دکتر محمدرضا ذوقی پایدار

One of the most influential factors in creativity is brain waves. Among brain waves, alpha and theta waves are considered the most effective in fostering creativity in individuals. Alpha wave activity represents the dominant oscillatory activity of the human brain and is associated with fundamental and complex cognitive functions such as divergent thinking. Previous research has often conceptualized creativity as a cohesive concept that can be assessed using questionnaires, which may not seem sufficient for the underlying mechanism.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in the patterns of alpha and theta brain waves in the posterior regions of the right hemisphere during divergent and convergent thinking.

The current study employed a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a two-month follow-up period. The research population consisted of all graduate students aged 20 to 46 years in psychology and cognitive sciences at Payam Noor University and the Cognitive Sciences Research Institute in 2023. The sample included 32 participants (16 men and 16 women) selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental conditions (divergent and convergent). The research instruments included the Chapman Superiority Scale (Chapman, 1987), a 64-channel Ant EEG system, tasks for divergent thinking (snake counting, alternate uses), and tasks for convergent thinking (number counting, Tower of London).

The repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant differences between the two study conditions (divergent and convergent) in the posterior region. The difference between divergent and convergent conditions was statistically significant in favor of divergent thinking for both alpha (P< 0.05) and theta (P< 0.01) bands.

The findings of the present study can provide a basis for further investigations into brainwave neurofeedback and other quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) components, such as absolute power, coherence in other frequency bands, in relation to divergent and convergent thinking differences.

Considering the high prevalence of anxiety disorders, the high comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and the negative and lasting effects of social anxiety disorder on various aspects of a person's life, the present study investigated the effect of emotion regulation group therapy on the symptoms of social anxiety disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population included all the patients with social anxiety disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder referring to psychotherapy clinics in Shiraz, Iran, from among whom a sample of 30 people were selected by the available sampling method. Data were collected using Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-5 (SCID-5), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and the Social Interaction Anxiety Questionnaire (SIAS) and analyzed with SPSS version 27 software using the analysis of variance method with repeated measurements

The data obtained showed that emotion regulation group therapy could significantly reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder (p<0.001) and generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.001), the results remaining stable in a three-month follow-up (p<0.05)

Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that group therapy of emotion regulation is effective in, and can, thus, be used as a therapeutic intervention for, social anxiety disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of a combined program based on strengthening psychological functions and education with the TIBA approach on the reading of dyslexic students. The design of the present study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all dyslexic students in the second grade of primary school in Mehrdasht district of Isfahan province in the academic year of 2021-2022. The research sample included 30 dyslexic students who were selected using a multi-stage and accessible sampling method and were placed in two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. And the consolidated program was conducted on the experimental group during 30 sessions of 60 minutes. To collect data, subtests of (WISC-V), reading and dyslexia test (NEMA) were used. For data analysis univariate and multivariate covariance analysis were used. The results showed that the integrated program based on strengthening psychological functions and education with the TIBA approach has been effective in improving reading in dyslexic students (P>0.01). Also, this program, has been effective in strengthening psychological functions (Active memory and speed of information processing) of students (P>0.01). According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the integrated program based on the strengthening of psychological functions and education with the TIBA approach improves the process of recalling and recognizing words from the vocabulary and the ability to analyze words and has an impact on the reading fluency in Students with dyslexia.

 This study evaluated the effects of neuromuscular training compared with neurofeedback and neuromuscular training on brain waves, foot and ankle ability, and pain intensity of table tennis players with chronic ankle instability.

 This clinical trial study was conducted on 29 table tennis players with chronic ankle instability, which were randomly divided into combined neurofeedback+neuromuscular (Mean±SD age: 21.73±2.60 years, hieght: 173.42±5.57 cm, wieght: 77.10±10.42 kg) and neuromuscular groups (Mean±SD age: 22.14±2.53 years, Mean±SD height: 169.26±6.77 cm, Mean±SD weight:77.95±15.70 kg). ProComp Infiniti System and BioGraph Infiniti version 5 software were used to measure brain waves and perform neurofeedback protocol. The foot and ankle disability questionnaire and the visual analog scale were employed to assess foot and ankle ability and pain intensity, respectively. The rehabilitation protocol was performed for eight weeks. The paired t test and 1-way analysis of covariance were used for the data analyses.

