نشریه علوم سبزی ها
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The ‌application ‌of ‌organic ‌fertilizers ‌in ‌agriculture, ‌especially ‌in ‌soils ‌with ‌poor ‌nutrients, ‌compared ‌to ‌the ‌use ‌of ‌chemical ‌and ‌mineral ‌fertilizers ‌has ‌positive ‌effects ‌on ‌plant ‌growth ‌and ‌yield. ‌The ‌present ‌study ‌was ‌conducted ‌to ‌investigate ‌the ‌effect ‌of ‌the ‌application ‌of ‌vinasse ‌obtained ‌from ‌sugarcane ‌waste ‌on ‌nutrient ‌uptake, ‌growth ‌properties ‌and ‌yield ‌of ‌basil ‌which ‌was ‌carried ‌out ‌in ‌the ‌research ‌greenhouse ‌of ‌Lorestan ‌University ‌in ‌2018. ‌Treatments ‌included ‌five ‌levels ‌of ‌vinasse ‌application: ‌0, ‌0.19, ‌0.38, ‌0.57 ‌and ‌0.76 ‌(w.w) ‌in ‌soil. ‌The ‌results ‌showed ‌that ‌with ‌increasing ‌vinas ‌application, ‌the ‌concentration ‌of ‌nutrients ‌in ‌the ‌plant ‌enhanced. ‌As ‌the ‌vinasse ‌application ‌of ‌0.76 ‌(w.w), ‌the ‌concentration ‌of ‌nitrogen, ‌phosphorus ‌and ‌potassium ‌in ‌the ‌shoot ‌was ‌1.16, ‌1.25 ‌and ‌1.28 ‌folds ‌and ‌in ‌the ‌root ‌1.34, ‌1.30 ‌and ‌1.49 ‌folds ‌more ‌than ‌control, ‌respectively. ‌The ‌highest plant ‌height, ‌root ‌length, ‌leaf ‌area, ‌number ‌of ‌leaves, ‌and ‌leaf ‌chlorophyll ‌index ‌were ‌also ‌observed ‌in ‌0.76 ‌(w.w), ‌which ‌were ‌2.6, ‌2.8, ‌1.8, ‌3 ‌and ‌2.5 ‌folds ‌higher ‌than ‌control, ‌respectively. ‌The ‌dry ‌matter ‌yield ‌of ‌shoot ‌and ‌root ‌in ‌0.76 ‌(w.w) ‌also ‌increased ‌20 ‌and ‌25 ‌folds ‌compared ‌to ‌the ‌control, ‌respectively, ‌while ‌these ‌values ‌for ‌fresh ‌weight ‌of ‌shoot ‌and ‌root ‌were ‌5.2 ‌and ‌4.7 ‌folds, ‌respectively. ‌According ‌to ‌the ‌findings ‌of ‌the ‌present ‌study, ‌vinasse ‌can ‌be ‌recommended ‌as ‌an ‌alternative ‌to ‌chemical ‌fertilizers in production of ‌plants ‌such ‌as ‌basil ‌with ‌proper ‌management.

A greenhouse investigation was performed to examine the influence of salicylic acid and brassinolide on growth and cadmium accumulation of spinach under cadmium stress conditions at Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during 2020 using a factorial as randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were including salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 0.75 mM), and brassinolide (0, 0.5 and 0.75 μM) and cadmium (0, 300 and 600 μM). The results showed that cadmium stress enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and electrolyte leakage (EL) as well as reduced the spinach biomass. Under Cd stress conditions, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the concentrations of proline and carbohydrates increased. Also, application of SA and Br considerably reduced the MDA and H2O2 content and EL, in contrast, elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes content in Cd-stressed spinach plants, however; the positive effects of SA were high when applied with Br. It was found that the cadmium content in the root was greater than that of spinach leaves. Under 600 μM cadmium stress conditions, application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid, 0.75 mM salicylic acid, 0.50 μM brassinosteroid, 0.75 μM brassinosteroid, 0.5 mM salicylic acid+ 0.5 μl brassinosteroid, 0.5 μM salicylic acid /0 0 mM+ 0.75 μM brasinosteroid, 0.75 μM salicylic acid+ 0.50 μM brasinosteroid and 0.75 μM salicylic acid reduced the cadmium content 12.68, 13.68, 13.93, 22.13, 25.37, 30.09, 30.34 and 45.02% respectively in leaf, as well as 6.53, 10.13, 11.76, 18.30, 26.30, 32.67, 33.34 and 42.81% respectively in root compared to the non-use of these hormones. In conclusion, alleviation of Cd stress by seed priming and foliar application of Br and SA was associated partially with enhanced the activity of the antioxidant system, increase the accumulation of proline and carbohydrates, as well as improve cell membrane stability. Generally, supplementation with Br and SA had a significant effect on reducing the accumulation of cadmium and improving quality and quantity of spinach under Cd-stress.

