دکتر ابوتراب طالبی

present study is a qualitative research that was conducted with the using grounded theory method with the aim of identifying the risk factors affecting recidivism. Researches has shown that if a person has certain risk factors, these factors will increase her or his chances of becoming a criminal. Using targeted sampling and then theoretical sampling,individuals with criminal records of more than two offenses (as sample units and observation units) were included in the research. Based on the analyses conducted in open and axial coding, the total causal conditions of crime repetition include 7 major categories and 17 subcategories, including: 1 -harmful compensation of lacks 2-unmet basic needs 3-individual-social disclusion 4- self-imprisonment 5-ineffective justice system 6-problematic redefinition of self-concept 7-criminal subcultural capital. Finally, we reached the core category of the sustainability of deprivation. which has multiple dimensions .individuals who engage in repeat offending, do so due to the continuity of a set of deprivations and that deprivation is not only caused by the individual actions of activists or due to the structure of society, but both of them have been effective in causing deprivation. 

Subjectivity is the reflexive experience of awareness and individual agency in interaction with oneself and with others in the real, symbolic, and institutional realms. This study aims to comprehend the social and semantic complexities of the subjectivity of Kurdish women. The research employed theoretical sampling and in-depth individual interviews with 43 Kurdish women, supplemented by the formation of a focus group consisting of six individuals, within the interpretive-constructivist approach and grounded theory method framework. The findings reveal that the subjectivity of Kurdish women can be grasped through the central phenomenon of suspension. This experience was categorized into four concepts: suspension of cognition and agency, suspension of lived experience, conscious suspension of fear, and suspension as a strategy. Contextual conditions and institutional relations encompass normative institutions, regulatory institutions, minority status, and economic status while intervening conditions include experiences of subjugation, social connections, and available resources. Three types of strategies emerged: protection strategy, resistance strategy, and negotiation. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the intricate nature of subjectivity in Kurdish women's experiences, depicting it as fluid, mixed, and multifaceted, and existing within three categories of female subjectivity, passive-unembodied-internal subjectivity vs. embodied/active subjectivity, and delocalized subjectivity.

The purpose of this study was to explore and provide a model of Cultural contexts of economic action of Kermanshah citizens' action in the field of social welfare. The research method is qualitative. The data collection technique was also a semi-structured interview. The interview reached theoretical saturation after conducting among 35 purposeful selected individuals. The results showed that two factors of religion and customs have been considered as causal conditions. In the context of factors, the fear of displaying wealth in the public arena and family orientation, Intervention conditions include the type of money (positive and negative) and the Inadequacy in money management and people's views. The central phenomenon also refers to the decisive role of money in social welfare. Model strategies also include: Using money as a tool to develop work and save for various motives. Finally, the sum of these issues has consequences such as: comfort and convenience, Employment, entertainment, family relationships and social interactions, Nutrition and clothing, poverty and deprivation and meeting the needs for access to social welfare. When we talk about the culture that influences economic action, we mean a set of beliefs that must have a set of characteristics. This set is not a harmonious, harmonious and homogeneous set, but a set in which opposing elements Abundance is found.

The present article aims to provide the social meaning of "work" to the staff of Royan Research Institute (RRI) to answer the question that: What does "work" mean for the staff of (RRI) and what are the central phenomenon, the core category and the central categories around the meaning of "work" for the staff of (RRI) ? The method used according to the research problem and question; Also, the adopted strategy is based on a grounded theory and the information is collected through an in-depth interview technique. "Work" at (RRI); In the form of two processes, "scientific activities" and "executive activities" are going on simultaneously and in parallel and in the face of the fields; It has seven different meanings. At the first level or in the organic dimension, "work" means "activity"; At the second level or family means "livelihood"; At the third or social level, "work" means "service"; In the organizational dimension and in the fourth level, "work" means the promotion of the organization and the fulfillment of the "mission"; In the national dimension and in the fifth level, "work" means "courage"; In the international context and at the sixth level, "work" means "honor"; And at the last level or spiritual dimension; "Work" means "worship." At all seven weekly levels, "work" means meeting a basic need. The central phenomenon derived from the data is "happy growth"; At all seven weekly levels, "work" means meeting a basic need. The central phenomenon derived from the data is "happy growth"; These two aspects are so intertwined that it is meaningless to imagine one without the other.