 The paired t test results revealed a significant decrease in the amplitude of theta, alpha, and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves in both groups (P<0.05) and an increase in the amplitude of the beta wave only in the combined group (P<0.05). In addition, ankle ability was significantly increased during daily activities and exercise in both groups (P<0.05). On the other hand, the results of a 1-way analysis of covariance indicated a significant difference between the two groups regarding theta and beta amplitudes and degree of ankle disability during exercise, and the improvement was greater in the combined group (P<0.05).

 According to the results, combined exercises (neuromuscular and neurofeedback) can be used as rehabilitation in table tennis players with chronic ankle instability to correct brain waves, improve leg and ankle ability, and reduce pain.

By transforming writing activities into engaging and captivating ones, we can enhance the quality of students’ writing (Maleki, Naderi, Saif Naraghi, et al 2019). Water and a few inexpensive tools can provide a rich sensory and learning experience (Gross, 2012). This study investigates the effectiveness of water-based games on the performance of First Section Primary Education male students with dysgraphia, based on a Structured educational intervention. Students who struggle with writing often experience a decline in self-esteem, which, if left unaddressed, can have long-term negative effects on their academic performance and even lead to dropping out. These consequences can have harmful impacts on the individual, their family, and society as a whole (Seif Naraghi & Naderi, 2018). Writing requires mental, perceptual, and motor skills (Akyol & Kodan, 2016). Such disorders are characterized by age-related deficiencies in the quality or speed of achieving legible handwriting (Gargot, Asselborn, Zammouri, et al, 2021). The main factors contributing to poor writing and spelling problems include a lack of attention and accuracy, underdeveloped motor skills, difficulty perceiving letters and words, weaknesses in visual and auditory memory, challenges in transferring information between sensory channels, and the abstract nature of written content (Seif Naraghi & Naderi, 2018).Water play is a fundamental aspect of early childhood education that promotes sensory and spatial awareness and physical competence (Cline & Smith, 2016) Homemade water toys can be as enjoyable as store-bought ones (Gross, 2012). It can involve different resources such as sand, ice, soap, or paint, allowing children to explore textures and temperatures and learn about the properties of water. Adding elements such as waves or moving toys enhances the senses of hearing and sight (Barber, 2006; Fanaei Nemat Sara, 2023). Water play can also support cognitive development and academic growth in various subjects (Gross, 2012). Gross (1946), suggests that water activities can be easily implemented in familiar environments such as home or school, where instructors can control the conditions and design the activities more precisely. In this study, we use a systematic protocol to integrate various methods and techniques of learning and teaching with water-based educational games, which can be applied in different water spaces such as tubs, glasses, water containers, and water trays. The benefits of playing with water are presented in Table 1.Specifically, we attempt to answer two basic questions. First, does play water have a significant effect on the writing abilities of boys with dysgraphia or not? Second, does the water game affect certain aspects of writing performance? This study used a pre-test and post-test approach with a control group to examine the effects of a water-based game intervention on first-grade male students with special learning disabilities. We selected a sample of 30 dysgraphic students from the target population and randomly divided them into an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 15 students. The experimental group participated in 15 sessions of the water-based game intervention (Including 5 targeted games), with three sessions per week.By ensuring that parents were well-informed and involved in the process, we obtained their consent for the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were carefully established to ensure that the participants met the research requirements. This approach allowed us to gather reliable data and maintain the integrity of the study.In this study, we used SPSS 27 software to analyze the data and various statistical techniques, including descriptive and inferential statistics. Overall, with a comprehensive analysis of the data, the absence of outliers, and confirmation of normality, the reliability of the findings increased.We used the WICS-1V test to evaluate the standard of intelligence of students in the sample group. The dysgraphia diagnostic test was created by Yaghoobi, Afzali, and Palangi in 2017 to identify dysgraphia in students with learning difficulties. It was standardized on 332 students in grades 1–3 in the Hamadan province. The test showed a high level of reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 92%. It includes components such as fine motor skills, auditory memory, auditory fluency, visual memory, visual fluency, and language comprehension. The test demonstrates construct validity and can be used for students with poor writing skills (Yaghoobi, Afzali & Palangi, 2017). In our study, the test mentioned earlier was used as a pre-test and post-test.To examine the first research question, univariate covariance analysis was used, the results of which are presented in Table 3. The results in Table 3 show that the effect of the pre-test was significant, and its selection as a covariate variable was effective. The effect of the group was also significant (p<0.01, F = 67/14), which means that playing with water had a significant effect on the writing performance of male students with dysgraphia in the first elementary course, and according to the Eta square, this effect was 71%.To investigate the second research question, multivariate covariance analysis was used, the results of which are presented in Table 4. To check the significance of the difference in the average of the components of dysgraphia, Wilks’s lambda multivariate statistic was investigated. The results of this test are shown in Table 5. Playing with water significantly affects fine motor skills, listening memory, visual memory, and visual discrimination in dyslexic male students, as shown by covariance analysis. However, it did not significantly affect auditory discrimination or receptive language.Water play gives children unique opportunities to learn various skills (Fanaei Nemat Sara Z., 2023; Gross, 1946). This approach aligns with teaching methods used for children, such as multiple sensory and perceptual-motor methods (Siadatian, Abedi, Sadeghian, et al, 2015). As it improves hand-eye coordination and other perceptual-motor skills such as body perception, balance, orientation, spatial orientation, and eye tracking (Gross, 1946). Water play also integrates sensory dimensions, such as visual, auditory, movement, touch, and balance, which can strengthen reading, dictation, and writing skills. Overall, engaging in water play has a noteworthy and beneficial influence on writing performance and its various components. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate this approach into educational and therapeutic settings.

