عبدالله مفاخری

A review of research history shows that there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and social skills. But few studies have investigated the relationship between parents' emotional intelligence and children's social skills in childhood. Also, there is a research gap in the field of examining the mediation role of parent-child relationship in this relationship.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediator role of parent-child relationship in the relationship between parent's emotional intelligence and child's social skills.

The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population was all preschool children of Bojnord city in 2022; 210, children with cluster sampling method were selected as statistical sample.The data were collected using Children's Social Skills Questionnaire (Matson,1983), Emotional Intelligence (Schering, 1996) and Parent-Child Relationship (Pianta, 1994). The suitability of the proposed model was done using structural equation modeling and AMOS software.

The results showed that the fit indices of the proposed model are acceptable. The assessment of mediating relationships using the bootstrap method showed that parent's emotional intelligence through the parent-child relationship has an indirect and significant positive effect on the child's social skills (p= 0.000, β= 0.43). However, the direct effect of parents' emotional intelligence on children's social skills was insignificant in the presence of the mediator variable (p= 0.532, β= 0.07). Therefore, the mediating relationship resulting from the current study model was full mediating or purely indirect mediating.

According to these results, the parent's emotional intelligence can lead to the increase of children's social skills through improving the child's parent relationship. Also, improving the communication style of parents with children and reducing conflicts in the relationship can contribute to improving children's social skills.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy training in comparison to acceptance and commitment approach training (ACT) with the psychological distress of women with bulimia nervosa.

The current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population was all women with bulimia nervosa in Mashhad city in the year of 2023 who had visited the treatment centers, 45 of whom were randomly selected and randomly assigned to schema therapy (15 people), acceptance and commitment therapy (15 people) And the control group (15 people) was divided. The experimental group of schema therapy was subjected to the intervention of Yang et al.'s educational package (2003) and the experimental group of acceptance and commitment was subjected to the therapeutic intervention of Hayes et al, (2012) for ten one-hour sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the intervention of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment is effective on psychological disturbance (P=0.001), (F=49.83) and this effect is stable in the follow-up phase. The results of Shefe's follow-up test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of acceptance and commitment and schema therapy in the effectiveness of reducing psychological disturbance (P=0.05); Therefore, acceptance and commitment have had a greater effect on reducing women's psychological turmoil.

According to the results, it can be said: by teaching psychological treatment approaches such as schema and acceptance and commitment to women, it is possible to help them lose weight and prevent their bulimia nervosa. Also, by controlling bulimia, they can be protected from the side effects of physical, psychological and social damage of bulimia, thus having healthier mothers and a healthier society.

The aim of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire of traumatic use of digital tools in children. This research is practical and in terms of correlational method. The statistical population was all children aged 4 to 7 years in North Khorasan province who were selected to participate in the research in 1401. In this research, 254 people in the first study and 220 people in the second study. They were available sampled. These people were investigated in 2 studies. In the first study, they were only given a researcher-made questionnaire. In the second study, in addition to the above-mentioned questionnaire, two questionnaires of Matson's social skills(MESSY) (1983) and Parent-Child Relationship (CPRS) (1994) were also given to the subjectsTo check the validity of the content, the form was distributed among 5 professors and members of the psychology faculty, and cvi was calculated for the questionnaire. The principal components method by Varimax rotation led to the extraction of two factors. The two-factor model explained 54/65 percent of the data variance. The results showed that Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire is 0/85. The Pearson correlation between the total score of this questionnaire with two scales of social skills and CPRS is -0.59 and -0.47, which shows that this questionnaire has a good criterion validity. Based on this, it seems that this questionnaire has a good criterion validity. The questionnaire of the harmful use of digital tools has good psychometric properties in Iranian society.

Severe emotional, social and economic stress of depressive disorder for patients, family and community on the one hand and the increasing annual prevalence in the general population plus suicide as a catastrophic consequence of depression is still at the forefront of mental health issues. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and behavioral activation therapy on psychological hardiness in depressed individuals.

