مقالات رزومه دکتر علی محمدزاده ابراهیمی

A review of research history shows that there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and social skills. But few studies have investigated the relationship between parents' emotional intelligence and children's social skills in childhood. Also, there is a research gap in the field of examining the mediation role of parent-child relationship in this relationship.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediator role of parent-child relationship in the relationship between parent's emotional intelligence and child's social skills.

The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population was all preschool children of Bojnord city in 2022; 210, children with cluster sampling method were selected as statistical sample.The data were collected using Children's Social Skills Questionnaire (Matson,1983), Emotional Intelligence (Schering, 1996) and Parent-Child Relationship (Pianta, 1994). The suitability of the proposed model was done using structural equation modeling and AMOS software.

The results showed that the fit indices of the proposed model are acceptable. The assessment of mediating relationships using the bootstrap method showed that parent's emotional intelligence through the parent-child relationship has an indirect and significant positive effect on the child's social skills (p= 0.000, β= 0.43). However, the direct effect of parents' emotional intelligence on children's social skills was insignificant in the presence of the mediator variable (p= 0.532, β= 0.07). Therefore, the mediating relationship resulting from the current study model was full mediating or purely indirect mediating.

According to these results, the parent's emotional intelligence can lead to the increase of children's social skills through improving the child's parent relationship. Also, improving the communication style of parents with children and reducing conflicts in the relationship can contribute to improving children's social skills.

The aim of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire of traumatic use of digital tools in children. This research is practical and in terms of correlational method. The statistical population was all children aged 4 to 7 years in North Khorasan province who were selected to participate in the research in 1401. In this research, 254 people in the first study and 220 people in the second study. They were available sampled. These people were investigated in 2 studies. In the first study, they were only given a researcher-made questionnaire. In the second study, in addition to the above-mentioned questionnaire, two questionnaires of Matson's social skills(MESSY) (1983) and Parent-Child Relationship (CPRS) (1994) were also given to the subjectsTo check the validity of the content, the form was distributed among 5 professors and members of the psychology faculty, and cvi was calculated for the questionnaire. The principal components method by Varimax rotation led to the extraction of two factors. The two-factor model explained 54/65 percent of the data variance. The results showed that Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire is 0/85. The Pearson correlation between the total score of this questionnaire with two scales of social skills and CPRS is -0.59 and -0.47, which shows that this questionnaire has a good criterion validity. Based on this, it seems that this questionnaire has a good criterion validity. The questionnaire of the harmful use of digital tools has good psychometric properties in Iranian society.

Evidence suggests that low family differentiation leads to anxiety throughout the family and affects children's social functioning and psychosomatic symptoms. Despite numerous studies examining system family therapy's efficacy on various pathological outcomes, including increased differentiation and psychological health, there are rare studies on psychosomatic disorders.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Bowen Family System Therapy on chronic anxiety and differentiation in patients with psychosomatic disorders (migraine, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular disorders).

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with three types of psychosomatic disorders including migraine, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders which were referred to Shariati Hospital and Tehran Heart Center in 2020. Thirty eligible people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups. All of them completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; 1988) and short-form of Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSI-R; Skowron & Friedlander, 1998) in the pretest and posttest stages. The experimental group received Bowen Family System Therapy. Finally, after data collection, a multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data using SPSS-version 19 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in both variables of anxiety, differentiation, and all their components (P<0.01). So, Bowen Family System Therapy reduced anxiety and increased differentiation in the experimental group.

The findings of the present study showed that the treatment of Bowens Family System Therapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of chronic anxiety and increasing differentiation. Therefore, training psychologists, counselors, family therapists, and other educators in the field of family therapy are beneficial in promoting differentiation in the whole family system.

Self-differentiation is one of the characteristics of a healthy person so that people with high levels of differentiation have better psychological adjustment. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Bowen's system therapy and the combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback on increasing self-differentiation level.