The aim of present study was to develop a model of cognitive regulation of emotion based on perfectionism with the mediation of the behavioral activation and inhibition system.

The research was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan city who were studying in this university in the academic year of 1400-1401, according to the size of the population (7685) and using Morgan's table, 382 students (258 female and 124 male) were selected by available sampling method and considering the research criteria.The research tools included the cognitive emotion regulation scale by Garnofsky et al. (2001), the perfectionism scale by Terry Short et al. (1995), and the behavioral activation and inhibition system scale by Carver and White (1994). SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis and Lisrel version 8.8 software was used to test the relationships between variables and final hypotheses.

The results showed that the explanatory model of the cognitive regulation of emotion based on perfectionism with the mediating role of the behavioral activation and inhibition system has a favorable fit (p<0.01). Also, behavioral activation and inhibition systems play a significant mediating role between perfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation (p<0.01). The findings of this research indicate that Perfectionism and factors such as behavioral activation and inhibition system play an important role in the cognitive regulation of emotion.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of narrative therapy on anxiety thoughts of divorced mothers in Behbahan. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The study population was all divorced mothers in Behbahan; 44 of them announced their readiness to participate in the research; Which were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. After performing the pretest, the protocol of eight sessions of narrative therapy was performed. The AnTI Wells Anxiety Thought Questionnaire (1994) was then administered. Statistical analysis of covariance showed that the protocol of narrative therapy, anxiety thoughts: (p <0.01, F = 34.04), social anxiety: (p <0.01, F = 34.00), physical anxiety: (p <0.05 , F = 7.16), meta-worry: (p <0.01, F = 14.15) has reduced divorced mothers. Therefore, narrative therapy had an effect on the anxious thoughts of divorced mothers and this treatment method can be applied to divorced mothers to reduce anxious thoughts, increase mental health and reduce the psychological damage of life after divorce and being a single parent.

In different parts of the world, people speak different languages ​​to each other. Some parts of the world are more linguistically rich and more than one language is spoken in those regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate and evaluate the executive functions of the brain including cognitive flexibility, selective attention and response inhibition in monolingual and bilingual male and female students of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan. This research has been done by descriptive and causal-comparative method using complex Stroop computer test. The statistical population selected for this study were bilingual and monolingual students of Bu Ali Sina University. The test was performed on 214 male and female students. Data obtained from 165 students were analyzed by independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The obtained results showed that there is a significant difference between gender and executive functions studied in this study. But there was no significant difference between bilingual and monolingual individuals with these functions. In this study, we concluded that gender affects the executive functions of the brain, but bilingualism and monolingualism do not affect the executive functions of the brain.

Today, cosmetic surgery is an option to improve the quality of life. It is acquiring an increasing tendency all over the world.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between experiential avoidance with body image concern in predicting positive attitude towards performing cosmetic surgery in referrals to the dermatologists, hair and cosmetologists.

