مقالات رزومه حسین دشتی

Gummosis (Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot) is one of the Most Important Diseases of Pistachio Trees. In Order to Evaluate the Relative Resistance of 29 Rootstocks of Pistacia to this Disease, a Factorial Experiment was Conducted with Two Factors Rootstocks Type and Disease Stress, Based on Completely Randomized Design with Three Replications. Two-Month-old Pistachio Seedlings were Artificially Inoculated with Phytophthora Drechsleri and After Six Months, Evaluation Was Done. The Resistance of Rootstocks was Evaluated by Determining the Percent of Crown Rot Girdling, Disease Severity and Mortality Indices and Measuring the Stem Length, Stem and Root Dry Weight Traits in Control and Stress levels. The Results Showed that There was a Significant Difference Between the Studied Rootstocks in Terms of Resistance to Disease. The Disease Stress Caused a Decrease in Stem Length, Stem and Root Dry Weight of Seedlings. The Atlantica Had the lowest Amount of Crown Girdling (20%) and Disease Severity (17%) and in Terms of Disease Severity, it Showed a Significant Difference with other Rootstocks. The Sarakhs Rootstock Had also the Highest Amount of Crown Girdling (95%), Disease Severity (90%) and Mortality (55.55%) and in Terms of These Indices, it was Significantly Different from other Rootstocks. Therefore, Atlantica was the most Resistant and Sarakhs the most Susceptible Pistacia Rootstocks Against Gummosis Disease. The Cluster Analysis Divided the Rootstocks into Four Groups: Resistant (Atlantica, Integerrima and UCB1), Moderately Resistant (Mutika, Benebaghi, Kalleghouchi, Ghazvini, Gholamrezaei, Italiaei, Ahmad Aghaei, M5 and BK1), and Moderately Susceptible and Susceptible .

Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products and iran has the richest germplasm of pistachio in the world. The presence of this genetic resources will be an appropriate opportunity for use in breeding purposes. Knowledge of genetic relationships among pistachio genotypes has important role in it’s breeding programs. Molecular markers are one of the powerful tools for studying plant phylogenetic relationships. Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) technique is one of the molecular systems that used to assess the genetic relationship among different plant species and cultivars. This study was performed in order to evaluate the genetic relationships between a numbers of Pistacia species and cultivars using SCoT molecular markers and to assess the usefulness of this markers in differentiating this genus.

Plant materials of this study are included 29 genotypes of domestic and wild species of genus Pistacia. A total of 25 SCoT primers were used to evaluate the genetic relationships. Genomic DNA were extracted from leaf samples using CTAB method with minor modifications. The quantity and quality of the extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity matrix and complete linkage algorithm and Principal coordinate analysis were performed using NTSYSpc 2.02e software.

In total, 449 DNA fragments were amplified by primers out of which 433 bands (96/43%) were polymorphic. The average number of amplified fragments for each primer was 17.96 bands with a mean of 17.32 polymorphic bands per primer. A number of species-spicific marker were detected in some Genotypes. The average of polymorphism information content values varied from 0/18 to 0/38. Also, the values of marker indices ranged from 0/56 to 4/36. The range of similarity coefficients of genotypes varied between 25% to 68%. Cluster analysis divided Genotypes into two main cluster including vera (domestic) and wild species. Principal coordinate analysis separated vera cultivars and genotypes from wild species and confirmed the results of cluster analysis.

The results of this study demonstrated that SCoT molecular markers detected high polymorphism among pistachio species and cultivars and differentiated the studid genotypes. Therefore, SCoT Marker is a useful tool for studying phylogenetic relationships in genus Pistacia.

Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria are the most important rhizosphere bacteria that have a positive effect on vegetative and biochemical traits of the plant. In this study, genetic diversity of 22 Pseudomonas fluorescens strains and their effect on defense enzymes and growth factors of wheat plant were performed in three stages of greenhouse, molecular and biochemical evaluation. In molecular evaluation, 12 RAPD primers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of strains. Biochemical evaluation was performed in 4 stages of 0, 3, 6 and 9 days after inoculation on wheat to measure the defense enzymes peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase. VUPF5 strain on wheat increased shoot and biological weight. RAPD-PCR separated strains with similar geographic location and similar host. Greenhouse, molecular, and biochemical groupings identified almost the top strains. Strains 680, 738, 50, 354, 49, 58 and VUPF5, which had a positive effect on molecular evaluation in one group, were shared with the superior group of enzymes. T26-2 and F-68 in OP-I15 and OP-H8 primers amplified 1300 bp and 1200 bp bands, respectively witch these bands can evaluated after be further studies as candidate bands in the expression of these enzymes in wheat.

