دکتر مهدی زندیه

As the first global trade route in history, the Silk Road played an important role in commercial, technological, and cultural exchanges between the civilizations of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe for more than 15 centuries. It is still often cited as a historical example of international trade and cultural exchanges and is an inspiration for modern initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative. This article aims to examine the multifaceted legacy of the Silk Road in shaping world history through intercultural exchanges. It attempts to answer the question of what effect the Silk Road had on intercultural exchanges, intellectual discourse, and the way countries understood and cooperated and how it had this effect. The present study employed a qualitative approach to evaluating the effect of the Silk Road on various aspects of societies by delving into the literature review, including specialized scientific articles, books, cultural studies, etc. The findings of this study show that the Silk Road significantly facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, artistic motifs, and religious beliefs, creating a rich context of shared heritage. It also shows how these interactions paved the way for modern cultural expression, the transmission of artistic styles, and the fusion of cultures. As a result, the Silk Road can be considered a pivotal force in the evolution of intercultural interactions that significantly influenced global trade and cultural exchange. The enduring legacy of the Silk Road continues to shape contemporary society and confirms its relevance in understanding the interconnectedness of cultures and the importance of dialogue in a globalized world. Hopefully, this study can serve as a foundation for future studies and an incentive to explore more closely specific regions, cultures, or periods influenced by the Silk Road.

Nowadays, tourist and commercial centers are constantly expanding. These days, a grand project called “Iran Mall” has been constructed in District 22 of Tehran, which is a magnificent example of the capabilities of Iranian engineers using state-of-the-art technologies. It has managed to significantly change the appearance and structure of its surrounding area. One of the factors that has contributed to the recognition of this shopping center and attracting tourists is the organization of events and special occasions, which connects the tourism industry with the economy. This article examines the Nowruz event in Iran, its cultural and social activities, and its relevance to a commercial platform. The descriptive-analytical method, along with library studies and field visits through interviews, were used for this purpose, and the role of organizing such events in the formation of important tourist centers in Tehran was identified. Shopping centers have played a significant role in the development of social interactions and the improvement of urban life. Iran Mall, by utilizing large spaces, organizing multiple events, and providing diverse facilities, meets international standards. Even during the COVID-19 crisis, it played a crucial role in changing the use of spaces and solving societal problems. Overall, the completion and development of this cultural and commercial landmark, as an Iranian and Islamic symbol, has had a considerable impact on attracting tourists, despite some criticisms such as the lack of architectural coherence in the spaces.

Fine dust is one of the environmental challenges in dry areas, which disturb human comfort. Wind is the main factor in the movement of fine dust, and the movement pattern of wind is affected by the architecture of cities. The presence of a hole in the form is one of the design which affects the wind load and the flow of fine dust. The purpose of this research is to compare the distribution of fine dust in a tall building with horizontal cavity, with variable number and volume of cavity.

Numerical study was done by CFD. K-omega-SSD turbulence model is used. In order to the software data (the size and type of particles), the field sampling method has been used.

The findings of the research show that as the number of holes increases in volume and their size decreases, the wind speed inside the holes decreases and on the other hand, the movement behavior of the wind and accordingly the dispersion behavior of the particles become more uniform. In these cavities, the concentration of suspended particles increases and their size becomes smaller.

The results show that the design of the form with more holes and smaller volume is more suitable to deal with the phenomenon of fine dust and to achieve comfort in indoor environments. In addition, the design of the openings at higher heights and the depth of the holes reduces the settling rate of fine dust particles in the interior spaces.