The research method was correlational, structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the referrals to clinics of dermatologists and hair specialists, cosmetic and plastic surgeries in Sanandaj city in 2021. The sample size was determined 272 people using Morgan's table. The research instruments included the Standard Questionnaires of Experimental Avoidance, Attitude to Cosmetic Surgery, and the Lillton Body Image Concern. In order to analyze the data, statistical methods of Pearson's correlation coefficient, multivariate regression analysis in a simultaneous way, and structural equation modeling were used by applying SPSS version 26 and LISREL version 8.8 software.

The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between experimental avoidance with image concern (p<0.01, r=0.59), and positive tendency to cosmetic surgery (p<0.01, r=0.25). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between body image concern and cosmetic surgery (p<0.01, r=0.49). The data analysis shows the appropriateness of the indicators and the model had a good fit.

The result of the research showed that the positive tendency towards cosmetic surgery can be predicted by the variables of experimental avoidance and body image concern. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and counselors pay more attention to the role of experimental avoidance and body image concern in order to reduce the possibility of the referrals tending to cosmetic surgeries.

Childhood trauma leads to negative consequences for mental health such as anxiety disorders. This study examined the mediating role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the relationship between childhood trauma and social anxiety. The research method was correlational structural equations and the statistical population of the study included students of Bo Ali Sina University of Hamedan in the academic year of 99-98. According to the number of observed variables in the study, 350 people were selected by available sampling method. Research instruments included Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Brief Experimental Avoidance Scale, Cognitive Fusion Scale, and Leibovitz Social Anxiety Scale. Data were analyzed by structural equation method. Based on the research findings, there was a significant relationship between childhood trauma, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance and social anxiety (p <0.01). According to the values of fit indices such as RMSEA, CFI, IFI, SRMR, etc., the proposed conceptual model was fitted. The mediating role of cognitive fusion and empirical avoidance was also confirmed. Experimental avoidance and cognitive fusion can be special ways to affect trauma on anxiety.

Emotional problems, psychological distress and cravings are some of the side effects of substance abuse. The aim of this study was compare the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation and Methadone Maintenance treatment on craving reduction, emotion regulation and distress tolerance in people with opioid use disorder.

The present study was a quasi-experimental. The statistical population of this study was all people admitted to addiction treatment clinics in Hamedan in 2019, which 40 patients were selected by available and voluntary sampling in two experimental groups of methadone therapy (n = 13), electrical brain stimulation (n = 13) and a control group (n = 14). Subjects completed the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale, Distress Tolerance Scale, and measure the temptation of substances after leaving. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance.

The results showed that electrical stimulation had a significant effect on craving, emotion regulation and distress tolerance (p <0.05). Methadone therapy was effective in craving reduction and emotion regulation, but had no effect on distress tolerance. In comparison between the two experimental groups, no significant difference was observed in craving reduction (p> 0.05), but the effect of electrical stimulation on emotion regulation was greater.

Due to the greater effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on emotion regulation and distress tolerance, it can be used as an effective and complementary treatment, along with the usual treatments for substance use disorder and the emotional distress it caused.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness training on perceived stress and anger rumination in female students living in dormitories. The research method was semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test with control group. The study included high school girls who 45 subjects were selected by random sampling method. Fifteen subjects were in both experimental groups and 15 subjects were in the control group. For the experimental groups, mindfulness program was performed by the experimenter in 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive any training. Before and after the training, the perceived stress and anger rumination test was performed on all groups. The research instruments included Cohen et al.\'s (1983) perceived stress scale and Sukhodolsky et al. (2001) anger rumination scale. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction program was significant on perceived stress (p <0.05, F = 6.54) and anger rumination (p <0.01, F = 9.76). According to the results of the research, it is possible to use the mindfulness-based stress reduction program to reduce perceived stress and anger rumination in students.

Childhood is considered as the most important developmental stage in everyone's life. Most children may experience behavioral and emotional problems in this stage. Children who suffer from speech disorder are more sensitive and therefore experience more emotional problems. This research aimed to examine the effect of unified transdiagnostic treatment on anxiety and the regulation of children's emotion who have stuttering.