The objective of this study was to exploring the social responsibility of the oil and gas industry in the local community. Used a thematic content analysis strategy with an inductive approach. Based on purposive sampling, 35 people participated in this study and theoretical saturation was obtained using semi-structured interviews. After conducting the interview and gathering information, the obtained codes were analyzed in different sections, and after identifying the concepts and categories, the main theme was obtained. The main theme was "deficiency of institutionalization of social responsibility of the oil and gas company in the local community before and after the implementation of projects." The findings indicate that the non-institutionalization of social responsibility of the oil and gas industry started from the lack of legal acceptance, which subsequently led to the non-acceptance of the environment. It has led to economic intolerance and weak humanitarian acceptance in the local community. A comparison between the themes of industry social responsibility in the local community shows the illegality of industry in the legal, environmental and economic fields. In the social and humanitarian dimensions, the narrative of weak actions and activities is the social responsibility of the industry in these dimensions and the lack of transparency in the industry, which indicates the limited and weak empiricism of the social responsibility of the industry in the local community. Corporate social responsibility is not embedded in the local community as an important business strategy.

This article analyses the experience of Kurdish women's silence based on their understanding and interpretation of gender and their position in the fields of work, family and education. The aim is to show the social and semantic complexities of the phenomenon of Kurdish women‘ silence. This study was conducted using theoretical sampling and individual interviews with 20 Kurdish women, as well as focus interviews in a group of six, in the framework of interpretive-constructivist approach and the thematic analysis technique. The results have been framed under the two main themes of hegemonic silence and strategic silence, and also sub-themes. They show that women give different meanings to their silence by their silence in different situations while use different strategies. The consequences of each of these types of silence can include those silences that re-establish or disrupt the hegemonic meanings of gender and domination. This study shows that the experience of silence lies in a range of subjugation on the one hand, and subjectivity and agency on the other. Moreover, the boundary between victim and agent cannot be considered as a clear and inflexible boundary.

Women’s addiction is a gender category and it has received less attention than addiction in men. Although addicted women experience many difficult problems, they enjoy less social support and services. The aim of the study is to examine this phenomenon and female experience of addiction, and develop a paradigm model for women’s addiction.

It is a qualitative research. To find out the lived experience of addicted women, the grounded theory (GT) method was applied in the first stage and the data were collected through in depth, semi-structured interview. 30 women were studied in 2019. Sampling was started in targeted form and ended by achieving the theoretical saturation point. Data were coded and analyzed using strauss and corbin method within three steps of open, axial and selective coding.

According to the axial category, women’s addiction is a subsequent reaction which occurs under family and social disorder circumstances and has physical, mental, economic and social consequences.

Based on lived experience of addicted women, addiction in women can be divided into 4 stages: stage1 is knowing the substance and beginning to use, stage 2 is making doubt, stage 3 is dependence, and stage 4 is overcoming and abandoning the drug use.

The forward text is a description of abolition and termination of death penalty in the modern world and explanations that different sociological views are drawn to this decline. The first part is the death penalty in pre modern world, a world that can be considered as the age of death penalty, the second section is about the fall of this kind of punishment in human societies. The third part is about the typology of sociological theory that has been explaining this change. In this text we will talk about four types of theory, functionalist theory, political economy of the death penalty, Foucauldian theory and finally culturalist theory.  The fourth category, however, are those that explain such change with the help of culture and believe that gradually in the modern world, structure of the feelings of human beings have changed, and the modern human beings nourished another, and therefore, the behavior with the body of criminals finds new meaning and form.

Research shows that two-thirds of the prisoners are likely to commit crimes again within the first three years of their release. It is critical to study the factors associated with committing crime again for public planning. In this essay, we try to identify not only the risk factors affecting this phenomenon by studying published articles about recidivism, but also, given the contradictory results of the research, we will examine the effect size of a summary of the research. This paper is a meta-analysis. In this study, Hege’s g index was selected as the indicator of the effect size of studies. The CMA2 software was used to calculate the effect sizes. The random summary effect size was 0.396, and the effect sizes of the variables from the highest to the lowest were that of personality disorder, low age of the offender, offenders’ attitudes, poor education, dysfunctional family, family history of crime, problematic personality traits, crime background, criminal associates, victim type, psychological disorders, alcohol and drug abuse, unemployment and status of residence, respectively. In conclusion, the summary effect size of risk factors, according to Cohen's classification, shows small and medium effects. The most studied risk factors were at the individual level, indicating that the individual's perception of committing crime in the research literature was overcome.

