دکتر کتایون تقی زاده

Indoor environment have a high impact on the health, well-being and comfort of occupants. The characteristics of space and architectural design components have a direct effect on creating a positive feeling and improving the physical and mental performance of people. As one of the factors that affect the interior environment, colour is one of the most flexible materials that can change the characteristics of space.In addition to aesthetic features, the colour of space affects human behaviour, decision-making, and health. Therefore, choosing the colour of the living space will have a great impact on feelings of residents. The current research seeks to determine the range of influence of different colour spectrums on residents' feelings and answers the question of how much this influence is affected by residents' personal colour interests and preferences. This research has investigated the effect of colour in three categories of warm, cold and neutral on six emotions of relaxation, excitement, interest, concentration, pressure and participation of user. 286 online questionnaires were used to collect data, and two methods of t-test and path analysis were used for analysis. After analysing the data collected from the questionnaires, the results of the influence of the ranges of warm, cold and neutral colours on the feelings of the residents were determined as follows: the neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect on the feeling of relaxation, and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. The warm colour spectrum has the highest positive effect on the feeling of excitement, and the cold colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. The neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect on the feeling of interest, and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. On the feeling of focus, the neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. On the feeling of pressure, the neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. The cold colour range had the highest positive effect and the warm colour range had the least positive effect on the sense of participation.According to the results and the repetition of the effect of the neutral and warm colour spectrum on the investigated emotions, it can be concluded that the neutral colour spectrum among the three main colour spectrums has the most influence in inducing a positive feeling. Moreover, the warm colour spectrum has the least effect in inducing a positive feeling in the six emotions. The results showed that users have different colour interests regarding the choice of colour for space and furniture and they do not simply choose one colour spectrum for all contexts (walls, ceiling, furniture, etc.). In addition, no correlation was observed in creating a positive feeling in users' emotions with their favourite colour spectrum. But among the users, the category of neutral colour enthusiasts chose neutral colours in most of the contexts and considered it as the increase factor of positive feelings.

Problem Statement:

 L-systems are among the algorithms for calculating the self-organizedprocess of “environmentally sensitive growth” of plants. They are one of the five main generativemethods that, given the structure and main field of application, promise great potential inarchitecture. But at the same time, examples of their application in architecture are few and havenot yet been sufficiently developed. Therefore, their development requires a comprehensive study.So, in this study, while identifying the possible potentials in architecture, the background of theirapplications in architecture as well as in other fields are reviewed. Then, these applications aredivided and compared, and accordingly, some suggestions for development are presented.

The purpose of this research is to comprehensively investigate L-systemsand identify their applications and potentials in architecture.

This article is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method isdocumentary-based. The documents used in this article include a variety of articles, books,dissertations, and architectural competitions, all or part of which is related to research onarchitectural applications and other related applications of L-systems that have been publishedsince 2000.

Exploring the algorithm in the field of botany, the five main concepts of L systems are:development, abstraction, self-similarity, complexity in simplicity, and topology; Among these,the concept of development is more popular in architecture, while other concepts have receivedless attention. In this regard, reviewing their applications in other fields and their methodologieswill be inspiring. In this article, research trends in the architectural applications of the L-system areidentified and the reasons for its decline in recent years, as well as suggestions for development,are presented. Other analyses are also presented, including the scientific validity of the documentsused, the types of applications, the methodology of the L-system, and the design stage.

Building information modeling (BIM) is a process based on three-dimensional model that has provided tools to change the educational and professional approach. The purpose of this study is to test an active and constructive educational structure with a focus on the BIM approach and the application of this method in promoting the performance and creativity of architecture students in building technology courses.

The research test was performed by quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups using pretest and posttest. Pre-test was performed by Torrance creativity test and two design tasks and Mann-Whitney U test was used for post-test.

The findings of the analysis of pre-test results did not show a significant difference between the two groups. But by conducting a post-test, the experimental group in the indicators of concept technicality, coordination of executive issues, site technical plan, quantity and quality of phase two plans, executive details, presentation of design and overall score had a significant advantage over the control group.

The results show that the use of the proposed educational method was effective in improving the overall performance of students in the experimental group and had a significant advantage over the performance of the control group. Regarding the promotion of students creativity, no significant difference and superiority was observed between the two groups, but the average ranks of students in the experimental group were significantly better than the control group. Therefore, the research results confirm the increase in students learning using this educational approach.