To investigate the effect of different levels of salinity and caffeic acid on growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Super daminos), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with salinity treatments 0, 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl and caffeic acid 2, 4 and 6 mg / L with three replications in research greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology. The results showed that shoot dry weight at a concentration of 6 mg/L reduced. In all salinity levels, treatments lacking caffeic acid showed the lowest amount of photosynthesis that the lowest amount observed in 50 mM NaCl × 4 mg/L caffeic acid treatment. Relative water content in lacking saline treatments decreased significantly with increasing caffeic acid concentration, but at the highest salinity level, 4 mg/L caffeic acid application increased the relative water content. Caffeic acid application increased salinity levels of 100 and 150 mg/L and increased antioxidant activity than control so that the highest amount was observed in 150 mM NaCl × 2 mg/L caffeic acid (0.27 %) and 100 mM NaCl × 6 mg/L caffeic acid (0.25 %) treatments. It seems that caffeic acid at low concentrations improves the growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber, but has a toxic effect in high concentrations.

Potato golden cyst nematode(Globodera rostochiensis) is the most destructive plant-parasitic nematode of thise crop and surching for variuse control ways is very essential.. Because of the chitin is a dominant composition in middle layer of the eggshell in nematodes, using of the chitinases by chitin-degrading enzymes in a wide range of the fungi is a good strategy for biological control of the potato golden cyst nematode. In this research 154 fungal isolates were recovered from infected eggs of the potato golden cyst nematode, G. rostochiensis. These isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular features including internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S gene) of ribosomal DNA.. The ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S sequences were obtained by sequencing both strands in opposite directions using the PCR amplification primers, ITS1 and ITS4 in genomics resource laboratory at Massachusetts University, USA. In this study, according to morphological features and sequencing of ITS regions of ribosomal DNA, these 154 isolates were classified in 13 genera, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Candida, Chaetomium, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Trichocladium, Lecanicillium, Plectosphaerella, Purpureocillium, Trichoderma andUlocladium. The five fungal species Candida parapsilosis, Cylindrocarpon olidum, Trichocladium griseum, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Ulocladium dauciare reported for the first timefrom G. rostochiensis in Iran. As a producer of various enzymes, the filamentous fungi has been suggested as an important means of biological control for G. rostochiensis.

Selenium (Se) is a metalloid element whose antioxidant properties have been confirmed for humans, animals and plants. Selenium is considered as an essential element in some organisms, but its high concentrations lead to toxicity in plants. Selenium is an essential nutrient, but its role in plants requires more research. So in this research, the effect of different concentrations of selenium (sodium selenate and sodium selenite) and selenium nano-particles (Nano-Se) on onion (Allium cepa L.) seed germination properties and seedling growth was studied. The experimental treatments included four concentrations of sodium selenate and sodium selenite and selenium Nano-Se (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L-1) and control (distilled water). Different forms and concentrations of selenium had significant effect on onion seed germination. The highest germination percentage (100%) was observed in 10 mg L-1 Nano-Se treatment. Selenium had a positive effect on the length and fresh weight of onion root compared to the control treatment, the lowest amount of root length was observed in the control treatment. Low levels of selenium had a positive effect on the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Adding Nano-Se in concentrations 10 and 15 mg L-1 could promote the seed germination of onion compared to sodium selenite and sodium selenate.