The situation of ethnic minorities in Iran in terms of ethnic discrimination and inequality has been the subject of concerns and public debates both inside and outside Iran for decades, but the actual and concrete experiences of the ethnic groups within the modern institutions of Iran has rarely been the subject of empirical studies. The study of lived experiences of the Turks and Kurds within an influential institution like the university can deepen our knowledge of the ethnic functions of modern institutions in Iran. Therefore, using the qualitative and phenomenological approach, this article studies the ethnic lived experiences of the Kurdish and Turkish students focusing on experiences of discrimination and inequality in four universities in Iran. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews conducted with 35 students. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique that resulted in 3 main themes and 8 sub-themes. The findings show that the university experiences for the Kurdish and Turkish students especially for the latter includes significant aspects of the sense of ethnic discrimination and inequality occurring especially around two lines of language and religion.

The purpose of this article is to investigate, the relationship between religiosity and the sense of social security from a sociological point of view and seeks to answer these questions:: How religiosity can be explained in relation to the social security sense? Which aspects of religiosity are more related to social security sense? The present study was conducted with a sociological approach and a survey method using a questionnaire. Data was randomly collected from a sample of 506 people (residents of Kashan city) aged 18 years and above. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. The results showed a significant correlation between religiosity aspects and social security sense variable. The explanatory factors in the regression model and path analysis show that the experimental variable with the beta coefficient of 0.290 has the highest correlation with the security variable sense. The second variable that enters into the equation in terms of beta weight is the variable of religious knowledge aspect that the regression coefficient of this variable is equal to 0.14. In sum, empirical and scientific knowledge aspects have been able to explain 43% of variation variance of social security sense

The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of collectivism in social responsibility among Kashan’s Citizens in five dimensions of community, cultural, political, economic and environmental. Effects of variables as economic, social and cultural capital and religiosity on citizen’s collectivism in the social responsibility were studied. The method for the research is survey and statistical society in this research includes adults, 18 years and older of Kashan in 2013. In this research, 383 people have been selected as the sample volume and for sample selection, multistep cluster method was used. Findings show that collectivism in social responsibility is weak among most of citizens. In social, cultural, political, economic and environmental dimensions, the levels of collectivism are different. The strongest collectivism among dimensions of social responsibility is for the dimension of environmental. The consequences of the research hypotheses, confirmed meaningful correlations between social capital, cultural capital and religiosity with citizen’s collectivism in the social responsibility. The relation between the economic capital and social responsibility was rejected. Religiosity has the most power to affect on social responsibility.

The purpose of the present article is to consider the independent single girl’s life style. First, it has been considered the single girl’s life style utilizing the ideas of theorizers like Torstein Veblen, George Zimel, Max Weber, Adler and Pierre Bourdieu and then it has been done an experimental study through a mixed approach. This research was done via quantitative and qualitative methods. The statistic sample of research is included the girls between 19-45 and resident in Tehran. The inhabitants in the private pensions were studied through the questionnaire and those living in apartments and personal houses were investigated via interview. The reasons and grounds of independent life of the single girls are divided into four branches:  the first branch is related to the girls who have chosen this lifestyle without any special force. The second is tied to the girls who preferred to be independent due to inappropriate atmosphere of family and society such as: dispute among family members or the disagreement of family and society towards some of the wants of them. The third branch has to do with the girls who are independently migrated because of lack of job in their hometown. The last one is concerned with the girls who live independently thanks to the force of job in another city by a governmental organization. In this article, it has been considered the quality and quantity of the girls’ lifestyle.