According to the purpose of this research, it was quasi-experimental applied research with pretest and post-test with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population of the study included all people with depression in Babol who referred to psychotherapy clinics in Babol in 2022. From the above statistical population, at first, 50 people who obtained a moderate to high score in the Beck Depression Inventory were randomly selected, and in the next stage, according to Cohen's formula, 45 of these 50 people were divided into 3 groups of 15 (2 experimental groups and one the control group were randomly assigned to answer the Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire Kiamarsi, Najarian and Mehrabizadeh. The results were analyzed by Spss 26 software.

The results showed that the main effect of behavioral behavioral therapy and behavioral activation was significant (P <0.001). Behavioral and 55% of the changes are due to the effect of behavioral activation intervention. Also, there is no significant difference between the effect of two methods of behavioral methodology and behavioral activation on psychological hardiness (p <0.248) and both treatments have a similar effect on psychological hardiness.

According to the findings, it is concluded that cognitive behavioral group therapy and behavioral activation can be effective in improving the psychological toughness of depressed people.

Depression is one of the most important public health concerns among the elderly. Therefore, it is very important and necessary to identify the effective factors in causing depression. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the correlation between rumination response and depression with the mediation of lifestyle in the elderly.

The study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was made up of elderly people in the age range of 60 to 75 years old, residents and non-residents of the nursing home of Bojnourd city in 2018. 400 people were selected using the Krejcie & Morgan formula as non-random and convenience sampling. Data collection was done with demographic questionnaire, "Beck Depression Inventory", "Rumination Response Scale" and "Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II". Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was analyzed using SPSS. 25 and Amos .24.

There is a negative correlation between rumination response and lifestyle components of the elderly and a positive correlation with depression (P≥0.01). Lifestyle components of the elderly have a negative correlation with depression (P≥0.01). Also, the correlation of rumination response with depression is significant indirectly through all lifestyle components (P≥0.05).

Elderly people with high rumination response score report more depressive symptoms. Also, rumination response mediates the depression of the elderly indirectly and through lifestyle components and causes an increase in depression. It is suggested to carry out educational programs in order to promote a healthy lifestyle in the elderly and reduce the rumination response, as well as large-scale planning at the community level to reduce depression.

The present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in cognitive strategies of emotional regulation and general self-efficacy of mothers with children with cerebral palsy.

It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design from the population of mothers with children with cerebral palsy in North Khorasan province,that 28 mothers were selected by available sampling and placed in two experimental and control groups. In the pretest, Garnfsky, Craig and Spinhaven (2009) and Schwartz (1981) general self-efficacy questionnaires were used. In the next stage, cognitive-behavioral therapy was performed on the experimental group. The control group did not received any intervention. After this step and after performing a post-test, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA).

The findings showed an increase in the mean of the experimental group in the self-efficacy variable and all positive cognitive strategies for emotion regulation.On the other hand, increasing the general self-efficacy score and positive emotion regulation strategy and decreasing the score of mothers' negative emotion regulation strategy.

According to the findings of the present study we can replace negative emotions with positive ones by informing and helping cognitive reconstruction and reduce mothers' psychological harm.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and self-efficacy with drug use tendencies and considering the mediating role of impulsivity.

The research method was descriptive-correlation of structural equations. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of Hakim Sabzevari University in the first semester of 2018-2019 (7248 people). To select the sample, stratified random sampling method was used and 376 people (216 girls and 160 boys) were selected. The research tools included impulsivity questionnaire, addiction scale, self-efficacy questionnaire and parenting practices scale. Structural equation method was used to analyze the data.

Fit indicators of the research model were in good condition. Self-efficacy and parenting styles have a significant effect on drug addiction in students. Impulsivity was also able to mediate between the variables of parenting styles and drug addiction and between self-efficacy and drug addiction.