Extended Abstract

Focusing solely on the technical and physical aspects of power plant complexes to meet machine requirements has led to a pattern of repetitive cubic shapes and functional structures. Consequently, the central open areas within these rigid and functional structures have primarily been designated for vehicle access and pedestrian walkways, primarily serving as passageways for employees. Changing the attitude of the designers regarding the responsiveness of the open spaces of the power plant to the other needs of the employees could enhance the overall quality of the workplace, ultimately resulting in greater physical satisfaction among the staff. For this reason, it is essential that the role of open and vacant spaces in power plant complexes becomes bolder, and free from traditional isolation. A noteworthy challenge in designing industrial areas is the lack of attention to achieve the optimal design for industrial units in order to improve the job satisfaction of employees. This research shows the weakness of the existing written theoretical literature about the design of open spaces in power plant units under topics such as physical satisfaction and job satisfaction. In the present research: 1- Correlation analysis of physical satisfaction and job satisfaction, 2- Correlation analysis of open space indicators and job satisfaction, 3- Extraction and compilation of ranking of effective parameters of open space design in line with physical satisfaction in power plant industrial units are studied. In the research, the methods of reviewing texts, sources and documents in the context of bibliographic studies, case research and observation have been used. Also, in this research, the correlation between the sense of physical satisfaction and job satisfaction of the control room employees will be investigated.

Using the Delphi method, quantitative and qualitative indicators of open space have been identified, selected and prioritized, and then field studies (questionnaire tool) have been used. At this stage, using the questionnaire data, the physical satisfaction and job satisfaction of the control room employees are measured and at the end, the correlation coefficient of the research variables is determined (the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was done in the SPSS version 26 software environment). The nature of the research is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose, it is practical and by recognizing and analyzing the existing power plant units (using observation, in-depth interviews and questionnaires), prominent parameters in the design of open spaces of power plants are recovered.

The research findings are categorized as follows: 1. Explaining and ranking the important parameters of open space and their impact on the job satisfaction of gas plant control room employees; 2. The possibility of obtaining the achievements of “satisfaction with the physical environment of the workspace” and “job satisfaction” for gas plant control room employees. Confirmation of the research hypothesis, which is based on the correlation of physical satisfaction and job satisfaction of gas plant control room employees (correlation coefficient (0.390) and significance level (0.001)) and the correlation of open space indicators and job satisfaction of control room employees in the open space of gas power plant (correlation coefficient (0.393) and significance level (0.001)) is highlighted in research results (Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis by SPSS software, version 26). The primary outcome of this study involves the identification of crucial factors, as perceived by control room personnel in the studies gas power plants in the design of the open space of the power plant in line with the physical satisfaction of the gas power plant control room employees and compiling their ranking and importance using the Delphi method separately in each power plant.

Therefore, prioritizing the results of this research is effective and decisive in changing the role of open spaces from vacant and unimportant spaces to human-centered places. Due to the anxious and sensitive working conditions, the employees of the control room of the power plant complexes are in a dangerous situation and the physical work environment is effective in adjusting and reducing these dangerous conditions. According to the results of this research (questionnaire and in-depth interview), the existence of a place and the formation of a sense of place in the control room are effective in employees’ satisfaction with the work environment. Therefore, creating or strengthening the sense of place in the control room employees is one of the best ways to create physical satisfaction. Standardization and modulation as well as the use of super scale (large or very large scale) are among the most important complications of power plant construction. These features have a negative impact on the place and prepare the ground for its destruction. Other causes of this destruction, including: disconnection, non-distinctiveness and lack of originality, can be defined under standardization, modulation and use of super scale (large and very large scale). The results of the analysis of the questionnaire items regarding the identification and ranking of the physical parameters of the open space of the gas power plant (based on the total score of each option in the Delphi method), which is the priority of the control room staff (extracted from an in-depth interview with the control room staff and experts and then screening it), Without considering the priority, is as follows: - Architectural design - View and landscape - Vegetation - Facilities and facilities - Access - Furniture - Color and texture of materials - Connection with other spaces - Variety of activities.