Space and Human Activity are not two independent and different facts; they are two different manifestations of a similar nature. Accordingly, focusing on these human characteristics leads to a single concept evolution of architectural space and social relations. This single concept forms the idea that space is an inherent feature of human activity, not a basis for it. Simply put, space' configuration properties, in contrast to its physical properties, play a more prominent and vital role in shaping human activities. In a school building, space's pedagogical value is defined relative to space's function to attain socio-educational goals. Particular configuration possesses the potential to determine the position of the students and the teachers and adjust the paths in which knowledge is shared, and learning happens. If we consider the spatial arrangement to be one of the fundamental aspects of architectural designing that affects social function, then specific spatial analyses should be integral parts of architectural designing processes. As an architectural analytical theory, space syntax has provided a body of knowledge on the spatial quality of architecture, its social effects, and a method for its analysis. Based on an algorithmic ground, this research is looking for a solution to achieve the most appropriate response for designing spaces such as schools in which spatial formation and the arrangement method are of grave importance and define the way events happen in space. Since spatial discipline and the relationship among the spaces are notable factors in providing physical and mental comfort for the space users, it seems necessary to make an effort to gain the principles of effective spatial arrangement in schools.

The transfer of any concept from the sciences to engineering needs a comprehensive understanding and an ability to connect the two. Thanks to their evolution and passing of the test of time, the use of biological features has always been of particular importance. Adaptability is one of the main characteristics of living organisms, which let them survive in changing environments and ultimately results in their evolution. It can involve a number of aspects in architecture: functional, structural, formal, cultural, and commercial. On this basis, it is essential to pay attention to scale in any concept transfer from the sciences to architecture. The present research studies the scale in the original science and tries to define corresponding scales in architecture. Determining corresponding scales facilitates the use of a given scientific concept in architecture. The research starts with a study of the concept of adaptability in biological sciences based on their characteristics and scales; and then seeks ways to transfer them into architecture using a solution-centred approach. The research method is deductive starting from macro- and then moving on to micro-levels of the sciences. Finally, adaptability is studied in various built-environment scales with its associate elements classified. The connection between the two areas is made, first through the introduction of analytic units as datum points, and then the establishment of corresponding levels. This approach prevents possible misconceptions caused by incompatible scales in the two realms.

In order to achieve a responsible architecture, which can adapt itself with surrounding conditions, the major approach is that architects, designers and structural engineers concentrate on design and construction of kinetic structures consisted of rigid bodies and mechanical joints. Although this method may have some advantages in, but for architectural applications, which increasingly need their own solutions in each project, it can have deficiencies such as failures and ruptures due to high tensions in joints as well as high costs in repairing and maintenance. Kinetic skins in architecture are usually designed and executed in negligible numbers and customized for each new project. In architecture as other fields of engineering, kinetic structures are usually based on the principles of the basic construction that rigid bodies are connected with mechanical joints. However, there is a difference between moving structures in the machine industry and architecture. The high weight of these structures with mechanical elements leads to higher weights, which can cause lots of deficiency in earthquakes. In addition, the construction of complex designs that are often desirable for architects and designers is only due to the complexity of mechanisms and considerable increasing in the number of elements. In other words, along with all the advantages of structures made with rigid elements, which cannot be ignored, disadvantages of this design and construction also have to be considered. Most of challenges due to rigid mechanical structures seem to be caused by animated joints; high stresses, fractures and structural failures often occur in these parts of structures. The aim of this research is to use the potential of compliant mechanisms in design and construction of kinetic facades to familiarize architects and designers with their functions, applications and advantages and for that; after classifying the application of compliant mechanisms in architecture in two levels (the first level is to replace compliant mechanisms with rigid ones and the second one, designing an integrative mechanism), Here, the focus is on first level. In the first level, developed structures are designed in a rigid-body mechanism in which compliant joints replace with mechanical joints, which lead to simplicity in construction and maintenance. The achievement of this level, which has been considered in three subcategories (Translational, rotational, translational-rotational movements in compliant joints) by means of simulation method, is design, computational simulation and construction of three physical models of kinetic skins with compliant joints. Through these models, most benefits of compliant structures such as structural integrity, reduction in member numbers and structure weight, significant reduction in joints’ tension, cost of repair and maintenance and finally, economic justification of plan can have been achieved. In the second level, integrated flexible mechanisms were considered, most of which are difficult to design and need nonlinear equation analysis. Nature, plants in particular, as an inspirational source in the design of these mechanisms have been studied, so that by exploring the rules of motion in the tested plants and transferring them to kinetic structures in architecture, to achieve greater reliability and less complexity, these structures were achieved.