Improper utilization of chemical fertilizers has been conducted destructive and irrecoverable effects on soil structure and nutrient elements balance. Nowadays, therefore, Nano-fertilizers application toward maintaining agroecosystem, is recommended. At the present study, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with two factors and five replications in pots conditions during 2017-2018 years was conducted. The first factor included Nano fertilizer concentrations at five levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L) and the second factor was foliar application intervals at two levels (seven and 14 days). The results showed that seven or 14 days’ interval of 2 g/L Nano-fertilizer application results in increase in plant height (30.3 and 29.1 cm respectively). Dry matter yield (3.86 g/plant) and flavone and flavonol content (4.18 mg quercetin/g dry weight) could be enhanced by using 7 days’ interval of 3 g/L Nano-fertilizer. Application of fourteen days’ interval of 1 and 4 g/L Nano fertilizer induced increase in total chlorophyll content. In relation to antioxidant activity, after using more than 1 g/L Nano-fertilizer concentration an increase has been shown (64.29-80.21%). Nano-fertilizer at 3 and 2 g/L concentrations after using seven and 14 days’ intervals respectively, showed highest level of total phenol content. Flavonoid contents exhibited stronger enhancement by using lower concentrations of Nano-fertilizer. Generally, the results showed positive effects of chelated plus Nano fertilizer on morphological and biochemical traits of summer savory.

Increasing of crop density and using methanol are among the factors, which can increase the competitiveness of okra (Abelmuschus esculentus)with weeds and cause increase of yield. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch in the 2017. Methanol treatment with two levels including control and 20% by volume of foliar application of methanol) have been assigned as main plots, crop density at two levels including five and 10 plants per m2 and weed-free periods including weed-free until the end of harvest, weed-free up to five weeks after emergence and weed-free up to 10 weeks after emergence allocated as sub-plots. The results showed that the highest yield of fresh okra (1048 g m-2) and biological yield (231 g m-2) were obtained in the application of 20% by volume of methanol, density of 10 plants per m2 and weeding during the vegetation growth stage. The maximum dry weight of narrow-leaved weeds obtained in the absence of methanol application, density of five plants per m2 and weed weeding, up to five weeks after emergence (641 g m-2) respectively and the highest dry weight of broadleaf weeds obtained in methanol application, density of five plants per m2 and weeding up to five weeks after emergence (324 g m-2). In general, the results of this experiment showed that although methanol, improved okra traits in interference and weed-free conditions, but selecting the appropriate density (10 plants m-2) played a very important role for the effective traits of okra to increase fresh fruit yield and maintaining it in terms of competition with weeds.

In order to study the effects of calcium and light duration on growth and quality of lettuce, this experiment was conducted as split plot based on the randomized complete design with three replications, in research greenhouse of University of Zanjan during 2020. The main plot consisted of light treatments at two levels included natural light duration (an average 7000-8000 lux) and natural light in addition four hourse complementary light (600 lux) and the subplot was consisted of three levels of calcium lactate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g L-1(, calcium chlorid (3, 6 and 9 g L-1) and distilled water as a control. The results showed that increasing light duration significantly increased leaves number, plant fresh weight, total chlorophyll, phenols and flavonoids, vitamin C and anthocyanin contents. Application of calcium chlorid (6 and 9 g L-1) and calcium lactate (1.5 g L-1 ( increased plant fresh weight (10.3, 10.5 and 11.6 g) and Ca concentration of internal leaves (12.8, 12.9 and 12.2%) lettuce, and inhibiet tip burn disorder in lettuce lives. The highest tip burn leaf number (3.5) was observed in plants whitout Ca teated under complementary ligh treatment. Also the highest amount of plant fresh weight, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity was obtained by using calcium lactate 1.5 and calcium chloride 3 and 6 g L-1 with increasing light duration. According to the results, application of calcium lactate 1.5 g L-1 and calcium chlorid 6 and 9 g L-1 with increasing light duration can be preposed to improve growth and quality of lettuce.