Theis semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest design with a follow-up and a control group. Participants included students of higher education centers and institutions studying in Bojnourd city in 2019-2020. Among all centers, five were randomly selected. Then, among the students of these centers, 39 students who scored a standard deviation lower than the average in their initial screening test were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. First, a pretest was performed among all three groups by performing the Drake Differentiation Questionnaire (DSI-SH). Then, the first experimental group received nine 60-minute sessions of Bowen's system therapy and the second experimental group received nine 60-minute sessions of Bowen's system therapy along with fifteen 20-minute neurofeedback treatment sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, a posttest was performed again for all three groups in the two-months follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and analysis of variance with repeated measures.

In the Bowen's system therapy group, the mean (SD) self-differentiation score increased from 62.7 (9.2) in the pretest to 77.8 (12.0) in the posttest and 79.7 (9.7) in the follow-up, p<0.01. In the combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback group, the mean (SD) self-differentiation score increased from 64.6 (9.0) in the pretest to 97.9 (6.3) in the posttest and 100.2 (5.37) in the follow-up (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) self-differentiation score varied from 57.90 (6.9) in the pretest to 58.5 (7.1) in the posttest and 58.5 (8.0) in the follow-up, which was not statistically significant.

Using Bowen's system therapy and combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback, the level of differentiation can be improved. Nevertheless, combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback is more effective than Bowen's system alone.

Today, personal relationships and marital satisfaction of couples within families have been affected by rapid developments and prevalence of individualism in societies. Marital satisfaction as one of the indicators of the quality of marriage has changed. In other words, exposure to individualistic ideas has changed marital patterns. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to predict marital satisfaction based on individualism and intimacy.

This study was an applied research based on a descriptive survey method. The statistical population included all the married people over 18 years old living in Bojnord City, Iran in 2021. According to the population and housing census, there were 191027 people in this city in 2017. Due to the fact that the research was a correlational study, a sample power was applied to determine the sample size. The required sample size for the effect size of 0.19, error of 0.05, and test power of 0.80, which were agreed upon by the researchers, was equal to 957 people, who were selected by using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Also, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were utilized to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS software.

The descriptive findings showed that 43.5% (416 people) and 56.5% (541 people) of the statistical population were women  and men, respectively. Most of the respondents were between 25 and 34 years old and the oldest ones were between 45 and 55 years old. In terms of education level, 35.9% (344 people) and 1.64% (613 people) were undergraduate and graduate individuals, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between individualism and marital satisfaction (0.576). It meant that marital satisfaction was enhanced with increasing individualism. In such a circumstance, individual expectations and desires of married life had become an important factor for family continuity. In fact, with the rise of individualism and the values associated with free choice, more attention was being paid to the quality of relationship and enjoyment of life. In an individualistic society, a new category of marriage that is not considered in a traditional society becomes important. In a modern society, paying attention to individual desires that are accepted and respected by couples is more important, while these behaviors are against the rules in a traditional society. In a modern society, husbands and wives reduce tensions by respecting each other's individual desires, which are often ignored in a traditional society. In fact, woman, as well as their rights and desires, are ignored in most cases due to the patriarchal nature of the latter societies. In an individualistic situation, individual competition, which is considered essential in the realm of production, is met with an inverse demand within the family and in marital relationships, while emphasizing respect for one of the partner's desires. In other words, according to Bowen, the differentiation of self in non-traditional societies creates a dialogue between couples and gives people the ability to accept opposing views without a conflict and enjoy an open and free communication. These results are in contrast with those obtained by Dehghan (2016), but are in line with the theories of Giddens, Cheal, Ulrich Beck, Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Jallinoja, and Bowen. In our study, there was a positive and significant relationship between intimacy and marital satisfaction (0.53), indicating enhanced marital satisfaction with increasing intimacy. Therefore, a change in intimacy and awareness of the concept of love and affection would lead to marital satisfaction. The results of this part of the research are in support of the theories of Giddens, Cheal, Ulrich Beck, Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Jallinoja, and Bowen. The multivariate regression analysis showed that individualism and intimacy could explain 39.0% of variation in marital satisfaction. Intimacy is considered as one of the basic foundations of marital relationship and predicts relationship satisfaction in an individualistic society. Couples' relationships, either emotionally or physically, do not last long without intimacy. The results of the structural equation model revealed that individualism with the coefficient of effect of 0.42 had the most direct impact on the variable of marital satisfaction. Also, intimacy had a direct positive effect on marital satisfaction with the coefficient of effect of 0.25. Individualism had an indirect impact on marital satisfaction through intimacy as well. Taken together, these results confirmed the theoretical model of the present study. In general, the most important feature of marital satisfaction influenced by the prevalence of individualism in modern life is paying attention to individual desires and even prioritizing them, along with maintaining family life. In such a condition, continuity of the relationship entirely depends on each couple’ situation. Couples are trapped in a relationship that they can end at any time. In this situation, marital relationship is a contract between individuals and its continuation strongly depends on the terms of this contract. To maintain balance, we sometimes need exchange of values and sometimes a lot of sacrifice and forgiveness. According to Giddens, marital satisfaction arises from a pure relationship, which comes, first of all, in the realm of marriage and a close friendship. The reason for the emergence of a pure relationship is having a feeling of deep satisfaction that comes from coexistence and good communication. As Alrish Beck believes, prevalence of individualism inversely connects men and women and increases marital satisfaction. Thus, contrary to the view that modernity and its consequences, such as individualism, have caused the decline and collapse of families, the results indicated that the family continues to live in a new way and is still the most important social institution.