The development of built environment and increase of energy source utilization have led to paying attention to different procedures to optimized energy consumption in buildings. Designing different sort of double skin façade provides opportunities to keep building in more balanced environment and use less energy to provide comfort condition. As a natural process that optimizes energy consumption by balancing between different solutions, homeostasis is used as a pattern in designing this sort of homeostatic façade. Nowadays, different sorts of smart façade have been used on the boundary of building and environment. A sort of smart façade, which is designed based on homeostatic process, is able to create a sustainable balance between different solutions, adapting to environmental changes, and define the hierarchy of their use in different conditions, so as to provide thermal comfort conditions inside the building with higher efficiency than conventional smart façades. In this study, temperature fluctuation limits in homeostatic façade is determined and solutions are derived from a natural homeostasis system, and used in the design of the desired façade. The aim of this research is to compare the efficiency of temperature reduction solutions in different conditions and specified optimal one. For this end, a modulus of homeostatic façade is built and the operation under laboratory condition is evaluated, and also its behavioral relationship is examined with temperature fluctuations.

Passive defense is a kind of civil defense, which means reducing vulnerability during crisis. Passive defense is realized without military action and only through civilian, technical and managerial activities. Defensive planning is not a new issue since it has been on the agenda for a long time. In Iran, the Inactive Defense Organization was established in 1382 by the Supreme Leader of the Revolution. Defense and sustainability of design are two factors that form the architecture in passive defense. In this context, the architect must understand the defense from the point of view of the concept and content. Although the importance of linking the two domains of architecture and passive defense is clear, the big gap in this issue is the education debate. Unfortunately, the link between the two issues has been neglected in the academic field. Consideration of architectural issues in recent years has been studied by researchers in the field of passive defense. On the other hand, since 1388, the discussion of "Technical Criteria and Standards of Passive Defense" has been added as a draft to the twenty issues of national building regulations.  This script is the only valid designer document on this topic. Investigations show the lack of awareness of the passive defense graduates in relation to the design and architecture field. On the other hand, studying the titles and courses of architecture at different levels of education, and various perspectives and so on, indicate the lack of addressing the issue of passive defense in the field of architecture. So, the result is the graduation of designers and architects who have no knowledge of this important subject. The prospective of disregarding one of these two topics in the curriculum of the other, damages and challenges ahead, and providing solutions in the field of defining the topic of passive defense in architecture education and vice versa, are the issues discussed in this article.

Construction industry is a key element of sustainable development and the productive economy of any country is directly or indirectly in the form of individuals, organizations and institutions involved with the many. Facilities and social infrastructure, are basic criterion in shaping sustainable communities. Construction Industry comprises essential of the economic system have a significant impact on the environment. Construction processes, operation and demolition of buildings is one of the most important factors in the effects of humans on the environment, either directly (via consumption of materials and energy, emissions and losses caused by it) and indirectly (through pressure on infrastructure, inefficient and employment) is. Risks such as increased consumption and waste of natural resources through projects delayed, lawsuits, reduced motivation and efficiency of the human factors involved in the project, reducing the investors to invest and the risks resulting economic and economic-social results from it, are all of the factors that have forced researchers to design more effective patterns for project monitoring. During the process of project control, even using the best and most popular software available in this field, project progress are measured through the simple and trivial ideas which are based on judgments of individual users; judgments that may be infected with the subjective and mental conditions of user and incorrect judgment. Assessment process in proposed methodology of the study is established on the basis of the theorem in physics as "the principle of heat transfer". In my opinion, any time progress of the project is similar to uniform transfer of thermal energy in a conductive solid and financial progress is like non-uniform transfer of thermal energy in a semiconductor. Assuming, benchmarks the criteria for measuring progress, was designed based on this principle. Introduction It is clear that in project procedure, after decision-making and design, efficient design can provide satisfactory results regarding purposes and hypotheses of the study. However, can modern techniques, methods, accurate design, and prediction of various factors lead to the ultimate goal? Of course the answer is negative, because the mental and physical efforts can lead to efficient results when it is possible to show everything in practice. The accuracy and efficiency of planning should be indicated in practice; otherwise, all of them will lead to failure. Therefore, in addition to accurate planning and design, we should attempt to find a way to measure the results and find a solution to deal with problems and deviations. No system can work and achieve its highest capacity without control. All of us are familiar with chaos and delay resulted from lack of control in traffic system. Uncontrolled water or electricity network systems can cause problems or decrease efficiency. If a building system is efficiently designed but progresses without any control, it may lead to delays or replacement. This study aims to utilize theoretical models and methods in practice to achieve new methodology in project progress measurement. Then, important points in this regard are taken into considerations and finally, theoretical foundations of methodology design are presented. Materials and Method In this study, using project control principles, it will be attempted to create suitable flowchart and algorithm (based on Fourier Heat Transfer theorem) to determine priorities for measurement, conditions, and criteria for deviations, measuring deviations, filtering minor deviations, and relationship between allocated resources and after case studies, the software package will be prepared. Conclusion The necessities to have effective control over project consist of accurate criteria for measurement and by popular software, it is easy to understand activity progress measurement is simple. Therefore, in most of software packages, the user is asked to insert a number between 0 and 100 and the software considers inaccurate number as the basis for future calculations. Since for each activity, time and cost resources are consumed, the progress level should be measured with respect to resources and time consumptions. Therefore, we need to design a fundamental method to calculate activity progress with high accuracy. In this study, first, foundations and the necessity to control project were proposed and new algorithms were presented to measure the progress of projects. In this algorithm, some stages are predicted that include determination of measurement relationships, limitations of deviations, discovering significant deviations, and identifying problems. In order to define the relationships based on simulation of project environment that is known as heat conduction theorem, some formulas are suggested to measure activity progress in terms of time and cost and it is expected to investigate all factors in activity procedure. In these formulas, activity time progress procedure is considered as heat conduction in steady state and capital injection and financial progress are similar to unsteady state heat conduction.