To achieving favorable outcomes in breeding programs, parental selection based on General combining ability (GCA) and Specific combining ability (SCA) is important. In order to investigate the genetically characteristics and general combining ability and specific combining ability and disease-resistant genes action against take-all in bread wheat, 6 wheat genotypes (729, 1622, 2109, 1528, 1546, 1526) were crossed in One-way diallelcross. Seeds of crosses (F1s) and parents were planted in the research greenhouse of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. the take-all disease tolerance, stem dry weight, root dry weight, tiller number and Mn, Zn, k and Fe concentrations Were measured. Griffing analysis showed that general combining and specific combining ability were significant for all traits except for tiller number and iron element. The best general combiner in viewpoint of take-all resistance were 1622 and 729. The best hybrids in viewpoint of disease resistant were 2109×1546, 546×1528 and 1622×1526 that has the highest specific combining ability. Evaluation of genetic parameters by Hayman method for disease index and disease score confirmed the results of griffing analysis and showed that the dominance and over dominance of gene’s actions have the greatest importance in genetic control of the resistance to take-all disease (T-41 isolation). Finally, due to low specific heritability and low genetic ratio in resistance to take-all disease, it can be said that this trait do not respond well in early generations so selection after purity can be effective and can be done by bulk, single-seed descent and double haploid methods in wheat breeding.

Knowledge of genetic diversity along with the management of germplasm can be used to select genotypes in breeding programs and to protect plant genetic resources. Molecular methods, along with multivariate statistical methods, have a high potential for studying relative relationships, evolution and genetic variation of plants. In this research, 20 pistachio cultivars and genotypes were evaluated in the greenhouse for root and crown rot (gummosis). The traits; disease score, mortality and dry weight were measured. Twelve SCoT primers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of these cultivars in response to gummosis. The results of greenhouse experiment, divided the cultivars into four groups as: resistant, moderately-resistant, moderately-sensitive and sensitive. The results showed that the SCoT primers, produced 122 loci, of which 105 loci were polymorphic. Cluster analysis of genotypes based on obtained bands did not fit well with phenotypic grouping. In order to identify the bands that have the most relationship with phenotypic attributes related to gummosis, PLS and stepwise regression methods were used. Through stepwise regression, 7 loci were entered into the model, which explained the resistance to gummosis by77 to 86 percent. By cluster analysis based on the reduced variables (7 markers), two groups were obtained that association analysis (contingency table) showed association between this grouping with the phenotypic grouping. These 7 loci greatly explained the genetic variation of pistachio genotypes in response to gummosis disease. In general, according to the results, SCOT12, SCoT16, SCoT17 and SCoT20 primers could be used to study the genetic diversity of pistachio cultivars against gummosis.

To evaluate drought tolerance of three cultivares of forage millet and one variety of sorghum, this experiment was conducted as split split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation frequencies consisted of irrigation after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan as main plots and sub-plots was consisted of sorghum cultivar (Sorghum bicolor cv. Speedfeed) and three cultivares of millet (Setaria italica cv. Bastan, Panicum miliaceum cv. Pishahang and Pennisetum americanum cv. Nutrifeed). Flage leaf sampling was done at three stages, before, one and three days after irrigation. According to the results, delaying in irrigation caused a reduction in leaf pigments and yield of forage, and it also increased proline, sucrose and soluble sugars of leaf.  Continuation of drought stress effects was observed in the days after irrigation. According to the results for the studied cultivars, 120 and 160 mm evaporations were the moderate and sever irrigation frequencies respectively. It needed at least three days to recover the effects of moderate stress. Speedfeed sorghum produced maximum yield, in each irrigation frequencies. The highest forage dry yield (9376 Kg/ha) belonged to speedfeed sorghum under normal irrigation for. There were positive correlations between yield and proline and sucrose as osmotic regulators, but leaf pigments had no significant correlation. Speedfeed sorghum had also high ability to adapt, and it repaired damages faster than millet cultivares after irrigation.

Chromosomal arm 1RS of rye (Secale cereale) is one of the most successful foreign resources which was transferred into bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and have significant effects on wheat breeding. Identifying of two 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS translocations in wheat germplasm had important role in breeding programs. In order to study of distribution of 1RS arm in 956 genotype of bread wheat three specific primers were used. The O-SEC primer identified 1BL translocation by amplification of 1530 and 710 bp bands in 63 genotypes (6.68 percent of genotypes) and amplified 900 and 1530 bp bands in two genotypes that can be attributed to the translocation of 1AL. The PAW161 primer was able to amplified 366bp band in 21.86% and 750bp in 14.85% of genotypes and the RyeR3/F3 primer amplified 1451 bp band in 11.29% of the genotypes which indicates the presence of rye arm (1RS) in these genotypes. These primers has amplified several new bands including 1200bp, 1500bp, 800and 400bp in this population. The Agropyron intermedium species has produced 366, 750 and 1200 bp bands by PAW161 primer. Probably this species also carries pieces of 1RS that transmitted into wheat. Generally, these three primers divided the studied genotypes into two groups; 686 genotypes not produced any bands and 270 genotypes produced at least one band. Cluster analysis based on molecular data divided 270 genotypes into five groups, at a genetic distance of 15. The range of rescaled distance was from 10 to 25. In general, because of relationship between these markers and various stresses tolerance, the results of this study can be used to improve wheat cultivars for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and as well as high yield.