The expansion of communication in today’s world has led to growing relations between different cultures in various fields. The outcome is the emergence of concepts such as the global village, globalization, and culture generation. The challenge faced by the world today is the method with which cultures with different values and structures relate to each other. Architecture, as one of the elements most influenced by culture, is by the same token influenced by expanding communications and requires an adequate response to achieve the rudiments of cultural interaction. Many researchers in the field of architecture and landscape architecture have studied the effects of culture on architecture and presented certain principles on the subject. Presently, the influx of cultural connections worldwide raises the following question: What principles does the environment which is formed under the influence of two or more different cultures follow? To this end, previous research on the influence of culture was first investigated and the discourse continued with the analysis of the cultural characteristics of the two countries of Iran and Oman. The research methodology also includes the comparative analysis of existing theories in the formation of a cross-cultural landscape, culture-influenced architecture, and the adaptation of concepts and theories to the realities on the ground. As a result, by presenting the common identifiers of landscapes influenced by the culture of both countries, it has been stated that the architectural landscape of Iran and Oman have a very close identity and it is possible for the two countries to form a cross-cultural framework. Finally, to achieve the aims of the research, recommendations have included exploiting common cultural values, using mechanisms that have been influenced by compatible cultures to shape the architectural landscape, using architectural and landscape shaping mechanisms influenced by the aligned culture, referring to the common symbols and models of both cultures by relying on religious structures and beliefs and avoiding emphasis on anti-value structures.

The spread of the COVID-19 threatens the citizens health, especially the elderly, in community spaces. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the presence of vulnerable groups such as the elderly in community spaces, with the aim of providing lessons in order to be prepared for the post-Corona architecture and healthy environment.

The research method is "meta-analysis" of the documents and scientific reports development regarding the impacts of pandemic on architecture and planning. The research which was carried out with a comprehensive method and a designerly approach. The theoretical framework of the research is a synthesis of the highperformance architecture theory and theory of healthy environment. The methodology analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of urban community spaces in critical paradigm.

Studies show that after the spread of Corona virus and pandemic of COVID-19, the presence of the elderly and other vulnerable groups in urban spaces became less than before. As a result, urban spaces have moved towards polarization, which endangered the value and the quality urban spaces.

The outcomes of the study show that collective open spaces should be planned and designed based on an integrated approach to theories such as "healthy environment" and "healthy city" in order to allow the presence of vulnerable groups, especially the elderly in order to increase the quality of the urban environment. The performance-based design should span from visual-thermal comfort to pollution dispersion and healthy corridor design.

Power plants are one of the most important sources of heat islands. Increasing energy consumption, change of thermal factors and creation of microclimates, affect the conditions of people's presence in open spaces and the use of these spaces greatly depends on a person's thermal perception of the environment. Therefore, the importance that is felt in establishing comfort in open spaces of industrial and power plant environments, is for a longer and better quality presence of employees in this category of spaces. The study of the thermal performance of open spaces in different applications has been evaluated in relation to their micro-climatic behavior, but such a study is not available with the aim of correct and principled design of outdoor power plants. Therefore, the present study has tried to study and recognize the structural features of the outdoor space of Neishabour Combined Cycle Power Plant, using ENVI-met 4 software to simulate and measure the microclimate conditions of the plant and changes in climatic parameters including air temperature, Evaluate relative humidity, wind speed, average radiant temperature and PET climate index on the hottest (July 23) and coldest days (January 20). The results show that the thermal conditions of the power plant are out of the range of thermal comfort in summer and winter and during office hours; Based on the proposed designs, it was found that by reducing the density of vegetation in the direction of the prevailing wind, the humidity in the center of the site can be increased and by planting deciduous trees and with a cross pattern in the direction of cold winter winds, comfort conditions Increase in the center of the site and the busy route of employees.

Nowadays, the entrance to Shiraz from Isfahan is marked by Tang (Strait) Allah Akbar and the Qur’an Gate. Over time and different periods, numerous components have defined this natural entrance, and have been added to or reduced from this entrance, and have changed the identity of the being an entrance to this area for Shiraz. The study seeks to answer this question “which component has historically been stable in the definition of the entrance of Shiraz and has been the essential component shaping the view of the Shiraz entrance? To answer this question, according to the context of social, political, and cultural changes of each period, the study analyzes the several components that have shaped the entrance of Shiraz over a century. The study precisely scrutinizes the landscape changes that took place in this area in the five-time periods of the Buyid dynasty to Qajar, Qajar, Pahlavi I, Pahlavi II, and the Islamic Republic. The results designate that the Qur’an Gate, along with the two components of the valley and mountains around the entrance, has played an objective and subjective role in shaping the landscape and identity of Shiraz entrance in different historical periods. This stability has been changed dynamically and in line with the changes and needs of the time, but the landscape burden of these components in line with the definition of the entrance of Shiraz city has never been reduced. Nonetheless, after the Islamic Revolution, the historical and natural identity of this area as the entrance to the city of Shiraz has been disturbed. This article shows that the lack of coordination of these components with changes in time and lack of attention to the essential importance of these components in defining the entrance identity of the city has provided the grounds for elimination, destruction, or marginalization of these components and has distorted their role in defining the entrance of Shiraz.