Learning and teaching are two reciprocal activities that have taken root in human creation history and human civilization owes to formation of such successful interaction relation between learners and teachers. This interaction relation, when is established in organized situations, is called “Teach”, consists of “a collection of activities that will be done by teacher in order to simplify or conduction of learning for learners.” To set up the learning on cogitation and research, in present situation because of information explosion and lack of opportunity for teachers to gain all of information in their professional field has multiplied importance. So in present period, teacher’s assignment in process of teaching is not just scientific facts: they must prepare desirable condition of learning and teach to students “how to think?” and “how to learn?” Students must habit to independent minding for learning effort. Persuading students to minding and cogitating is the main duty of teachers and efficient teacher is whom one that confronts learners with problems, then forces them to mind about solving of discussed problems. Teaching of Architecture as a part of advanced education is not accepted from this rule. As regards to the graduated architectural students that are not enough successful in practical fields, finding the roots of this problem, conduits structure lectures and us to any of main extents of architectural learning via static. The structure of course, educational contents and headlines of these lessons is any of points discussed about in learning the architectural students. Therefore, in this article I proceed to evaluate the structure and contents of structural lessons and ultimately I’ll extract the problems and defects is in the way of this educational system, then will present solutions and motions for adjustment of those problems. It is mentionable that teach of structural lessons in architectural faculties in many countries and in Iran is most theoretical and has not any practical aspect and professional experiences, nowadays. Therefore, the result of such education, in best case, has not any result except of training persons that have high mental capability. Therefore, they cannot afford to practice, and creativity is very low in professional works of graduated architectural students. In traditional societies, especially in Iran, structural teaching is based on man-to-man teaching or master and apprentice method like architecture. This type of education is slow and longsome, face-to-face and practical and in real scale conjugated by effect of professor manner on apprentice. Limitations of traditional societies in several fields and their social conditions were prepare enough leisure for such slow and longsome educating, but coming off the scientific evolutions, in 19th and 20th centuries and after industrial revolution chiefly, educating form has been changed also. Social evolutions caused to change in so many fields such as several levels of education, in Iran. In this article I proceed to evaluate the structure and contents of structural lessons and ultimately I’ll extract the problems and defects is in the way of this educational system, then will present solutions for adjustment of those problems.