Take-all disease, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is one of the most important of wheat diseases that causes severe damage to crown and root rot in different regions of Iran. Development of resistant varieties requires genetic study on inheritance and type of gene action in disease resistance, which so far has not been any report in relation to (Ggt). Therefore, in order to genetically analyze of resistance to this disease, the generations of P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were produced and planted at greenhouse. After artificial infection of plants with T-41 strain of (Ggt), the phenotypic measurement was based on the degree of disease damage and its symptoms on the crown and root were recorded. The results of the generation mean analysis indicated that the five-parameter model can explain the variations between the means of generations in two crosses (1528×164 and 1622×1526) and four parametric models in third cross(1528×1546). Additive, dominance and epistatic effects including additive × dominance and dominance × dominance were exist in controlling of this trait. The dominance and epistatic effects were greater than the others. Distribution of F2 generations, showed a tendency toward susceptibility so the susceptibility was dominant to resistance. Analysis of the F2 data based on the classical ratios showed that with phenotypic grouping of F2 generation in three susceptible, semi-susceptible and resistant groups. These three groups corresponded to the epistatic ratio (9:6:1), respectively. This result was almost consistent with the results obtained from the Generation means analysis, since in GMA, duplicate dominant epitasis and partial duplicate interaction were detected and the minimum number of genes involved in controlling this trait has been estimated by 2 gene that it has a relative accordance by duplicate dominant interaction with additive effect (9:6:1).

Take-all is one of the most important diseases of wheat in wet areas, causing significant damage in these areas, and there has not introduced any resistant varieties against this disease until now. Therefore, efforts to identify the resistance genes to this disease and developing resistant varieties or cultivars with lower susceptible in bread wheat have a great importance.In this research, in order to identify the markers related to resistance to a isolate of take-all (T-41), a population of F2 derived from crosses of susceptible genotypes (1546 and 164) with resistant genotype (1528) and bulk segregate analysis (BSA) where used. After planting the F2 population and parents in the greenhouse and artificial infection the plants with the fungus, the plant phenotype was determined according to the amount of contamination by scoring. After DNA extraction of parents and F2 population, two bulk of DNA was prepared from resistant and susceptible individuals based on disease scores. The bulks and parental DNAs where analyzed by RAPD, SCoT, ISSR and SSR primers and PCR reaction. Among the primers are used, only one ISSR primer produced a band of 400 bp in the resistant parent and bulk which was not found in the susceptible parent and bulk. Then, all individuals of bulks and F2 where genotyped for this marker and regression and chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship between this marker and the disease score. The regrsion of disease score on band 400bp (b = -0.709) indicates that this band is more abundant in low scores (resistant individuals). Also, the distribution of F2 individuals in one of the crosses confirmed the existence of the epistatic (9sensetive: 6 semi sensitive: 1resistance) relationship

Pistacia vera ‘Badami-Riz-Zarand’ is used as rootstock in Iranian pistachio orchards due to the low sensitivity to the Phytophthora, resistance to salinity, and graft compatibility with commercial cultivars. In this study, the effects of culture media (MS and DKW) along with type and concentration of plant growth regulators were investigated on micropropagation of this rootstock. The highest growth of explants was obtained in ½ DKW culture media. Supplementing the culture media with antioxidants and activated charcoal has no significant effect on explants establishment. Most of the microshoots (5 to 6 microshoot in each explant) were induced on DKW+1 mg L-1 BA, DKW+2 mg L-1 BA + 0.5 mg L-1 GA, and also on ½  DKW culture media supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 BA or combination of 1 or 2 mg L-1 BA + 0.5 mg L-1 GA, whereas, the length of the microshoots were higher in MS medium (3.84 to 5 cm). At rooting stage, half strength MS media supplemented with 2 mg L-1 IBA and 0.05 mg L-1 NAA showed the highest root length (4.48 cm), number of roots per microshoot (4.5), and rooting frequency (86.36%).