Traffic violations and accidents are serious problems of social and public management in most societies. While much research has been done on the etiology and human factors associated with traffic violations and accidents, the role of psychological factors, especially personality and cognitive variables, less attention has been paid. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and driving risk perception in two groups of offending and non- offending drivers.

In this cross-sectional study, 80 drivers (42 individuals in the offending group and 38 individuals in the non-offending group) from Iran, bojnord, in 2020 were selected by purposeful and available sampling. Data was collected using the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires -Revised and Clarified (SPSRQ-RC) and the Driving Hazard Perception Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

There were statistically significant difference in sensitivity to punishment between the two groups of offending and non-offending drivers, and the offending group had less sensitivity to punishment than the non-offending group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in sensitivity to reward (p>0.05). also, results showed that there were significant difference between the two groups in driving risk perception; driving risk perception in offending drivers was less than non- offending drivers (p<0.05).

Lower sensitivity to punishment and driving risk perception is associated with more driving violations. Accordingly, Strategies generating campaigns that focus on negative sanctions that could activate the BIS may be particularly effective in reducing illegal and risky driving behaviors. Also, the driving risk perception can be considered an essential factor in screening drivers for a driver's license.

Gratitude, as a positive factor, can help enrich and strengthen relationships between couples. The aim of this study was testing a model of the relationships gratitude, marital relationship quality, and marital satisfaction.

The statistical population included all married female teachers of Sabzevar city in 1396. The statistical sample was 241 participants who were selected using the random sampling method. The data collection was performed using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS), Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6), perceived Relationship Quality. Amos -24 and SPSS -24 software packages were applied for data analysis. Bootstrap in Preacher and Hayes’ Macro program was used for testing mediation.

Results indicated that the model with some modification had a good fit with the data. The gratitude had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction and marital relationship quality (p<0.05). Marital relationship quality had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction (p<0.05). The gratitude had the positive indirect effect on marital satisfaction via marital relationship quality (p<0.05).

Gratitude, directly and indirectly, through increased marital relationship quality, is associated with higher marital satisfaction. This study shows a stage into a better understanding of positive processes that can protect couples against marital dissatisfaction, and that can assist counselors to help couples in attaining and keeping the marital satisfaction.

Divorce can put people›s mental health at risk and adjustment can help. The aim of study was to determine the effectiveness of «Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» on post-divorce women›s adjustment.