This research was a semi-experimental (pre-test-post-test-follow-up) type of ABA single-subject designs. The research population consisted of 8-12-year-old boys with stuttering, 6 of them were purposefully selected from speech therapy centers, but due to the drop of 2 of the subjects, 4 of them were examined in the study. The tools of this research included Riley's (1994) stuttering severity questionnaires, Reynolds' and Richmond's (1978) manifest anxiety, and Garnevsky and Craig's (2007) cognitive regulation of emotion. The treatment sessions of this research were conducted by the researcher in 12 sessions. For data analysis, visual analysis and effect size were used in the method of reduction from the baseline.

The results indicated that unified transdiagnostic treatment can reduce the12% to 27% stuttering and it can reduce the 17% to 33% anxiety and it can also improve10% to 21% positive strategies for emotion regulation and it can reduce  9% to 16% negative strategies for emotion regulation.

Transdiagnostic integrated treatment can be effective in reducing the severity of stuttering and anxiety symptoms, as well as reducing the use of negative emotion regulation strategies and increasing and improving positive emotion regulation strategies

Several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy on internalized disorders in children. However, no study has been conducted on the effectiveness of emotion-based parent-child interaction therapy on the symptoms of depression disorder in children.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of emotion-based parent-child interaction therapy on parents’ reaction to negative emotions in children with depression.

The present study was quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all boys with depression disorder at the age range of 4 to 5.5 years in Isfahan. Thirty children and parents were selected by purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to two equal groups. Preschool Children Emotion Checklist (Lobby et al., 2004) and the Parents' Reaction to Child's Negative Emotions Scale (Mirabel, 2015) were used to collect data. The mentioned therapy was implemented in 14 sessions of 1 hour per week for the subjects in the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance.

The results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the children of experimental and control groups in terms of mean scores of depression symptoms in the post-test phase (F = 24.63, P = 0.000 and Eta = 0.607). Analysis of covariance showed that this therapy in the subjects of the experimental group in the post-test phase improved the score of parents’ reaction to children's negative emotions (F = 14.46, P = 0.001 and Eta = 0.637). (P<0.05).

Children and parents participating in this therapeutic program showed improvement in depression symptoms and parents participating in this therapeutic program showed improvement in parents’ reaction to the negative emotions of children with depression.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that can cause chronic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on muscle pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This research was a Quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of 245 patients with rheumatoid arthritis under treatment in the physiotherapy ward of Shaheed Beheshti hospital during 2019 in Hamadan. A sample of 30 subject were selected and randomly assigned in two groups of 15 (experimental and control). The pre-test was then performed on both groups. The intervention was performed on the experimental group in 8 sessions (one hour) and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the intervention, post-test was performed in two groups. The research tools included Von Korff et al (1992) chronic pain rate questionnaire. Analysis of covariance used to analyze the data.

The results of analysis of covariance show that there is a significant difference between the mean score of the subscale of pain intensity in the experimental and control groups (P <0.05, F = 5.84). The effect of acceptance and commitment treatment on the severity of muscle pain in patients was 0.18. The results of analysis of covariance also show that there is a significant difference between the mean score of the subscale of disability caused by pain in patients in the experimental and control groups (P <0.05, F = 6.52). The effect of acceptance and commitment treatment on disability due to muscle pain in patients was 0.20.

The results indicate that acceptance and commitment therapy can be used for reduce the severity of pain and disability caused by pain in patients with muscle pain.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of emotion-based parent-child interaction therapy on improving executive functions. The present study was quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all boys with depression disorder at the age range of 4 to 5.5 years in Isfahan. Thirty children and parents were selected by purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to two equal groups. Preschool Children Emotion Checklist (Lobby et al., 2004) and the Parents' Reaction to Child's Negative Emotions Scale (Mirabel, 2015) were used to collect data. The mentioned therapy was implemented in 14 sessions of 1 hour per week for the subjects in the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance. The results of analysis of covariance showed that emotion-oriented parent-child interactive therapy had a significant effect on improving executive functions with a coefficient of 0.81, also this treatment on the components of executive functions including change, inhibition, planning, emotional control And working memory has been effective. Therefore, parent-child interactive therapy focused emotional on parent's reactions can be used as a therapeutic strategy for parents to improve executive functions.

The purpose of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and schema therapy combined with motivational interviewing on reducing depression and anxiety in patients with Chronic Renal Failure.

