic embryogenesis was obtained on the MS medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP. Somatic embryos at the torpedo stage were encapsulated in sodium alginate and synthetic seeds were obtained. The highest growth ability of synthetic seeds (80.55%) was obtained in the MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L kinetin and 0.5 mg/L BAP. Moreover, the germination percentage of synthetic seeds decreased with increasing storage period and temperature. However, a higher reduction in the synthetic seed germination was recorded at 20±2 °C. The highest germination percentage of the synthetic seeds (85%) was obtained 30 days after storage at 4±1 °C.

Anthurium is belonging to the Araceae family. The effect of hydrogen peroxidase on vase life and postharvest quality of cut Oriental Trumpet hybrid lily “Manissa” was investigated. The results showed that the lower concentrations of H2O2 increased the vase life of a treated flower from 9.8 days (in control flowers) to 12.8 days in treated flowers. It’s reported that BA application delayed senescence in Roses, Irises and Tulips and prevent leaf yellowing in stocks and Gladiolus. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects and the best concentrations of H2O2 and BA on vase life of Anthurium andraenum.

In order to study the effects of various concentration of benzyladenin (1, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 and 1000 ppm), hydrogen peroxide (5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 50 and 100 µM) on physicochemical characteristics of cut Anthurium andraenum flowers, three separated experiment were conducted based on completely randomized design with 5 replications. Some traits such as vase life, flower fresh weight, solution uptake rate, soluble sugar content and ion leakage were tested.

The results of each 3 experiments showed that benzyladenin at rate 100 ppm significantly (p < 0.05) increased flower vase life (from 15 days in control to 19.6 days in 100 ppm BA) compared to control. In the 1st experiment, 25 µM of hydrogen peroxide had significant (p < 0.05) effect on vase life, solution uptake and fresh weight. Whereas, the higher concentration of H2O2 (50 and 100 µM) had no effect on measured traits. In the 2nd experiment, 5, 15 and 25 µM of H2O2 and in the 3rd experiment, all tested concentration of H2O2 had significant (p < 0.05) effect of evaluated traits. However, in the 3rd experiment, the effects of all treatments on soluble sugar content and ion leakage were significant (p < 0.05). In all 3 experiments, the effects of different concentration of hydrogen peroxide on vase life were better than control.

With the considering of the positive effects of the BA and H2O2 on solution uptake, using of these compounds can lead to preventing the water loss of the cut Anthurium flowers. Therefore, both compounds can positively affect the freshness and vase life of cut Anthurium flowers. Moreover, treatment of cut Anthurium flowers by various concentrations of BA and H2O2 showed a considerable increase in soluble carbohydrates and decrease in ion leakage. It’s found that application of 100 ppm BA and some rates of H2O2 (5, 10, 15 and 25 µM) are helpful to increase the freshness and vase life of the cut Anthurium flowers.

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses which adversely affect crop productivity and plant growth. A good nutritional status of the  plant could alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress. Zinc dificiency is one one the most predominant mineral dificiency especially in dry and semi-dry regions. Zinc has a critical role in protein metabolism, gene experssion, cell-wall integrity, other micro-nutrient content and carbon metabolism.Hybrid Petunias are garden standbys developed from several South American Petunia species. These sun and heat-loving annuals or tender perennials were among the first ornamentals to be bred for the bedding plant market in the 1950s. Petunia is cultivated in flower beds and pots and requires full sunlight to produce plants and flowers with bright attractive colors. Petunias are as easy to grow as they are pretty. They require ample sun and grow best in rich soil with good drainage. They bloom best with regular fertilization and will continue to flower all seasons.

seedlings grown on media containing 70: 30 garden soil: sand were spraed with diefferent concentrations (0, 5, 25 and 50 MgL-1) of  Nanoparticles and zinc- sulfate. Spraying repeated in two weeks interval on plants after drought stress implementation (50 and 100 percent of field capacity). Morphological and physiological traits were evaluated during the growing period and after final harvest.

results showed that drought stress affected all of the studied traits significantly. Spraying with zinc nanoparticle had significant and positive effects on all morphological and physiological trait except stomatal conductance. Spraying with zinc-sulfate enhanced plant growth, proline accumulation, flower and leaf number. In case of flower number, no significant difference were observed among treatments under drought strss condition, while, under normal condition, plants treated with 25 mg/l of each  compound produced 7 more flowers than control.
 

spraying with zinc nanoparticles was more effective than zinc- sulfate on alleviation of drought stress and consequently on growth and flowering of petunia plants.