Absence of identity, lack of attachment to a place, and ignorance of history, nature, and climate, have created diverse problems for the architecture of different regions. A practical solution to improve the architectural condition is to study the vernacular architecture and the original architectural patterns in every region. The vernacular architecture reemphasizes the valuable architectural and cultural background of that region. In addition, the recognition and introduction of architectural patterns can resolve many cultural, social, and developmental needs in that region. Some places in the geographical area of Iran, despite their rich architectural background and valuable buildings, are less known and studied. Boroujerd city in Lorestan province is one of these areas.

This study aims to identify and categorize the physical-spatial factors used in vernacular buildings of the Sufian neighborhood in Boroujerd and to evaluate their impact on vernacular buildings.

A combination of two research methods was used in two steps in this study. In the first step, the descriptive-analytical method was used to understand the physical-spatial patterns. In the second step, the TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the recognized patterns. Moreover, bibliographic research using related documents and resources, field observations, and questionnaires were used as the research tools.

This study seeks to identify the spatial-physical patterns used in vernacular housing of the Sufian neighborhood. These patterns include spatial building components, decorations, building materials, and climatic features. Finally, using a questionnaire and TOPSIS method, it is determined that the most significant physical-spatial patterns in vernacular housing of the Sufian neighborhood in Boroujerd are the building materials and construction techniques.

The result of this study is the classification of physical-spatial patterns of constructions of buildings in Boroujerd city, which include spatial constituent elements, decorations used in native buildings, building materials of different parts of the building and effects A climate is created in the emergence of indigenous buildings in the Sufi neighborhood of Boroujerd, and finally the most important patterns are identified separately using the TOPSIS method.

Problem statement:

 The oil discovery and presence of Britain under the banner of Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the processes of oil exploration and extraction in the South of Iran, especially Khuzestan, creates a colonial experience in this region. This issue has created a pattern of colonial urbanization in Iran and brought changes in economic, political, and social aspects, which can be emerged in Abadan as the center for British Petroleum Colonialism activities.

The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of colonial attitudes on the urban structures of Abadan as an example of colonial urbanization in Iran’s geographical platform.

This study is qualitative, and attempts to answer the research questions using the interpretive-historical method. The data collection method in this study was bibliographic through which written references like books, articles, and visual sources like historical images, and urbanization maps were examined and analyzed. Also, the authors used their living experience in Abadan on the other hand.

Using urban zoning principles, greenbelt in the frame of city garden principles, ordered urban blocking, and using urban squares as urban joints have been the most important measures of colonial urbanization in Abadan taken to enhance the control and supervision level on different urban sections. Also, this study showed that Abadan colonial city can be interpreted as a panoptic city on one hand, and a dual city in terms of physical, social, economic, and infrastructural aspects on the other hand.

Contemporary architecture of Islamic countries as one of the common seasons of these countries, has always felt the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to creating space in the design. So todaychr('39')s architecture has always been looking for creativity in the design process to make up for this shortage. Using the digital approach to redefining the process can help. In addition to beauty, decorations in Islamic architecture are the induction of concepts such as order and existential unity that are seen in the form of geometric and abstract motifs. Also, in Islamic teachings and the Holy Quran, a concept such as unity in multiplicity has been mentioned a lot. Redefining this concept with a digital approach to Islamic architecture decorations could be a new discourse between a traditional and a modern approach. In This study examine the role of digital approach in the manifestation of Islamic architectural decoration in the design process inspired by the teachings of the Holy Quran.

The research method that used in this study is "logical reasoning", using "analytical-descriptive" approaches with a qualitative approach.