The present research was semi-experimental in which a pretest-posttest with control group design was used. The research population included all the people with chronic renal failure referring to the Besat Hospital in Hamedan in 2015. The study sample included 45 patients who were selected by available sampling method and, then, were assigned into two experiment groups and one control group through random assignment method. Patients in the experimental groups have received appropriate interventions for 10 sessions individually. The data achieved by (HADS) were analyzed through statistical tests of ANCOVA and MANCOVA.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance test show that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of depression and anxiety in the experimental and control groups (P<0.01). The results of Bonferroni test shows that there is meaningful difference between the mean scores of depression and anxiety in the experimental and control groups (P<0/01). But there is no significant difference between the mean scores of depression and anxiety in the experimental groups (P>0/01).

Based on the obtained results, psychologists and health practitioners are suggested to use these two therapeutic models for reducing the depression and anxiety of patients with chronic renal failure.

Single-question instruments have been among the most effective proceedings in the field of psychometrics in recent past decades. Therefore, the current research was conducted to design and validate the psychometric properties of the single-question life satisfaction scale. The present research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study included all the university students of Hamedan province; 600 subjects were selected from this population by a possible multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments encompassed the single-question life satisfaction scale, the Ryff psychological well-being scale, and the symptom Check-list (SCL-25). In addition, the reliability of retest and the validity of criterion were used to analyze the data. The results illustrated that the reliability score of retest was 0.74, convergent validity with psychological well-being 0.61, and divergent validity with anxiety and depression were -0.36 and -0.53, respectively, which is considered desirable. Furthermore, the life satisfaction mean difference of men and women was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Accordingly, this scale possesses acceptable validity and reliability and is suitable for measuring the structure of overall life satisfaction. Consequently, the single-question life satisfaction scale can be used in immediate studies, as well as survey studies with a large sample size.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching metacognitive strategies on meta-worry and anxiety in students.

The research method was quasi-experimental and single-subject designs.. The statistical population included all male students in Ghadir dormitory of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamedan in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 12 people who were selected by convenience sampling method. Beck Anxiety Inventory(1988) and Wells Meta-Worry Inventory(2005) were used to collect data. The measurement and execution of the test consisted of four stages:observing the subject before applying the independent variable and measuring his scores, applying the independent variable and measuring the subjects 'scores after half of the whole intervention sessions and also at the end of the last session and re-measurement of subject scores (follow-up) after one month.

Data analysis by analysis of repeated measures showed that metacognitive strategies teaching had a significant effect on reducing meta-anxiety (p <0.001, F = 18.71) and reducing anxiety in students (p <0.001, F = 21.69)

The results of the present study showed that learning new metacognitive strategies makes a person recognize that in many cases, his concern for the external and internal signs of a threat is unfounded. Therefore, metacognitive strategies teaching can be used to reduce students' anxiety and meta worry.

The aim of this study was to predict marital burnout based on different types of love schemas and marital goal orientations. The study was conducted with a correlational method. The study population included all people referred to counseling centers for marital problemsin Hamadan city. Using conveniencesampling, 210 subjects were selected. Data were collected using Piens marital burnout questionnaire, love schemas inventory, Kansas marital Goals Orientation questionnaire. Results showed negativecorrelations were between marital burnout with marital goals orientation and secure love schema and positive correlations were observed between marital burnout and with Skittish, fickle and Casual love schemas (p < .05). Results showed that there were negativecorrelations between marital goals orientation and skittish, fickle and casual love schemas and positive associations were observed between marital goals orientation with secure love schemas (P <.05). The results of this study suggested that love schemas and the marital goals orientation affected the married life of the couple. Therefore, the application of the findings could be useful for the prevention and treatment of marital burnout

Prosocial behavior is one of the structures that has been seriously considered in social psychology and can be influenced by various factors. Hence, the purpose of this study was develop a structural model to explain prosocial behaviors based on affiliation motivation and sensitivity to rejection mediated by social trust. The research method was correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was all students of Bu Ali Sina University in the academic year 1399-1400, that 387 people was selected by random cluster sampling. The instruments used in this study was include scales of Caprara et al. (2005) prosocial behavior, Saffarinia & Sharif (2010) social trust, affiliation motivation of Cuadrado et al. (2016) and Danny and Foldman (1996) rejection sensitivity. The results showed that the conceptual model developed had a good fit with the data. The results of structural relationships of the model showed that affiliation motivation and rejection sensitivity have a direct and significant effect on social trust (p <0.01) and prosocial behavior (p <0.01). Also, social trust had a direct and significant effect on prosocial behavior (p <0.01). The results of indirect relationships showed that affiliation motivation and rejection sensitivity mediated by social trust have a significant effect on prosocial behavior (p <0.01). Based on the results, the affiliation motivation and the sensitivity to rejection affect social trust and prosocial behaviors. Therefore, by developing programs to educate and increase affiliation motivation and reduce sensitivity to rejection in individuals, we can expect improvement in their prosocial behaviors.