This article critically studies eventual approaches of power, via the analyzing of six movies by Masoud Kimiaee which produced before 1979, Ghiesar, Reza Motori, Dash Akol, Ghavaznha, Khak, and Safar-e Sang. Critical discourse analysis in cinema, on one hand, considers to cinema itself as an art, regarding it as a valid, valuable, thinkable and philosophical medium; on the other, consider it as a juncture of politic, economy and culture that, in this article, authors articulate some of them from the sociological perspective. By the same token, studying of the movies of Masoud Kimiaee is a reason for us to understand social and political relations, in general, and the power relations, in particular. It seems that structural patterns in which these films represent contribute to the kind of subjects that can be seen concretely in the Iranian society: subalterns that were strive to affect the counters of change in their society. In this cinema, the gradual trend of three discourses (Rebellious, Tragic and Epic- Revolutionary) in related to those social conditions, generate a resistant subject that finally transfigure to a revolutionary subject. In each of these discourses two kinds of resistance (frictional or intentional) are realized by the protagonist of the movies which are manifest in their everyday life or the politic of government. The rebellious discourse owns both kind of resistance; Tragic discourse engages more rather with the frictional resistance in the daily life; and in the epic-revolutionary discourse we face more rather with intentional resistance in the level of the politic of government.

This paper surveys the sense of identity in children without birth certification and the numerous problems they face with it. As there are not so many surveys conducted on this and nowadays the birth certification is known as one of the standards and requirements of living in modern societies, this paper seeks to explore the influence of birth certification and its role in the life of children,. Due to the lack of prior research in this field, Grounded Theory was used and the sampling was targeted. The research data were collected through individually interviewing and group discussions with 21 children without birth registration, living in Khak-Sefid and Darvaze-Ghaar regions, Tehran, Iran; were held. Research findings show child’s lack of identity establishment. Children without birth certification consider having a birth certification as the factor of accessing to liberation and enjoying social rights. Lack of birth certification makes them confronting many problems, such as lack of access to welfare, training and educational facilities, dropouts, sense of humiliation, powerlessness and absurdity. Finally, these problems cause difficulties in one’s identity, identification process and self-discovery in the society.

Many scholars are on the belief that ethnicity, ethnocentrism, and nationalism are sensitive issues of countries. As a result of the growth of information capacities of the modern world in the last few decades, ethnic tensions have been increased and created new issues. Taking a content analysis approach, the present research aims to study the issue of ethnic identity-seeking in cyberspace. The statistical population included all the contents of the 29 websites active in the ethnic (i.e. Turk/Azeri) identityseeking affairsin May, 2012. In this paper, the concept of ‘ethnic identityseeking’ is studied on a scale from ethnocentrism, being the lowest grade, and ethnic cleansing, being the highest grade. The results showed that the majority of ethnic materials in cyberspace were related to ethnocentrism (54%). These materials are written with purpose of promoting thoughts such as enmity of Persians and Turks, colonization of Turks by the Persian government, and historical as well as geographical distortion of Azerbaijan. Separatist nationalism, beingmore radical than ethnocentrism, focuses on the necessity of separating from Iran land and the independence of Turkish regions of Iran. The majority of the materials related to ethnic identity-seeking are generated by the ‘ArazNews’, ‘Qirmiz’, and ‘Gunaz.TV’ websites. What is most blamed by these media includes the government of the Islamic Republic as well as some Turk activists.

The paper aims to study the relationship between romantic love and marital values. Romantic love was defined according to Hendriks'' theory of universal language of love and love triangle theory of Sternberg. Data were gathered through surveys. The sample comprised the couples living in Tehran. 180 of them had normal marital lives and 120 of them were those couples who had got divorced in the first half of the year 1389. The results showed that romantic love before marriage was still important for those couples who now were going to divorce. Therefore، it can be said that romantic love cannot guarantee a happy life. In sum، the findings indicate that among the divorced group، romantic love had the most significant correlation with sexual chemistry، while in couples having a successful marriage، romantic love was correlated with the following marital moral values: good behavior، honesty، responsibility، tolerating the problems، chastity، acceptance، enjoyment، chemistry، deference، loyalty. According to these findings، it seems that combination of feelings and affections، self-consciousness along with moral values can ensure a balanced mixture of wisdom and emotion and lead to successful marriages in society.