The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with control group. The study population was all divorced women referring to crisis intervention center of welfare center of Torbat Heydariyeh city in 2016. The sample consisted of 30 individuals who were selected through the available sampling method from eligible applicants to participate in a forgiveness-based group counseling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The research instrument was the “Fisher›s Divorce Adjustment Scale”. Content validity of the questionnaire and reliability were assessed by Cronbach›s alpha. The intervention group received «Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» in 6 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 22.

«Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» has a significant effect on increasing self-worth, abandonment, reducing anger, passing through grief, social intimacy, and social self-worth, and overall post-divorce adjustment (p <0.05).

«Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» increases women›s adaptation after divorce. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method to increase adjustment and reduce post-divorce problems.

Job satisfaction is considered as an important factor for increasing efficiency and individual satisfaction in the organization. The purpose of this study was to test the structural model of positive organizational behavior and job satisfaction with the mediating role of job stressors.

Research design was correlation through structural equation modeling (SEM) and the sample consisted of 150employees that working in university of Bojnord, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Participants in this study were measured using occupational stress, psychological capital, and job satisfaction questionnaires. Reliability and validity all of the questionnaires were accepted. Structural equation modeling (SEM) through Amos-23 and SPSS-23 software packages was used for data analysis. In addition, Preacher and Hayes’ SPSS Macro program was used for testing mediation.

The results showed that the proposed model fits the data properly. Positive organizational behavior has a direct effect on job satisfaction and job stressors (p<0.0001). Also, the mediating effect of job stressors in the relationship between positive organizational behavior and job satisfaction was confirmed (p<0.0001).

Therefore, organizations can increase their job satisfaction by reducing job stressors and training and reinforcing positive organizational behaviors of their employees.

forgiveness can serve as an obstacle to the effects of negative emotions caused by couples' conflicts. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness training based on Islamic approach (Qur'an and Hadith) toincrease couples intimacy and its dimensions.

In this semi-experimental study that was performed using both experiment and control groups, 20 couples that due to marital problems had referred to the counseling centers in Shahrekord City were selected using of random sampling method and randomly were replaced into two experimental and control groups. With the help of marital intimacy questionnaire, first, the amount of marital intimacy were measured before intervention on both the experimental and control groups (pre-test) and after 9 session intervention (forgiveness training based on Islamic approach) for the experimental group, the questionnaire was performed both groups (post-test) again. Data were analyzed using of descriptive statistics and Multivatiate covariance method.

The results showed that compared with the control group, forgiveness training based on Islamic approach (Qur'an and Hadith) significantly increased couples intimacy and its six dimensions namely emotional intimacy, communication, religious, physical, psychological and overall dimension in the experimental group (P<0.01). Ethical Considerations: Before the study, the goal of the study was explained to participants to participate full satisfaction.

The results showed that forgiveness training based on Islamic approach (Qur'an and Hadith) could be used in planning therapeutic interventions.

Distress tolerance is one of the factors that can have a great impact on the mental health of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of subjective well-being in the relationship between social support and distress tolerance in elderly with cardiovascular disease.

The research design was correlational through structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 100 elderly people with cardiovascular diseases who were taken care of in Bojnourd Welfare Center. They were selected by census sampling method. The participants completed the measures of distress tolerance, social support, and subjective well-being. Reliability and validity of all scales were confirmed. The proposed model was evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on AMOS-23 and SPSS-23 software. Bootstrap method was used to test the effects of the proposed model.

The results showed that the proposed model has good fit. Social support has a direct effect on mental health and distress tolerance (P<0.0001). Also, the mediating effect of subjective well-being on the relationship between social support and distress tolerance was confirmed (P<0.0001).

The results showed that mental health could mediate the relationship between social support and distress tolerance in elderly people with cardiovascular disease. Elderly and family care centers are therefore recommended to emphasize the role of supportive programs for the elderly.