In order to determine the best harvest time and method of drying onion seeds, the experiment was performed as factorial experiment in the form of randomized completely design with three replications in the research laboratory of Isfahan Agricultural Research Center in 2014. Factors include two types of onions: the native landrace of Dorcheh Isfahan (long day) and Texas Early Granu 502 varieties (short day), the harvest time consists of five levels: green capsule, yellow capsule, five percent of capsule splitting, 50% splitting of capsules and 100% splitting of capsules and the drying method in two level: dry shade and sun drying was performed. The measured traits included germination percentage and germination rate, 1000-length and weight traits of onion seedlings. The results showed that all traits except of the weight of 1000 seeds were affected by the treatments. For Dorcheh Isfahan, the highest germination percentage (96%) was obtained in the second and fifth harvests and the dry shade method and the highest germination rate (1.34 ) was obtained in the third harvest and dry shade. For Texas variety, the highest germination percentage (94.5%) was obtained in the second harvest and dry shade method and the highest germination rate (0.92) was obtained in the fourth harvest and dry shade, which was not significantly different from the second harvest. In Texas cultivar, the highest size for plant length, stem length and root length (53.88 cm, 16.22 cm and 37.84 cm, respectively) was allocated to the third harvest time and dry shade method. In both varieties, the lowest values of each of the measured traits were related to the first stage of harvest and the dry sun method. Therefore, according to the results, the second stage (yellow capsule) by the shade method, is the best harvest time that prevents seed shedding due to delayed harvest to full maturity of all umbrellas and capsules and severe yield loss.

Abstract This study including two different experiments carried out with the aim of the evaluation of the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid and silicon nano-particles on germination, growth and physiological properties of savory seedling under lead abiotic stress condition based on factorial design. Factors including seeds pre-treatment with different concentrations of silicic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and silicon nano- particles (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mM ) and growing seeds under lead contamination with 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/l concentrations. Results indicated that increasing lead concentration decreased seed germination and rate, shoot dry weight, weight and length indices, whereas increased proline content and enzymes activity. Results showed that the highest seed germination percentages (74.75 %), weight index (1403) and germination rate (87.7) were obtained in seed pretreated with salicylic acid, While the highest shoot dry weight (7,25 mg), length index (865,7) as well as proline content and peroxidase and catalase activities were recorded in seeds pretreated with nano-silicon particles under lead stress condition. The highest proline content and antioxidant catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity recorded in seeds treated with the highest concentrations of silicon nano-particles grown on media containing the highest concentrations of lead.

Pseudomonas tolaasii is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria of the edible fungus (Agaricus bisporus) in Iran and the world. In this study, comparing the severity of pathogenicity of the isolates showed that the highest pathogenicity was related to isolate Pt 4. Antibacterial effect of 10 plant essential oils against isolate Pt 4 was measured by disk diffusion method and based on the diameter of the inhibitory halo, basil and thyme essential oils had the highest antibacterial effect, respectively. The results of chemical analysis of gas chromatography showed that methyl chavicol with 67.05% was the highest monoterpene compound of basil essential oil, which together with two well-known compounds of thyme including carvacrol and thymol showed a controlling effect against P. tolaasii. The results showed that the best effect in controlling the disease on the fungal cap at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was for thymol, carvacrol and methyl chavicol, respectively, but at some concentrations higher than MIC, thymol and carvacrol caused symptoms of cap blackening. Methyl chavicol had no adverse effect against Agaricus bisporus in all concentrations used, despite having less effect on reducing pathogenicity. Therefore, the use of methyl chavicol combination can be a good option to prevent bacterial brown blotch disease in mushroom cultivation halls.

Greenhouse cucumber have branches that pruned continuously to allow light to penetrate into the plant. Today, due to the problems of chemical fertilizers, the use of biological fertilizers recommended. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pruning and application of biohealth biological fertilizer (containing 70% humic acid, 5% bacillus, 5% trichoderma and 5% seaweed extract) on the quality and quantity of greenhouse cucumber fruit cv. Soltan. The results showed that the amount of fruit flavonoids, fruit phosphorus, chlorophyll a in the middle leaf, total chlorophyll in the middle leaf of the plant, carotenoids in the upper leaf, anthocyanin in the upper leaf of cucumber was affected by fertilizer. The amount of fruit antioxidants, total fruit sugar, fruit glucose, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the middle leaf of the plant affected by the interaction of fertilizer and pruning. The highest amount of fruit antioxidants seen in complete pruning-without fertilizer with 66.37%. The highest fruit glucose obtained in the first node pruning without fertilizer with 102.96 mg/gFW. The highest amount of total sugar and chlorophyll a in the middle leaf of the plant recorded in complete pruning without fertilizer treatment with 44.02 mg/gDW and 0.98 mg/gFW, respectively. As a recommendation, if the purpose of greenhouse cucumber cultivation is to produce for a short period of time and at the same time maintain fruit quality, pruning the third node is beneficial, but when long-term cultivation is considered, pruning the first and second nodes is appropriate.