The objective of the present study is to carry out a reviewon the relationship between religiousness and trust via metaanalysis of conducted researches that have been done in Iran. For this purpose, amongthe18 existing investigative documents in Tehran University, Shahid Beheshti University, Allahmeh Tabatabai University, and Tarbiat Modarres University, a number of 16 met the requirements to be regarded as metaanalysis, which have been done during the last ten years. On this basis, research sample size indicates 8245 people from different walks of life among Iranian people. The findingsthat stem from the combination of studies probability and reviews over the impactcoefficient showed that there is ameaningful relationship between religiousness and trust. This finding confirms the major hypothesis of this researchIt has been reported in researches there is a direct connection andthe average rate of this connection is about 0.4. Also, another hypothesis of this study is the impact of using different statistical tests on the results coming from religiousness and trust.The results proved to be far from sensible. Hence, it shows that using different statistical tests have no influence on the amount of resulted correlation between religiousness and trust. Samplegroups’ hypothesis, on the amount of religiousness correlation and trust in the result of variance analysis, did not make any sense, and the hypothesis was eventually refused. Last but not least, the hypothesis of studying field impact on the correlation of religiousness and trust, which was achievedas the result of variance analysis proved to be meaningless. Therefore, it can be concluded that, religiousness, apart from ground factors of research consisting of sample groups, studying field and statistical test using in researches, directly impacts the way people socially trust one another.

The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the social responsibility of the youth and the cultural and social factors affecting it. The theoretical framework of the research was eclectic, combining elements from the theories developed by Weber, Durkheim, Parsons, Bourdieu, and Ross. The method of the research was survey method, and the data collection instrument was questionnaire. The population consisted of the youth (aged 20-29 years) of Hamadan city in the year 1390. The sample was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling, and the data were collected through house-to-house questionnaire.The findings of the research show that the overall social responsibility of the youth of Hamadan is average. The responsibility of the youth in economic, political, societal, and cultural dimensions is different. The lowest responsibility of the youth belongs to the political dimension. The emotional and behavioral levels of responsibility also varied. The results of the data analysis confirmed the hypotheses of the research, and showed significant relationships between the main independent variables of the study, including universalism, social trust, use of mass media, religiosity, social status, and ethnicity. Universalism was shown to have the strongest effect on the social responsibility.

Studying the perception of time in everyday life of Iranian actors is the purpose of this article. Sociological studying makes the basis of our analysis of time. Thus، we believe that the perception of time and the way the actors face it in their everyday life are formed socially and take different patterns in social interactions. The main purpose of this paper is to present a sociological analysis about one of the everyday life realities، “the perception of time” or more precisely “the awareness” that exists around the time in everyday life and conducts their actions. The grounded theory was used for this research and the research samples were chosen from among urban and rural men and women. The research findingd indicated the “fluidity of time perception” and that the perception of time like other knowledge categories has horizon or background by which individuals confirm it. The findings confirm that benefiting of such fields as urban or rural، or living in society with special stage of development makes special kind of awareness about time acceptable for individuals who expose to it. The gender creates different cognition over time and leads men and women to have more coexistence with specific dimentions of time. Also the actors see such variations different with respect to the specific way of living، life cycle social roles and social disorders. Under these conditions، they choose special strategies for controlling and managing the time; delaying and scrutinizing strategies are the most important of them.

Isolation, in social science, is withdrawal and deprivation from social interactions. Although it has been an issue for centuries, it has been studied systematically just for the last fifty years. The present paper investigates the quality of university students’ withdrawal and its relation to social trust. Social withdrawal is measured on the basis of three factors: membership in associations and social groups, having social links, and having social relations. The major independent variable is that of social trust, measured by three dimensions of institutional trust, generalized trust and inter-personal trust.The present paper is a survey study and data collection is done through questionnaires distributed among 361 students. The subjects were chosen through proportional stratified sampling. Cronbach’s Alpha was used for testing reliability of measuring tools, Pearson correlation coefficient was used for testing hypotheses, Variance analysis was used for comparing average values and regression analysis was used for examining the analytic model. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between social trust and social withdrawal among university students. The resulted correlation coefficient for this variable was -0.294. With a significance level of p=0.000, it is indicative of a negative (and reverse) relationship between these two variables. Therefore, we can claim that social withdrawal of university students is largely influenced by the quality of their social trust. Decrease in their social trust leads to increase in their social withdrawal and vice versa. There is also a negative (and reverse) significant relationship between their economic-social status and their social withdrawal.Multi-variable regression analysis shows that %14 of social withdrawal variance is explained by three variables of generalized trust, parents’ income and inter-personal trust. Therefore, experimental results of the study seem to confirm theoretical views represented in the theoretical framework. Generally, considering the existing social withdrawal, it is necessary to make appropriate policies for activating and motivating university students so that we can eradicate its causes and, subsequently, prevent its probable social damages.