The digital approach based on Bottom to Up method and focusing on the three areas of patterning and generative pattern, algorithm-coding, and digital fabrication redefine Islamic architectural decorations by changing the basic parameters and produces new patterns.

The fields of digital approach can design and produce Islamic teachings such as unity in multiplicity with geometric mathematical foundations in Islamic architectural decoration.

According to statistics published in the field of energy, today, buildings are known as the largest consumers of energy. Hence, the technological advances in the field of construction increasingly focus on new solutions to reduce energy consumption in the building sector. Achieving environmentally friendly solutions in order to move towards sustainable development in the field of architecture has been considered by architects and designers. Using adaptable technologies in building shells for the use of renewable energy is an important solution. As one of the most important sources of renewable energy, the sun has a small share in producing clean energy in the building section so far. But in recent decades, scientists and designers have increasingly focused on this clean source of energy. One of the new ways to benefit from solar energy is the use of photovoltaic panels. Shells consisting of photovoltaic panels that generate electricity from sunlight are recognized as an essential solution to reduce the use of fossil fuels. The use of low-cost and effective techniques in the field of architecture has contributed significantly to the improvement of the construction process.

This study aims to investigate the effect of using folding techniques to choose the best angle of position for photovoltaic panels used on building facades to increase the solar radiation by using parametric (Grasshopper) and energy (Ladybug) simulation software. After a general analysis of different types of origami methods and the cases used in the construction industry, and the natural forms, four patterns were selected as the basic modules for further study and modeling by the Ladybug plugin in Grasshopper software. Based on the defined and conventional criteria (constructability, without shading, setting toward the sun), these samples could be used on vertical facades of buildings. The base module that can be placed on the vertical facade was modeled, and an extra module was defined based on the literature review on the optimal angle in Tehran latitude to maximize the received solar energy.

A total of 6 final samples were prepared to be simulated. The simulated modules were optimized based on a genetic algorithm using the Galapagos plugin to find the optimal position for receiving maximum solar radiation. This optimization was actually done based on the form parameters to find the most optimal form (a combination of angle and slope). This study seeks to answer the research questions: How can the solar radiation received in photovoltaic panels be increased by using geometric patterns based on the origami technique? In other words, how can the solar radiation be increased by changing the geometric arrangement of the photovoltaic panels according to the daily and annual solar movement patterns? The present study showed that the efficiency of photovoltaic panels is not improved only by using expensive technologies and solar trackers. The factor of change in solar radiation, which is the most important factor in receiving solar radiation during short and long periods of time, can be adjusted by accessible techniques such as the origami technique. In other words, by changing the angle of photovoltaic panels using computer technologies based on the solar movement, more solar energy can be received from radiation. This study shows that changing the arrangement of different photovoltaic panels using the origami technique compared to the base module on the southern facade can increase the received solar energy. The change of forms can increase the produced electrical energy from 3.44 and 11.39%.

According to this research, V-shaped (zigzag) modules can absorb more solar radiation due to the larger photovoltaic panels area. Although the amount of solar radiation per unit area decreases, their use is logically justified when the available surface area is limited. Also, the use of modules made with the help of the Miura origami method showed that it is possible to receive more solar radiation to some extent without using solar trackers or moving views at an economical cost because the different sides of these patterns are more able to absorb radiation over a long period of time (due to the variable daily and seasonal solar movement patterns).

The principle of flexibility, as an environmental capability of meeting various uses compatible with people’s various goals, is one of the significant approaches to housing architecture. In Western architecture, this issue has been widely raised with an organized structure after World War I, while in Iranian architecture, it is inherently evident in traditional housing. Unfortunately, due to lack of sufficient knowledge of this principle and the reasons for its use in traditional housing, flexibility has become known as a modern western innovation by people, with the phenomenon of globalization, its western appearance has entered the contemporary architecture of Iran, and even changed the lifestyle of the Iranian people. The present study is descriptive-analytic research in which the factors forming a flexible housing, flexibility typology, and constructive elements of the western and Iranian flexible residential architectures are studied comparatively. The results show that flexibility in Iranian traditional house has originality based on needs, abilities, and knowledge raised at that time and is fully in line with the standards set at modern times and claimed by western architecture. The most important difference between the two is the issue of privacy, which has been ignored in the use of Western design structures in the Iranian context, leading to the change of Iranian lifestyle. By understanding this issue, this social dimension of housing (i.e. privacy) can be considered in the flexibility issue to see the richness of this concept in Iranian architecture

 Decorative and geometrical experiences are an integral part of Iranian art and traditional architecture in the Islamic era, which has provoked the acclaim of many pundits in this area. One of the challenges of contemporary Islamic architecture is the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to create geometry and new forms.