Pea cultivation in autumn has a higher yield compared to its spring cultivation. In order to investigate the possibility of changing the planting date of chickpea from spring to autumn in (Kerman province, Iran) and obtaining cultivars that could withstand cold winter and produce more yield, 63 chickpea genotypes were planted in pots at Dec/2016 and evaluated in field .The  agronomic traits including: days from planting to flowering and podding, total number of pods, number of full pods, yield, 100 seed weight, flower color, percentage of cold mortality and harvest index were measured in pot and field conditions and membrane stability of genotypes was measured in growth chamber. The highest coefficient of variation was observed for the percentage of mortality (120%) and the lowest for the number of days from planting to podding (%3.12). In step wise regression, traits of seed number per plant, 100 seed weight, total pod, biological dry weight, harvest index and ion leakage were entered into the model, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the color of the flower and ion leakage, mortality percentage and other quantitative traits. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three distinct groups. The second cluster had superiority in terms of cold resistance and many agronomic traits. Urimia 128, Khoy563, Torbatjam 345, Jiroft 289 and Daragaz 474 Genotypes were selected from this cluster based on independent culling levels.

36 bread wheat genotypes including 6 improved and introduced cultivars and 30 other genotypes that are collected and prepared from different regions of Iran and other countries were evaluated in two irrigation conditions (normal and limited irrigation) in two separate randomized complete block design with three replications in both moisture conditions. By measuring the average yield for each genotype in each environment, tolerance and stress susceptibility indices were calculated and the relationship between a number of micro satellite markers (associated with drought tolerance) and drought tolerance of genotypes were studied. The genotypes were divided into three groups( tolerant, semi tolerant and susceptible) by cluster analysis based on Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Geometric Productivity Mean (GMP), Mean Performance (MP) and Yield Index (YI) as well as grain yield under stress conditions .
Genotypes 11.113, 1553, 176, 198, 3798, 689, 894, 9016, 910, 99, Kohdasht, Pishtaz, Zagros, Sivand And Genotypes 1637, Sardari, 2047, 2103, Azar 2, 871, 890 were identified as tolerant and semi tolerant genotypes respectively. Cluster analysis based on micro satellite markers also divided the genotypes into three groups. Comparison of dendrograms revealed a significant relationship between drought tolerance and SSR markers. As well as , regression analysis between the grain yield in both conditions, GMP, STI, MP as dependent and marker bands as independent variables showed that(WMC179 , WMC307 and WMC322) are the most effective marker in( MAS) for improving yield under stressed and non-stress conditions.

This study was conducted to investigate the xenia effects and genetic changes caused by UV-laser irradiation on pollen grain in pistachio. A factorial experiment by factors: male parent at three levels (m1, m2 and m3). Female parent in three levels (cultivars Akbari, Kallehghochi and Owhadi) and irradiation on pollen in two levels (irradiated and non-radiated pollen) was conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications. Fruit weight (average weight of grains per spike), length and width of fruit, blank and dehiscence percent were measured. The results showed that, pollen radiation increased the fruit weight in Kallehghochi and Owhadi that crossed with male m1, As well as increased the fruit weight in Kallehghochi and Akbari in cross with male m3 but in all crossed with male m2 the fruit weight was decreased. Radiation of pollen grain increased the blank and reduced the dehiscence percent. To evaluate the effect of UV- laser mutagenesis in the genetic material of the pollen cells, DNA extracted from irradiated and non-irradiated pollen and bulks of the crosses with radiated pollen were analyzed by RAPD 10mer primers. The primers produced a total of 240 bands in 86 amplified sites, of which 76% of them were polymorphic sites. Cluster analysis showed genetic similarity range from 0.43 to 0.78. Resulting of genetic changes due to pollen cell radiation as well as the diversity between maternal parents. Irradiated and non-irradiated pollen placed in two separate groups, showed that the UV-laser radiation caused of genetic changes in the DNA of pollen.

In this study, karyotype of 18 samples of wild diploid and tetraploid of wheat ancestors were examined which includes four samples of the T. Boeoticum, six samples of Ae.taushii, four samples of Ae triuncialis, one sample of Ae cylindrical and also two unknown samples.Chromosomal characteristics such as total length of chromosomes, long arm and short arm length were measured . Thereafter the other characteristics including the ratio of long to short arm, centromere index and chromosome relative length percentage was calculated and the samples were compared on the base of chromosomal characteristics. In cluster analysis on the base of chromosomes characteristics, the samples are divided into two groups (diploids and tetraploids) by Euclidean distance. Two unknown samples were diploid that have showed by chromosomal counting. Tetraploid wheats had more asymmetric karyotype than diploids. In order to evaluate the morphological diversity two diploid wild wheat (Ae.tauschi and T. Boeoticum) in terms of agronomic traits were also evaluated in the field. Cluster analysis showed three groups and species are well-separated except Ae. Tauschii (44) which was grouped individually. But In grouping process on the basis of karyotype characteristic, diploid species were not separated from each other that might be because of agronomical properties which were the result of genes expression while karyotype characteristics were due to chromosomal differences and similarities that necessarily doesn’t lead to genetic and phenotypic similarity.