The research findings indicated a good fit of the conceptual model of the research. It is suggested to pay attention to the variables of impulsivity, self-efficacy and parenting styles in identifying and analyzing clinical disorders, including substance dependence parenting styles in identifying and analyzing clinical disorders such as drug dependence.

The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between body image anxiety and obsessive beliefs with body management in applicant of cosmetic surgery.

The method of the present study is correlational and structural equation model type. The statistical population of this study included all applicants for cosmetic surgery referred to clinics and beauty hospitals in Mashhad, 2019. Samples were selected by available sampling method (212 people). Data were collected by using three BICI body image concern questionnaires, Yale-Brown's modified scale of obsessive-compulsive disorder for body dysfunction, and body management, and they were analyzed by structural equation modeling using LISREL and SPSS software.

The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the variables of concern about body image and body management, respectively, were strong predictors of the possibility of cosmetic surgery. Also, data analysis shows the appropriateness of the indicators and indicated a good and acceptable fitness for the hypothesized model at a significant level. The findings of the structural model showed that the path of obsessive disorder variable is directly and significant related to concern of body image and is related to body management by mediating anxiety about body image.

In order to improve body management in the cosmetic surgery applicants should pay more attention to the components of their body image concerns and obsessive beliefs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and tendency for drug use by considering the mediating role of impulsivity.

The research method was descriptive-correlational of structural equation type. The statistical population of the study included the students of Hakim Sabzevari University in 2018-2019 (n=7248). To select the sample, stratified random sampling method was used and 376 students (216 girls and 160 boys) were selected. The research instruments included the impulsivity questionnaire, the addiction potential scale, and the parenting styles scale. Structural equation method was used to analyze the data.

The fit indices of the research model were in good condition. Parenting styles had a significant direct effect on tendency for drug use in students. Impulsivity also significantly mediated the relationship between parenting styles and tendency for drug use.

The findings of the study indicated a good fit of the conceptual model of the research. It is suggested that impulsivity and parenting styles be considered as a major axis in the diagnosis of various clinical disorders such as tendency for drug use.

Depression is a disorder associated with despair, sadness, lack of motivation and hope, and low self–esteem and pessimism that can affect people's thoughts, behavior, feelings, happiness, and health. Research indicated that individuals with depression are more vulnerable than others because of the fear of negative evaluation; accordingly, this condition increases the severity of the disease. Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can effectively reduce depression. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) enhances the impact of CBT. Unlike cognitive–behavioral approaches, which reinforce the dynamic interaction between cognition and behavior, ACT replaces incompatible thought processes with healthier cognitions. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of CBT and ACT on the fear of negative evaluation in women with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study's statistical population included all women with MDD referring to psychiatric clinics in Sari City, Iran, to receive psychiatric services. Of them, 36 individuals diagnosed with MDD by a psychiatrist and per Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) were selected. The study participants were determined by voluntary sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (n=12/group). The inclusion criteria included MDD and fear of negative evaluation based on the DSM–5 diagnostic criteria by a psychiatrist, obtaining a score of above 23 in the BDI, the age range of 25–45 years, and not using other psychotherapy services. The exclusion criterion of the study was absence from 3 treatment sessions. One experimental group underwent 12 ninety–minute ACT sessions, and the other experimental group underwent 9 ninety–minute CBT sessions. No intervention was performed in the control group. Descriptive statistics (mean & standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi–squared test, univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc test were used in SPSS to analyze the research data at the significance level of 0.05.

The obtained results suggested that the mean score of fear of negative evaluation was significantly different between the three groups at post–test (p<0.001) by controlling the pretest effect. Furthermore, based on the results of Benferroni post hoc test, there was no significant difference between the CBT and ACT groups concerning the fear of negative evaluation; however, there was a significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control group in this regard (p<0.001).

According to the present study findings, CBT and ACT can be suggested as effective clinical interventions to reduce the fear of negative evaluation in women with MDD.