Pain is a mental experience, and because it has cognitive and emotional components, it can be influenced by personality and psychological variables that play a role in creating or worsening of its primary cause. This study aimed to predict the chronic muscular pain in terms of personality type, hardiness, and perceived social support.

This research was a descriptive correlational study. The sample included female married patients (N=121) with chronic muscular pain referred to the following medical centers: Sina Hospital, Imam Khomeini Clinical Center, Mobasher Clinical Center, Mahdieh Clinical Center, and certain healthcare centers privately owned by the physicians in the city of Hamedan, Iran. Patients’ diagnosis had been made by a neuro surgeon, and for this study, subjects were selected using convenience sampling method.To collect the data, chronic pain assessment questionnaire, type C and type D personality questionnaires, and hardiness scale questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using a multivariate liner regression analysis.

Regression results showed that hardiness (Beta = -0.231, p = 0.011) and perceived social support (Beta = -0.194, p = 0.031) play a negative and significant role in predicting chronic muscle pain in married women. With regard to our findings, there was a significant relationship between female married patients’ hardiness, personality traits of types C and D as well as perceived social support and chronic muscular pain (p<0.05).

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the severity of chronic muscle pain can be predicted based on hardiness and social support. Therefore, in addition to pharmacological treatments to reduce the pain, psychological factors and support in patients with chronic muscular pain should be taken into consideration.

Cancer makes various changes in quality of life and identifying the influential components in this variable can significantly influence patientschr('39') quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the structural association between integrative self-knowledge, perception of suffering and quality of life regarding cancer patients. This research was a correlational study and participants were 340 patients selected via available non-random sampling from Karaj medical centres. Patients completed the quality of life (sf-36), self-knowledge and perception of suffering questionnaires. Data were analysed using structural equations model (LISREL) version 8.5 and SPSS version 19. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between integrative self-knowledge and physical suffering, psychological suffering and existential suffering with patientschr('39') quality of life. Moreover, the equation-structural relationship between integrative self-knowledge with the components of perceiving suffering and quality of life were significant. In other words, integrative self-knowledge can predict quality of life in the case of cancer patients directly with the meditating role of physical and existential suffering. Fitness indices showed that the proposed model is suitable for explaining the quality of life through the variables of integrative self-knowledge and perception of suffering. Integrative self-knowledge has significant effects on peoplechr('39')s cohesiveness and psychological integrity and has a significant impact on improving the quality of life of patients by affecting how they perceive suffering.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of step-by-step self-regulation in academic procrastination of elementary school students in Arak. The method of this study was experimental in which a pre-test-post-test design with control group was used. The statistical population consisted of all fifth and sixth grade students in Arak in the academic year of 2017-2018Eighty students (i.e., 40 boys and 40 girls) with high range of procrastination which was identified by means of Procrastination scale were selected. They were divided into 4 groups: two experimental groups (i.e., 20 girls and 20 boys) and two control groups (i.e., 20 girls and 20 boys). A Step-by-step self-regulation package was implemented in the experimental groups. However, no intervention was applied to the control groups. For the sake of data collection, Savari’s Academic Procrastination scale  used. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the mean of academic procrastination in girls, and that of boys in the experimental and control groups. Moreover, the results showed that there were significant differences between the means of girls' performance in terms of intentional academic procrastination, academic procrastination caused by physical-mental fatigue, academic procrastination caused by unscrupulousness and the mean of boys' performance in terms of deliberate academic procrastination, academic procrastination caused by physical-mental fatigue, and academic procrastination caused by unscrupulousness (P<0.01). The results of t-test showed that step-by-step self -regulation method did not have any significant effect on girls and boys 'academic procrastination. In general, the results of the study showed that step-by-step self-regulation was effective in decreasing the students' procrastination and could be a helpful method for school counselors and psychologists to reduce the students ’procrastination.