The purpose of this study will be to produce 3D geometric decoration based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics so that these forms will be shaped by sound frequencies resulting from the reading of the Quran at the different tunes.

To achieve the desired goals through library and field studies, firstly, recognition and classification of the Quran tunes, then examining the relationship between parametric architecture and music, has been used to analyze them from descriptive-analytical research methods. then, the modeling methods and pattern deformation based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics have been studied. finally, three-dimensional geometric patterns are mapped into a computer simulation method with Rhino software and Grasshopper plugin based on audio input from the Quran.The result of this study indicated that the mathematical relationship between parametric architecture and Iranian music can be used to create unique –dimensional shells, coordinate with valuable features of context-based architecture.

Mathematical language can be used as a link between parametric architecture and musical tunes used in the reading of the Quran. Also, 3D shells which are produced with the Islamic architecture approach can play an applied role in the beautification of the urban highways.

The hazards and damages of Floods have shown the importance of reclamation and reorganization of river valleys and urban watercourses of Tehran, and have been the major title of Tehran urban management plans in the past few years. The main goals of these plans are to guide and transfer surface waters and contingent flood to the river valleys and watercourses. Therefore, formulating principles and design criteria, and providing the practical ways in the reclamation and reorganization of river valleys are the necessary subjects of studies, with the aim to control the floods and reducing detrimental effects of flood waters. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the strategies for mitigation of flood risk in a part of Kan river-valley after building Javanmardan-e Iran Park. Also, the causes of recent floods in this area, and lack of efficiency of this river valley in water flow reducing are discussed. At the end, some architectural solutions are suggested. The research method is descriptive-analytical and application of SWOT model. Collected data is derived from documentary resources, case study and observations field. The results of present research indicate that controlling the flood have been less noticed in organization of Kan River Valley in Javanmardan-e Iran Park; and design principles and improvement strategies of this area should be considered for prevention and reduction of future flood risks and damages.

Human life, since early era, has been associated with religious beliefs and convictions and these beliefs and convictions have always influenced human lifestyle and physical space formation. Existing documents, drawings depicted on the caves walls and construction of primitive accommodations indicate direct relationships between human beliefs and their lifestyle, and shape and form of their accommodations. There is limited evidence on Arabs’ invasion to Iran that happened in order to expansion of the religion of Islam in early first-century (ah). However, there are documents showing that they entered from South-West of the country with the aim of decolonization and presenting the Islamic religion and beliefs to Iranians who were mostly Zoroastrian in that time. Giving this assumption, Arabs’ invasion to Iran and bringing the Islam religion to this country has had impacts on life, customs, faith, traditions and culture, and also on architecture, particularly construction of Iranian religious buildings. In general, different religions have influenced culture, people’s lifestyle, and particularly architecture of countries. In this regards, evolvement of identity, form and shape of synagogues, churches, Buddhist temples are considerable. Apart from climatic and regional impacts and also traditions in constructing buildings, evolvement in architecture in different areas have been influenced by people’s religions in different countries.This article aims to use textual and visual documents and to apply a desk study, to investigate this issue, with the hope of providing and studying relevant case studies and summarizing and concluding the influence of religion on the architecture of the country.