Architectural Survey in recent decades shows that the modern architecture has not been considered compatible with climatic conditions and it not only causes Environmental pollution but also increases cooling and heating costs. Nowadays architects are looking for appropriate solutions to design buildings that can be in harmony with their environment and climate. As there are different seasons and days in each climate، so designing building system that can vary with ambient conditions seems necessary. Since the sunlight is one of the most important and effective climate factors in indoor conditions، in order to control of heat and light in the window، author got the basic idea from the shadow of a cup of tea. If the colored liquid is injected between double glazed windows، light passing through the window will reduce a lot. Variable Building Layers System (V. B. L. S) is an innovative design that has been patented by the author and can control heat transfer in buildings and improve thermal comfort. The system has been designed based on the basic idea after some trial and error and includes three main components: transparent layers، color tanks، pump and control valve. Its transparent layers can be made of tempered glass or Plexiglas that both of them are separated by a spacer. The way it works is that colored liquid is injected into layers through the pump. The system has the ability to change transparency in less than an hour and make one way vision glass، if necessary. Laboratory samples of this design were built during the 8 stages of the process which includes: -1 Controlling light passing through the window by colored liquid، -2 Controlling light passing through the window by various colors، -3 Controlling window visibility and transparency، -4 Creating various colors by mixing primary colors، -5 The ability to use the idea for walls: Using window idea in designing internal walls and Using window idea in designing external walls، -6 The ability to paint a wall with various colors، -7 The ability to move the location of thermal insulation، 8. The ability to control the system by a computer. In this paper، Variable Building Layers System is explained and discussed in detail as it is used for windows and walls. Three transparent layers that is injected colored liquid between them will create variable properties in windows and walls. The main objective was to achieve maximum variability in building walls and it was assumed that changing colors will decrease or increase the light passing through layers، so in order to prove this hypothesis، experiments were performed. Due to different absorption and passing light from various colors their shadow had a different temperature. The main advantage is that these layers vary based on outside conditions by controlling sunlight and heat daily. The external walls was also added a tank of argon gas (as a thermal insulation) to reduce temperature swing inside the building. These layers can achieve benefits such as varying color and transparency، and control the amount of light passing through them، decreasing or increasing the heat capacity، and also moving the location of thermal insulation manually or automatically by computer. Using various colors in windows and walls will provide different thermal and psychological effects on occupants. Opacity or transparency of these layers can provide appropriate view and sunlight because it is possible to make part of the layer opaque and also to allow daylight to pass through from transparent part. It also creates less design limitations for architects. As bright colors reflect sunlight much more than dark colors، so changing color of façade can increase or decrease absorption of solar energy and reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. Based on Johannes Itten’s Color theory، it can make you feel 3 to 4 degrees centigrade warmer or cooler by selecting warm color for winter and cool color for summer without using energy. Each climate requires walls with different heat capacity but in this system it is possible to adjust the heat capacity with indoor temperature. Heat capacity of water is more than air so if the middle layer of the wall fills with water، temperature swing will decrease and also with reducing water level and replacing air، heat capacity will become less. In these walls، thermal insulation can be inside or outside of the walleither manually or automatically by a computer daily. In temporary-use buildings heat is removed after passing through the thermal insulation but it is possible to change location of the insulation towards outside after passing heat and it is not allowed to remove. To sum up، Heat capacity and thermal insulation can vary in every climate based on different seasons that leads to reduce indoor temperature swing. Noting that the heat transfer occurs in the building by three methods، changing layers can make different thermal resistance. As thermal conductivity of water and air and argon is respectively less than the other، heat transfer by conduction and convection depends on what matter and what height layers is filled. Glass walls are able to allow sunlight to enter rooms in the winter (if heating is needed) that absorb and store sun’s warmth and so radiation heat transfer causes a reduction in heating. Another advantage of this system is that external and internal walls are respectively up to 10 centimeters and 3 to 5 centimeters in thickness and so reduced thickness of walls leads to increase surface area and volume of the building. Wall thickness reduction compared to the same walls is noticeable because of reducing weights of building materials. Therefore it will decrease building subsidence and increase earthquake resistance of the building. As previously mentioned glass layers will provide natural light and suitable perspective and even if walls need to clean، these layers will allow washing. According to descriptions، Variable Building Layers System can be use in many buildings such as houses، offices، greenhouse، museums، galleries، libraries and etc.، because of varying color of walls، controlling heat and light and moving thermal insulation and generally compatible with each climate.

In recent years the growth rate of industry، science and technology has increased exceptionally and same relative changes in standards، practices and architecture operation has been more explicit. This suggests that nowadays architecture needs change and more dynamic than in the past and new buildings seem to be more varied، more flexible and adaptable to future possible changes، which needs architectural and structural solutions. In addition to being stable، one of the other mysteries of a creature is the ability of being responsible to many patterns which are expected in present and future. Although people are similar in humanity، they are unique in their aims، will and requirements. Therefore، in one place we encounter variety of requirements. In retrospect we can find out how man could solve their difficulties by the most basic movable structures and how he had designed mobile homes and flexible urban contexts to utilize in the future. This portable structure is also used in bridges، shelters، temporary and multipurpose spaces thus it has the ability to adapt to future needs. Although throughout history، man has lived in buildings which their function is fixed and unchangeable، but todays buildings function and users change rapidly and buildings should be constructed flexible and adaptable to the functional changes (for example climate changes)، time change، social and cultural changes. What will be discussed in this article is examining، analysis and classification of structural systems of mobile and contemporary shelters. The purpose of these classifications is defining models that can be divided into various forms and production methods proposed for development and construction of systems available.