Landscape is a phenomenon that enters scientific and professional gamut in recent decade seriously, and because of its novel emersion, there are loads of challenges and questions about its definition. . By hearing the name of" Landscape" at the first time, it likely bears in mind the concept of green space and its definite presence in public memories.The other controversial issue in this field is extent of relationship and association of Landscape with environment and nature.
In this paper we try to answer some of these ambiguities to be clarified the public image and even both architecture and urbanism specialists that is not mostly comprehensive image of it
Although designing and creating gardens and parks existing in Landscape Architecture projects, but in fact Landscape Architecture not only does not limited into it but also includes deeper and broader scale concepts. Nature and environment also plays an important role in terms of Landscape. When people can understand environment then it can contains Landscape. Thus, there is some differences in understanding Landscape proportional to the individual recognition. In the other hand, developing of the built environment and expanding professional knowledge, overlapping spheres of activity, confusing of some issues between "Landscape Architecture" and "Urban Design" create some obscurity in constructing the built and natural environment in cities; Urban Design mainly looks physically to the problems while Landscape Architecture's purpose is to humanize (subjective aspect) and organize the perimeter.
This paper presents an overview of the definitions of domain Landscape Architecture's experts and expressed the view that it is necessary and important, vital for the continuation of the Landscape Architecture is expressed. Seems to assume the perspective of the future world is familiar with human needs and desired location. The perspective of the rules (discipline) will be known, prospective move to issues of tomorrow.

Already in a variety of buildings with different uses, what would seem more architectural design, the changes after utilization by users that this change in terms of non-compliance with design requirements and not due to changes in other aspects, such as engineering and pre-operation. Sometimes encountered with a sudden change in the design process and according to the traditional structure of the design process, this change does not apply in other dimensions and design errors during the operation, to show the changes will be binding, it could be next a model to follow design changes and pre-operation would lead to elimination; as necessary. Building Information Modeling (BIM) by removing complexity in the design, manufacturing, integration of information with possible changes in the other components of the structure, anticipate and reduce errors after the operation and construction. With technology development, process improvement and change the industry has improved, but still compact construction industry based on the traditional process, with the architectural design or building design, constructed by contractors. This is while, the building of new systems and due to the changing demands of the employer, are very complex, so that we add to this complexity, architects, owners and contractors to align themselves with these developments, in the wake of Operation changes into the design drawn on the body, it's important to be consistent and comprehensiveness of information between other elements of building construction creates a problem, since more of the architect's plans need to be integrated and followed this interference with the program at all stages make a pre-operation. In fact, building information modeling, a new change in the design and construction industry is documenting, modeling, building information, information about the whole building gives us the full documentation and integration into a database gives us. All of these parameters are therefore connected to each other, any change in the model of an object, the entire project will affect all aspects, building information modeling, data includes actual building is only two-dimensional maps, which are common Maps drawn with CAD found not formed. Building Information Modeling, a common mistake is called as a digital model generated by CAD software in a process known as Building Information Modeling. Construction industry due to the large number of documents it is much more complicated than ever. BIM new promising tool in architecture, engineering and construction industry, which will build a virtual model before the actual construction of buildings on the main field allows information. In fact, this model designs because this method, using the building information and it is also the most important stage design. Building and weaknesses through analysis software is documented. In enhancing the effectiveness of the do the right thing, in this method, two-dimensional plan was rejected and assessments in specific applications with methods to identify the areas and their dimensions are considered qualities, at different times of exposure, etc. is checked.
In the construction of a project, including design partnership with the consultancy, construction and post-run (after the operation) is, in fact semantic knowledge building must be provided, building information model, common architecture Other aspects of the project such as building provides structural and semantic knowledge, based on continuous improvement approach, which supports the evolutionary changes simply and recovery. It improves with time-saving schematic design, design changes and development, creation and coordination between the various elements of project design and control documents in advance of the operation increases productivity. The main objective of this study was to develop methods to improve the architectural design stage before an exploit is in fact to determine the effectiveness promoter factors, using the building information model, the final design is done. The rise of the more complex, faster and build sustainable development in the form of improved technology makes BIM drawing because the traditional activities are not able to meet these pressures. It is hoped that with the widespread use of building information modeling in the field of construction, the cost of future performance and reduced use and improved performance of the operation to reduce errors. The Building Information Modeling as an innovative way to design, construction of process before and after the operation, implementation and management, compared with more traditional methods of design and attitude as human activities that model, instead of seeing it as an object-oriented approach or a special software. In fact, BIM improves the automation industry and process two-dimensional animation project, has been integrated into the workflow in the batch process, the ability of computing, networking and data information and knowledge society maximized and errors are reduced.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) by removing complexity in the design, manufacturing, integration of information with possible changes in the other components of the structure, anticipate and reduce errors after the operation and construction. With technology development, process improvement and change the industry has improved, but still compact construction industry based on the traditional process, with the architectural design or building design, constructed by contractors. This is while, the building of new systems and due to the changing demands of the employer, are very complex, so that we add to this complexity, architects, owners and contractors to align themselves with these developments, in the wake of Operation changes into the design drawn on the body, it's important to be consistent and comprehensiveness of information between other elements of building construction creates a problem, since more of the architect's plans need to be integrated and followed this interference with the program at all stages make a pre-operation. In fact, building information modeling, a new change in the design and construction industry is documenting, modeling, building information, information about the whole building gives us the full documentation and integration into a database gives us. All of these parameters are therefore connected to each other, any change in the model of an object, the entire project will affect all aspects, building information modeling, data includes actual building is only two-dimensional maps, which are common Maps drawn with CAD found not formed. Building Information Modeling, a common mistake is called as a digital model generated by CAD software in a process known as Building Information Modeling. Construction industry due to the large number of documents it is much more complicated than ever. BIM new promising tool in architecture, engineering and construction industry, which will build a virtual model before the actual construction of buildings on the main field allows information. In fact, this model designs because this method, using the building information and it is also the most important stage design. Building and weaknesses through analysis software is documented. In enhancing the effectiveness of the do the right thing, in this method, two-dimensional plan was rejected and assessments in specific applications with methods to identify the areas and their dimensions are considered qualities, at different times of exposure, etc. is checked. BIM improves the automation industry and process two-dimensional animation project, has been integrated into the workflow in the batch process, the ability of computing, networking and data information and knowledge society maximized and errors are reduced.

The industrial revolution and greed of man to man and contact the irreversible nature, on the left; After that, environmental issues, endangered species of animals and humans were social issues into consideration. Then they took action to prevent these problems and decision to sustainable urban development. In some developed countries, policy makers, solutions for cities, in order to solve social problems and reducing energy consumption and presented. In this regard, the Iranian traditional architecture, in the past were thought solutions for sustainable cities, which, unfortunately, this traditional patterns seen in contemporary architecture low. One reason for this lack of comprehensive principles for sustainability old town as well as the implementation of the principles of modern contemporary and traditional tastes far people are in contradiction. In the research process, human societies from resorting to sustainable development in the area of environmental, social and economic investigated. Then - five sample cities, Copenhagen, Oslo, Curitiba and Msdar- the development of sustainability policies adopted “Agenda 21” is harmony, is studied in detail. Then, in ancient Iran and 5 examples of sustainable cities of the modern world are compared and the common and non-common (new approaches), applicable both to run in Iran have been extracted to help implement traditional architecture Iran its modern form. In the end, the principles and guidelines in the field of environmental, economic, social and related subdirectories in order to stabilize in contemporary Iran, is provided.

Climatic changes, one of which is water shortage due to low precipitation, drop in groundwater level and canals dryness, have resulted in degradation of vegetation in some Iranian historical gardens in hot and dry areas. In the present research, it is attempted to extract a model for vegetation rehabilitation in these gardens (by keeping originality), through merging Xeriscape and Iranian garden principles. Through implementing this model, it is attempted to save these gardens and to keep these valuable historical monuments.
In the present research, components of Iranian gardens and xeriscape are studied and merged consistently. Therefore, this research is conducted based on combined strategies.
In the present research, Iranian garden and xeriscape principles are merged and then a model is presented based on low and optimal water consumption through selecting plants which need low water, modifying soil, using new irritation systems and mulches for covering surface of soil and also appropriate keeping in Iranian gardens.
Although, in recent years, using xeriscape principles has boomed in different countries, but these principles not have been used in Iran synchronously. Through developing a comprehensive model for using xeriscape principles in Iranian gardens, the results obtained in this study can help in reviving vegetation of an Iranian historical garden degradaed due to water shortage.